The authors of this contribution comment on the 'tricky relationships' of chemicals, waste and product legislation. Considering the interfaces and intersections of these frameworks they formulate eminent policy recommendations aimed to ensure that 'Circular Economies' are capable of avoiding the 'recycling' of problematic chemical substances present in (waste) raw materials.
Intro -- Technological Advancements in Product Valorization of Tea Waste -- Copyright -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Global tea production and business opportunity -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Global production of tea -- 1.3. Business and trading aspect of tea -- 1.3.1. Global export of tea -- 1.3.2. Variation in the price of tea -- 1.4. Tea production in India and its export strategy -- 1.5. Different types of tea -- 1.5.1. Black tea -- 1.5.2. Green tea -- 1.5.3. Oolong tea -- 1.5.4. Yellow tea -- 1.5.5. White tea -- 1.5.6. Dark tea -- 1.6. Summary -- References -- Chapter 2: Tea processing techniques and waste management thereof -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Conventional methods for tea processing -- 2.2.1. Plucking -- 2.2.2. Withering -- 2.2.3. Maceration -- 2.2.4. Fermentation -- 2.2.5. Drying -- 2.2.6. Sorting, grading, and packing -- 2.3. Conventional methods for the disposal management of tea waste -- 2.3.1. Selling -- 2.3.2. Exporting -- 2.3.3. Preparation of instant tea -- 2.3.4. Feed for animal, poultry, and fish -- 2.3.5. Feedstock for fertilizer and nutrients -- 2.4. Summary and future recommendations -- References -- Chapter 3: Advancement in the extraction of bioactive compounds from tea leaves -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Different techniques for extraction of active biomolecules -- 3.2.1. Solvent extraction methods -- 3.2.2. Ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques -- 3.2.3. Microwave-based technique -- 3.2.4. High-pressure-assisted methods -- 3.2.5. Supercritical fluid extraction -- 3.3. Bioactive polyphenols and their importance in human health benefits -- 3.3.1. Tea flavonoids and their antioxidant action mechanism in human -- 3.3.2. Tea flavonols and their pharmacokinetics in human -- 3.4. Tea polysaccharides and their bioactivity.
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This edited book discusses various processes of feedstocks bioconversion such as bioconversion of food waste, human manure, industrial waste, beverage waste, kitchen waste, organic waste, fruit and vegetable, poultry waste, solid waste, agro-industrial waste, cow dung, steroid, lignocellulosic residue, biomass, natural gas etc. Nowadays, the industrial revolution and urbanization have made human life comfortable. However, this requires excess usage of natural resources starting from food and food products, to energy resources, materials as well as chemicals. The excess use of natural resources for human comfort is expected to high fuel prices, decline natural resources as well as cause a huge hike in the cost of raw materials. These factors are pushing researchers to grow environmentally friendly processes and techniques based on inexpensive and sustainable feedstock to accomplish such worldwide targets. Bioconversion, otherwise called biotransformation, is the change of natural materials, for example, plant or animal waste, into usable items or energy sources by microorganisms. Bioconversion is an environmentally friendly benevolent choice to supplant the well-established chemical procedures utilized these days for the production of chemicals and fuels. A variety of alternatives advancements are being considered and are directly accessible to acquire diverse valuable end-products through bioprocesses. This book discusses in detail the process and techniques of bioconversion by focusing on the organic feedstock of animal and plant origin. It brings solutions to the bioconversion of various feedstock into value-added products. .
A project titled "Hazardous Waste Management in Compliance with European Union Environmental Regulations in Turkey" was carried out with the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey on behalf of the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning in Turkey. In this project, several industries were examined for improving an internet based system called "Hazardous Waste Declaration System" (HWDS) and meeting the requirements of Turkey. Hazardous waste lists and hazardous waste generation quantities per unit manufacturing (hazardous waste generation factors, HWGFs) for the plastic product manufacturing industry were determined based on the data obtained from these studies. At the same time, declarations of hazardous waste generation quantity made by the organizations in this industry in 2009 and 2010 to HWDS and the literature data were evaluated and the range of HWGFs was created by assessing possible minimum and maximum quantities for each waste. This paper presents the results of the studies conducted in plastic product manufacturing industry in Turkey. The waste lists determined along with the HWGF ranges are presented. HWGFs for manufacturing processes in the plastic industries were calculated in the range of 11.5-100 kg t(-1) in this study and can be used to calculate the amount of hazardous waste for other similar process in the plastic industries. Therefore, it is believed that the results of the study will be useful for determining the types and quantities and the management of hazardous wastes generated by similar plastic product manufacturing industries in the developing world. (C) 2017 Chinese Institute of Environmental Engineering, Taiwan. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
Front Cover -- Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products: Waste Management and Treatment Technology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Biographies -- Foreword -- An introduction to Pharmaceuticals and personal care products: waste management and treatment technologies -- Pharmaceutical and personal care products contamination routes -- Pharmaceutical and personal care product flow through food chain -- Fate of pharmaceutical and personal care products in the environment -- Contaminants of emerging concern and antimicrobial resistance -- Pharmaceuticals and personal care products-treatment technologies -- References -- Further reading -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Pharmaceuticals and personal care product (PPCP) contamination-a global discharge inventory -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Water, pollution, and the world -- 1.1.2 Emerging contaminants in the environment -- 1.1.3 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products -- 1.2 What are pharmaceuticals and personal care products? -- 1.2.1 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products: widest category of emerging contaminants -- 1.2.2 Categorization of pharmaceuticals and personal care products -- 1.2.2.1 Pharmaceutical contaminants -- 1.2.2.2 Personal care products -- 1.2.3 Sources, pathways, and occurrences -- 1.2.3.1 Report on occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in different regions of the world -- 1.3 Environmental studies and impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products -- 1.3.1 Environmental risks with pharmaceuticals and personal care products -- 1.3.2 Treatment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products -- 1.3.2.1 Conventional treatment -- 1.3.2.2 Nonconventional treatment -- 1.4 Global research and prospects -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Pharmaceutical and personal care product contamination: a global scenario -- 2.1 Introduction.
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Research works have been made to determine the negative influence of agricultural wasteproducts from peasant fanns to the environment in eastern region of Latvia (Latgale). It isascertained that since Latvia has got independence, great amount of peasant farms have beenestablished which have got from 2 to IO ha of land in property in most cases where peasantskeep cattle, grow crops and vegetables for their needs. As a rule peasant has 1-2 catties, pigs,hens, sometimes sheeps. There are also another farn1s with great amount of land and cattle butnot so many. Technology of waste recycling is used in such farms. State control of waterpollution is also conducted. Ground and underground waters are polluted in peasant farms.The main reasons of pollution are: chemical (mineral fertilizers, pesticides, oil products);bilogical (manure, liquid manure, dead bodies of animals and wastes ); domestic (glass andplastic packages (capacities), polyethylene of greenhouses, used domestic electrical devices).Mass burning of last year's grass in last years is a result of destruction of useful groundmicroorganisms, flora and fauna. Lack of depositories for manure, inappropriate use ofmanure and liquid manure causes too much nitrates in ground and pollution with helmits. Themain reasons of ecosystem's pollution are: individual peasants' low level of ecologicalculture, incomplete legislation. There are a lot of both national and European legislative Actsthat regulate toxicants' influence to the environment but all of them need to be unified.Almost all of the legislative Acts are accesible on the Internet, besides they are requiringpayment, but the Internet is not available for majority of peasants. Activities for reduction ofenvironmental pollution are offered in connection with such situation. Such activities are:perfection of legislation, establishing system of agricultural waste products' gathering, sortingand recycling, establishing depositories for manure and technologies for manure's using,creation of "waste free" technology for cattle's slaughter, meat and dairy production'sprocessing, making the role of State services and public organisations in increasningecological competence of population more important, apportioning extra finances forenvironmental protection in peasant farms. ; Research works have been made to determine the negative influence of agricultural wasteproducts from peasant fanns to the environment in eastern region of Latvia (Latgale). It isascertained that since Latvia has got independence, great amount of peasant farms have beenestablished which have got from 2 to IO ha of land in property in most cases where peasantskeep cattle, grow crops and vegetables for their needs. As a rule peasant has 1-2 catties, pigs,hens, sometimes sheeps. There are also another farn1s with great amount of land and cattle butnot so many. Technology of waste recycling is used in such farms. State control of waterpollution is also conducted. Ground and underground waters are polluted in peasant farms.The main reasons of pollution are: chemical (mineral fertilizers, pesticides, oil products);bilogical (manure, liquid manure, dead bodies of animals and wastes ); domestic (glass andplastic packages (capacities), polyethylene of greenhouses, used domestic electrical devices).Mass burning of last year's grass in last years is a result of destruction of useful groundmicroorganisms, flora and fauna. Lack of depositories for manure, inappropriate use ofmanure and liquid manure causes too much nitrates in ground and pollution with helmits. Themain reasons of ecosystem's pollution are: individual peasants' low level of ecologicalculture, incomplete legislation. There are a lot of both national and European legislative Actsthat regulate toxicants' influence to the environment but all of them need to be unified.Almost all of the legislative Acts are accesible on the Internet, besides they are requiringpayment, but the Internet is not available for majority of peasants. Activities for reduction ofenvironmental pollution are offered in connection with such situation. Such activities are:perfection of legislation, establishing system of agricultural waste products' gathering, sortingand recycling, establishing depositories for manure and technologies for manure's using,creation of "waste free" technology for cattle's slaughter, meat and dairy production'sprocessing, making the role of State services and public organisations in increasningecological competence of population more important, apportioning extra finances forenvironmental protection in peasant farms.
Purpose Deodorant, as a hygienic product, becomes a daily necessity product and has significant benefits to its users. Yet, the real motivation for consuming deodorant is not fully understood, and therefore, this study aims to join the extant literature in this context by investigating the effect of personal values.
Design/methodology/approach A qualitative study using the laddering approach (means-end analytic) was used and 50 college students participated in this study.
Findings The hierarchical value maps show that achievement, power, security and benevolent personal values are responsible for millennials deodorant consumption behavior. Fragrance, price and antiperspirant are the most important attributes that appeal to such consumption.
Practical implications The findings also suggested that three different situational factors generated these different personal values. It includes a pre-career environment, puberty and maintaining self-stability. The strongest attributes that appeal to millennials are fragrance, price, antiperspirant, brand, long-lasting quality and packaging.
Originality/value This study offers the means-end approach to the framework of millennials deodorant consumption behavior and which can be implemented to investigate millennials consumption decision-making processes.
A growing global population calls for an increasing demand for food production and processing industry associated with it, and consequently generation of large amounts of food waste. This problem is further intensified due to slow progress in the development of effective waste management strategies, and less measure for the proper treatment and disposal of waste. Food waste is a reservoir of complex carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nutraceuticals and can form the raw materials for commercially important metabolites. The current legislation on food waste treatment prioritises the prevention of waste generation and least emphasises disposal. Recent valorisation studies for food supply chain waste opens avenues to the production of biofuels, enzymes, bioactive compounds, biodegradable plastics and nanoparticles among many other molecules.
