Suchergebnisse

Ensuring healthier pets through improved nutrient precision in pet foods
Improved nutrient precision in pet foods is critical to pets, people & planet; Dennis E. Jewell, PhD from Kansas State University & Matthew I. Jackson, PhD from Hill's Pet Nutrition, explain. Pet parents require accurate labeling of the energy content of foods for their dogs and cats to feed them the appropriate amount of nutrition. However, determining the dietary energy present in food is not trivial. The difference between what pets eat and what they excrete is absorbed energy. In practice, only some pet food companies have the resources to assess the energy content in food directly. Alternatively, regulatory agencies such as the American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) provide equations based on published data for pet food companies to predict food energy levels.

The anniversary of the "February Manifesto", by which Emperor Nicholas II of Russia stipulated that laws of all-Russian importance with respect to Finland would no more require the consent of the Finnish Diet, has not received the attention one could have expected. After Finnish independence this incident had long been regarded as unconstitutional and aggressive. Päiviö Tommila's study, which came out in 1999, and two exhibitions during that year focussed on the "great address" of half a million Finns to the Tsar, pleading to revise his decision. Thus, instead of awaking aggravating memories towards Russia, attention was directed to an act of grassroots democracy and civil resistance in Finland itself. Anyway, revisionist historians have shown that the charge of "unconstitutional" behavior rested on a unilateral interpretation, by which the Finnish side had overemphasized the assurances given by Alexander I in 1809 as a separate peace treaty creating a Russo-Finnish union. In 1999, only a lay historian, Märten Ringbom, furiously challenged this view as "official historiography".

In 1770 Etienne Falconet notified Empress Catherine II that he preferred to carve only a brief inscription on the base of his monument to Peter the Great: Petro Primo/Catharina Secunda. The empress did not object, and when the statue was finally unveiled in 1782 it bore the sculptor's lapidary phrase on its gigantic granite foundation. Catherine is presumed to have relished the equation which the motto implied, that Peter had been Russia's first great modern ruler while she, although not descended from him, was the second. In the context of whatever it might mean to be an enlightened autocrat, it is often assumed that Catherine both represented and understood herself as Peter's only true heir, the continuer and completer of what he had begun.But some of Catherine's friends, writing what they knew would please her, said differently. After observing, not altogether tongue in cheek, that brevity was a virtue which inscription writers should cultivate, Melchior Grimm suggested that the motto's appeal might be further enhanced by removing the numbers and leaving just two words, "Petro/Catharina," a move which would also have dispensed with the pecking order which the numbers implied. And from the edge of Switzerland, Voltaire sent greetings in 1774 to his favorite Petersburg correspondent: "Meanwhile, Madam, allow me to kiss the statue of Peter the Great and the hem of the dress of Catherine the Greater."

The personality of Peter I in Russian historiography is represented by studies of his reforms in the field of politics, economics, army and navy. At the same time, the role of the Emperor in the development of mathematical education, which was put at the service of state interests, remains underestimated at the present time. The purpose of this study is to clarify the significance of Peter the Great's transformations for understanding the issues of modernization of modern mathematical education.

1. Die Voraussetzungen: Das alte Moskau -- Raum, Grenzen, Beziehungen -- Ordnungen und Einrichtungen -- Der Geist des Alten und des Neuen -- 2. Die Personen: Peter d. Gr., Mitarbeiter und Gegner -- Der Zar -- Katharina -- Mitarbeiter -- Gegner -- 3. Die Begebenheiten: Der Gang der Ereignisse1689–1725 -- Jugend und Machtübernahme -- Seefahrt und Türkenkrieg -- Die erste Auslandreise -- Bruch mit Alt-Moskau -- Der schwedische Krieg bis zum Entscheidungskampf -- Livland und Estland. Das Herzogtum Kurland -- Der Pruth-Feldzug -- Ausweitung und Endphase des Nordischen Krieges -- Nystad -- Der persische Krieg — Blick auf Asien -- 4. Die Umgestaltung des Reiches: Das "Veränderte Rußland" -- Flotte und Heer Ins -- St. Petersburg -- Die Ostseeprovinzen -- Selbstverwaltung -- Neue Regierungsbehörden -- Finanzen und Wirtschaft -- Sozialpolitik -- Kirchenreform -- Unterrichtswesen. Volksaufklärung -- Der Kaiser. Die Thronfolgeordnung. Das angebliche Testament -- Der Geist des Neuen und des Alten -- Nachweise -- Personenverzeichnis -- Zur Umschreibung und Aussprache der russischen Namen.