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Between 1960 and 1975, thanks to the decolonization process, two independent countries and one remaining French territory succeeded the former colony of Madagascar. The question of the evolution of the archival systems in this area, their potential diversification as well as their current maturity, is raised in this context.In Madagascar, in the Comoros as in Mayotte, the creation of archives has not materialized yet and still remains a commendable intention, which results from a lack of funding and because of political instability. Archival organizations fail to preserve all archives and collection focuses on the central level at the expense of the local one. A demand for them exists, but those who show an interest are largely composed of administrative staff and individuals whose documentary needs are often limited to consulting the Official Journal. The success of other research approaches is limited because of the scattering of funds and lack of research tools. Observations of user behaviors confirm the overrepresentation of administrative staff, the weak genealogical research and the existence of circumvention strategies of official conservation organizations. Beside them or out of them, private initiatives of backup and valorization of archives exist. They prove that a part of the population is interested in it, including expatriates.Beyond these common features, three archival destinies stand out: a Madagascan system still under construction based on already strong National Archives; a gradual normalization in Mayotte on a departmental model; the failure of the Comorian model which hampers all archival development. ; Entre 1960 et 1975, à la faveur du processus de décolonisation, deux pays indépendants et un territoire resté français succèdent à l'ancienne colonie de Madagascar. La question de l'évolution des systèmes archivistiques dans cette zone, de leur éventuelle diversification et de leur actuel degré de maturité, est posée dans ce contexte. À Madagascar, aux Comores comme à Mayotte, de louables ...

Between 1960 and 1975, thanks to the decolonization process, two independent countries and one remaining French territory succeeded the former colony of Madagascar. The question of the evolution of the archival systems in this area, their potential diversification as well as their current maturity, is raised in this context.In Madagascar, in the Comoros as in Mayotte, the creation of archives has not materialized yet and still remains a commendable intention, which results from a lack of funding and because of political instability. Archival organizations fail to preserve all archives and collection focuses on the central level at the expense of the local one. A demand for them exists, but those who show an interest are largely composed of administrative staff and individuals whose documentary needs are often limited to consulting the Official Journal. The success of other research approaches is limited because of the scattering of funds and lack of research tools. Observations of user behaviors confirm the overrepresentation of administrative staff, the weak genealogical research and the existence of circumvention strategies of official conservation organizations. Beside them or out of them, private initiatives of backup and valorization of archives exist. They prove that a part of the population is interested in it, including expatriates.Beyond these common features, three archival destinies stand out: a Madagascan system still under construction based on already strong National Archives; a gradual normalization in Mayotte on a departmental model; the failure of the Comorian model which hampers all archival development. ; Entre 1960 et 1975, à la faveur du processus de décolonisation, deux pays indépendants et un territoire resté français succèdent à l'ancienne colonie de Madagascar. La question de l'évolution des systèmes archivistiques dans cette zone, de leur éventuelle diversification et de leur actuel degré de maturité, est posée dans ce contexte. À Madagascar, aux Comores comme à Mayotte, de louables ...

The archives produced by international courts have received little empirical, theoretical or methodological attention within international criminal justice (ICJ) or international relations (IR) studies. Yet, as this book argues, these archives both contain a significant record of past violence, and also help to constitute the international community as a particular reality. As such, this book first offers an interdisciplinary reading of archives, integrating new insights from IR, archival science and post-colonial anthropology to establish the link between archives and community formation. It then focuses on the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda's archive, to offer a critical reading of how knowledge is produced in international courts, provides an account of the type of international community that is imagined within these archives, and establishes the importance of the materiality of archives for understanding how knowledge is produced and contested within the international domain.

Between 1960 and 1975, thanks to the decolonization process, two independent countries and one remaining French territory succeeded the former colony of Madagascar. The question of the evolution of the archival systems in this area, their potential diversification as well as their current maturity, is raised in this context.In Madagascar, in the Comoros as in Mayotte, the creation of archives has not materialized yet and still remains a commendable intention, which results from a lack of funding and because of political instability. Archival organizations fail to preserve all archives and collection focuses on the central level at the expense of the local one. A demand for them exists, but those who show an interest are largely composed of administrative staff and individuals whose documentary needs are often limited to consulting the Official Journal. The success of other research approaches is limited because of the scattering of funds and lack of research tools. Observations of user behaviors confirm the overrepresentation of administrative staff, the weak genealogical research and the existence of circumvention strategies of official conservation organizations. Beside them or out of them, private initiatives of backup and valorization of archives exist. They prove that a part of the population is interested in it, including expatriates.Beyond these common features, three archival destinies stand out: a Madagascan system still under construction based on already strong National Archives; a gradual normalization in Mayotte on a departmental model; the failure of the Comorian model which hampers all archival development. ; Entre 1960 et 1975, à la faveur du processus de décolonisation, deux pays indépendants et un territoire resté français succèdent à l'ancienne colonie de Madagascar. La question de l'évolution des systèmes archivistiques dans cette zone, de leur éventuelle diversification et de leur actuel degré de maturité, est posée dans ce contexte. À Madagascar, aux Comores comme à Mayotte, de louables intentions en faveur des archives peinent à se concrétiser, notamment faute de crédits et de stabilité politique. Les appareils archivistiques échouent à préserver toutes les archives et la collecte porte principalement sur le central au détriment du local. Un public existe mais il demeure majoritairement composé de personnels administratifs et de particuliers dont le besoin documentaire se borne souvent à la consultation du Journal officiel. La réussite d'autres types de recherches se heurte à l'éparpillement des fonds et au manque d'outils de recherche. L'observation des logiques d'usage confirme la surreprésentation des usages administratifs, la faiblesse de la sollicitation généalogique et l'existence de stratégies de contournements des organismes de conservation officiels. À côté d'eux ou hors d'eux, des initiatives privées de sauvegarde et valorisation des archives existent. Elles prouvent l'intérêt qu'y porte une partie de la population, y compris expatriée. Au-delà de ces traits communs, trois destins archivistiques se distinguent : un système malgache encore en construction reposant sur des Archives nationales déjà fortes ; une normalisation progressive à Mayotte sur un modèle départemental ; la faillite du modèle comorien qui bloque tout développement archivistique.

Apesar do reconhecimento generalizado de suas interfaces e entrelaçamentos históricos e epistemológicos, a configuração institucional para a gestão de C&T no Brasil, configurada na Tabela de Áreas do Conhecimento CAPES/CNPq, apresenta a CI como um grande guarda-chuva sob a qual estariam a subáreas como Arquivologia, a Biblioteconomia e mesmo a Museologia. Ao logo da trajetória histórico-epistemológica da CI, foram propostas várias teorias para dar conta do fenômeno informação, todas, no entanto, centradas ora em um, ora em outro aspecto específico. É esboçada uma teoria que integra os conceitos de documento e informação. É proposta uma visão analítica detalhada e fundamentada ontologicamente da noção de documento, com vistas a fornecer subsídios para a compreensão do funcionamento de documentos nos mais variados contextos específicos, incluindo aquelas subáreas e discutir a relação documento-informação. É reafirmada a visão do documento como um instrumento cujas funções estão ligadas a processos evolutivos, a linguagem e a cultura. É apresentada uma definição de documento que o considera fundamentalmente como um artefato, artificial, criado e usado com determinadas finalidades em contextos específicos. O objetivo é contribuir para fundamentar a Ciência da Informação.

AbstractThis short article offers a practical introduction to archival research for political scientists working on European politics. Archival documents are increasingly recognized as a relevant data source for process tracing analyses in small-N or mixed methods studies. Previously classified archival documents are exceptionally trustworthy due to their original confidentiality. Their rich and detailed content facilitates the understanding of causal mechanisms. Still, the hurdles for working with archival sources are high for political scientists. Lack of experience, no special training in handling historic documents, and a shortage of textbooks meeting their demands are a few of the problems political scientists planning archival research face. In the article, I highlight the opportunities of archival research and demonstrate how challenges can be overcome. I emphasize that the archival field trip should only be planned once researchers have gained substantive context knowledge. In their preparation, researchers should use all the resources archives offer and develop measurable expectations from theories.

An Archival Research Guide created in the project "Collaborative EuropaN Digital ARchive Infrastructure" CENDARI. The subject "Science and Technology in the First World War" has so far been treated from the perspective on inventions and the development of new weapons, and often the focus has been on the topic of chemical warfare at the expense of other important dimensions. The approach of this Archival Research Guide, by contrast, comes from the social sciences and focuses on the establishment of relevant scientific, military and governmental bodies and on the personal networks established during the war.

The research tradition has arisen from a specific set of historical, disciplinary and institutional conditions. The very emergence of 'documentation' is predicated upon a set of long-term processes in which humans have developed the capacity to use symbols and store knowledge such that it can be exchanged and inter-generationally transmitted. This work discusses the history, development and current debates alive in the field

Large-scale digitization is generating extraordinary collections of visual and textual surrogates, potentially endowed with transcendent long-term cultural and research values. Understanding the nature of digital surrogacy is a substantial intellectual opportunity for archival science and the digital humanities, because of the increasing independence of surrogate collections from their archival sources. The paper presents an argument that one of the most significant requirements for the long-term access to collections of digital surrogates is to treat digital surrogates as archival records that embody traces of their fluid lifecycles and therefore are worthy of management and preservation as archives. It advances a theory of the archival nature of surrogacy founded on longstanding notions of archival quality, the traces of their source and the conditions of their creation, and the functional "work of the archive." The paper presents evidence supporting a "secondary provenance" derived from re-digitization, re-ingestion of multiple versions, and de facto replacement of the original sources. The design of the underlying research that motivates the paper and summary findings are reported separately. The research has been supported generously by the US Institute of Museum and Library Services.

The aim of the article is to study the peculiarities of the rivalry between Bolsheviks and Belarusian socialists for the future of the Belarusian lands in 1918-1920. The research methodology is based on the principles of scholarship, historicism, systematism and historical analysis. The scientific novelty of the results of this study lies in the reconstruction of the events related to the creation of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Belarus. Conclusions: At the end of World War I, after the February Revolution, the process of formation of an independent Belarusian state by Belarusian socialists began. Although the Belarusian People's Republic was proclaimed on March 25, 1918, Belarusians did not manage to create their own state. It was determined by many internal and external factors. One of them being the political and territorial aspirations of the Bolsheviks and a rivalry between them and the Belarusian socialists for the future of the Belarusian lands. Conclusions: Belarusians, and therefore the Belarusian national movement, found themselves in a specific situation during the war. In the years 1915-1918, the Belarusian lands were divided by the Russian-German front line. As a result, military and civilians from the depths of Russia came to the frontier zone. After the February Revolution, the Russian army in the Western District and the Front began to become strongly politicized, focusing on various political and national programs. Belarusian socialists, including the military, gathered in the Central Belarusian Military Council opted for the creation of a Belarusian republic, first in a federation with Russia, and soon (after the Bolshevik coup) they leaned towards its independence. The military Bolsheviks were in favor of the incorporation of Belarusian lands into Russia as the West District. The conflict of interest between the Belarusian socialists and the Russian Bolsheviks was revealed at the All-Belarusian Congress held in Minsk in December, when Congress was brutally dispersed by the military Bolsheviks. The aspirations of the Belarusian socialists and position of the Belarusian communists were determined, among others, by the creation of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Belarus proclaimed twice on January 1, 1919 and July 31, 1920 just before the offensive against Warsaw. It was supported by Soviet Russia as a counterbalance to the activities of the Belarusian independence camp and Polish influence in Belarus

The article presents a historiographic analysis of the scientific works on the history of the development of archives in Kazakhstan. The paper highlights the most studied topics and the issues raised in the works of Kazakh researchers. The author notes that the problematics of the organization and history of archives administration in Kazakhstan is one of the central topics of the national archival science. That is evidenced by the studied works of both theoretical scholars and practicing archivists. After gaining independence, the republic started forming its own scientific base for studying archival issues, particular historical periods, during which the formation of the archival branch took place. Based on the extensive source material, relying on prior experience, modern researchers have created a historical retrospective of the emergence of archival science in the country. The relevance of the historiographic analysis of the study in the history and organization of archives administration in Kazakhstan is explained by the need to determine its main directions, analyze the approaches and views that have developed over the recent 30 years. At the same time, there still exist unaffected aspects of the history of the development of Kazakhstani archives. In working out the issue the historiographic analysis methods were used, including the comparative historical, chronological, and periodization methods. Monographs, scientific articles, textbooks and reviews on the history of the development of archives administration in Kazakhstan, published in the period from 1991 to 2021, were used as a source base.

Abstract
This study merges two perspectives, the historiographical and the archival, in order to capture and analyze key elements relating to issues encountered in records-based research into the labor history of Yugoslav socialism. In combining ongoing historiographical (social and labor history) and theoretical (archival science) research with auto-ethnographic, practice-based reflections, the author outlines several observations, facts, and propositions, which may be of help to both researchers and archivists. The essay accepts the recent resurgence of Yugoslav labor history as a premise upon which it discusses key problems relating to fieldwork, local and historical case study research, obstacles relating to communication and information, as well as pressing issues in the field of the archival profession, upon which it elaborates possible strategies and practical solutions to remedy the current conditions.