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The article offers a politico-territorial history of southern Belize of the 18th 19th centuries. It documents and shows that maya territorialities are the result of historically and territorially located options that are held up and articulated according to opportunities (political, economic), some of which make sense and are consistent with the resources available at that time (some inherited and possibly 'ancestral', others more recent). The colonial spatial order imposed at the end of the 19th century opposed not univocal territoriality and unified maya resistance, but varied territorial strategies depending on the context: here the defence of an urban lopin (in the west), that of agricultural land (in the north), and finally of the ancestral territory (in the south). In the various spatial and temporal contexts, state proposals face oppositions or even resistance at various levels, both internal and external to the indian/maya group, feeding into a debate linked to broader political issues and projects: consolidation of colonial power yesterday, building a multicultural nation today ; International audience The article proposes a political - territorial history of the south of Belize in the 18-19-20th centuries. It shows how the various Mayan spatialities result of options historically and spatially situated, taken for the different actors, and how these options are articulated depending on the opportunities (political and economic) and on the resources available in every moment. To the spatial colonial order imposed at the end of the 19th century, we don't find an univocal indian territoriality nor a Mayan unified resistance, but territorial strategies that were changing depending on the contexts : here the defense of the urban plot (in the western part), there of the agricultural land (in the northern part), there finally of the ancestral maya territory (in the southern part). In different contexts, the colonial state politics confront with strategies and even resistances that expressed to diverse levels, ...

Summary This article deals with the media responses to the current crisis in Nicaragua's Caribbean Coast and the backsliding to regional struggles for autonomy and land rights. It provides a detailed overview of the ongoing conflict in the North Caribbean, in particular how violent actions by illegal settlers are accelerating insecurity and environmental degradation and how human rights organisations such as CEJUDCHAN are using spaces such as YouTube to respond to this situation. He also outlines the struggles for the Rama Kriol village in the South Caribbean against the interoceanic canal. Based on the concept of the sociology of absences from Boaventura de Sousa Santos, the work explores the inaction, indifference and deception of the government, as well as the production, distribution and visibility of the basic media. ; Resumen Este artículo trata de las respuestas mediáticas a la crisis actual en la Costa Caribe de Nicaragua y los retrocesos a las luchas regionales por la autonomía y los derechos a la tierra. Proporciona un panorama detallado del actual conflicto en el Caribe Norte, en particular cómo las acciones violentas de los colonos ilegales están acelerando la inseguridad y la degradación ambiental y cómo organizaciones de derechos humanos como CEJUDCHAN están utilizando espacios como YouTube para responder a esta situación. También esboza las luchas por el pueblo Rama Kriol en el Caribe Sur en contra del canal interoceánico. A partir del concepto de sociología de ausencias de Boaventura de Sousa Santos, el trabajo explora la inacción, la indiferencia y el engaño del Gobierno, así como la producción, distribución y visibilidad de los medios de comunicación de base.

International audience This study determines the nuclear pragmatic limit where the direct physical negative consequences of nuclear weapons use are counter to national interests, by assuming all unknowns are conservatively optimistic. The only effect considered is nuclear winter ("nuclear autumn" in the low weapons limits) and the resultant effects on the aggressor nation. First, the ability of low nuclear weapon limits is probed for maintaining deterrence in the worst-case scenario of attacking the most-populous nation. Second, the ability of aggressor nations to feed themselves is assessed without trade and industry resultant from a nuclear attack causing "nuclear autumn" (10% global agricultural shortfall). Third, the best-case wealthy aggressor nation with abundant arable land is analyzed for starvation and economic impacts given 7000, 1000, and 100 nuclear weapons scenarios. The results found that 100 nuclear warheads is adequate for nuclear deterrence in the worst case scenario, while using more than 100 nuclear weapons by any aggressor nation (including the best positioned strategically to handle the unintended consequences) even with optimistic assumptions (including no retaliation) would cause unacceptable damage to their own society. Thus, 100 nuclear warheads is the pragmatic limit and use of government funds to maintain more than 100 nuclear weapons does not appear to be rational.

Rwanda has embarked on an ambitious policy package to modernise and professionalise the agrarian and land sector. Its reform fits into a broader call – supported by major international donors – to implement a Green Revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa. After 10 years of implementation, there is increased production output and value-addition in commercialised commodity chains. These are promising results. However, poverty reduction, particularly in more recent years, seems limited. Moreover, micro- level evidence from the field calls into question the long-term sustainability of the agricultural and land sector reform. In this article, a group of researchers, having engaged in in-depth qualitative research in a variety of settings and over an extended period, bring together their main research results and combine their key findings to challenge the dominant discourse on Rwanda as a model for development. ; Le Rwanda a entamé une vaste réforme politique visant à moderniser et à professionnaliser les secteurs agricole et foncier. Soutenu par des bailleurs internationaux, ces réformes s'inscrivent dans une volonté plus large d'introduire une Révolution Verte en Afrique subsaharienne. Après une décennie de mise en œuvre au Rwanda, on observe des résultats prometteurs tels que la croissance de la production agricole et la création de valeur ajoutée dans les filières agricoles commerciales. Néanmoins, la réduction de la pauvreté au cours de ces dernières années semble très limitée. De plus, des observations relevées au niveau micro, en milieux ruraux, questionnent la durabilité de ces réformes. Cet article regroupe les résultats d'un groupe de chercheurs qui ont travaillé sur le Rwanda avec une approche qualitative approfondie dans divers contextes et sur une longue période. Leurs conclusions majeures questionnent le discours dominant présenté par le Rwanda comme un modèle de développement pour le continent africain.

Landfill of waste has always been the most dominant method of disposal in Algeria. The technical nature of this activity has increased significantly since the enactment of Law 01-19-2001 on waste management. For example, there has been a shift from a long period of wild-cleaning to the controlled landfill and then to the technical burial centre (CET). The latter must allow the final disposal of solid waste in a safe manner by minimising the impact on the environment and public health. The search for suitable sites must therefore comply not only with the technical and environmental criteria (sealing of the soil and treatment of liquid and gaseous effluents), but also with the planning and urban planning guidelines. As a result, spatial planning and urban planning instruments must provide for a land portfolio for future landfills. The aim is to limit the proliferation of anarchic depots and other landfills. This work consists, in the first place, in understanding the scope of these instruments and the objectives attributed to them through a critical reading. Secondly, it aims to assess the take-up of TECs by these instruments in the case of the agglomeration of Algecirise. ; International audience Landfilling has always been the most common form of treatment in Algeria.The technical nature of this activity has increased considerably since the promulgation of law 01-19-2001 on waste management. Thus, we have passed from the uncontrolled discharge, which is practiced for a long time, to controlled discharge and then to the technical landfill (TL). This latter must allow the final disposal of solid waste in a safe manner, minimizing environmental and public health impacts.The search for suitable sites must not only meet the technical and environmental criteria (waterproofing of the soil and treatment of liquid and gaseous effluents), but also, territorial and urban planning orientations. As a result, territorial and urban planning instruments must provide for a land portfolio for future landfill centers.The aim is to ...

This article deals with women's collective action on the succession of women to land in Burundi. He questioned the role of international actors in the post-war social transformations, wondering to what extent they had influenced women's collective action since the 1970s, and in particular since the Burundian President had taken the decision to put an end to the political and legislative process for the adoption of a law on succession. The article shows that international actors are a central factor in (de-) politicisation by acting as third parties in the relationship between women's associations and the state. These interactions produce a particular form of mobilisation that promotes law as a tool for building, framing and resolving land. ; International audience This article focuses on women's collective action promoting land inheritance in Burundi. It aims to discuss the role of international actors in social transformations, questioning to what extent they have shaped women's collective action since the 1970s, in particular since the country's president took the official decision to stop the legislative and political process for adopting a law in 2011. The article argues that international actors are a central factor in (de-)politicisation by playing the role of a third party in the relationship between women's associations and the state. These interactions produce a particular form of mobilisation that promotes law as a tool to build, frame and provide answers to the land issue. ; This article deals with women's collective action on the succession of women to land in Burundi. He questioned the role of international actors in the post-war social transformations, wondering to what extent they had influenced women's collective action since the 1970s, and in particular since the Burundian President had taken the decision to put an end to the political and legislative process for the adoption of a law on succession. The article shows that international actors are a central factor in (de-) politicisation by ...

pp 50-60 ; Peer reviewed ; Traditional mountain olive groves —on slopes greater than 15%, non-irrigated and low-yielding— constitute 40% of the Jaén olive cultivation land. We estimate the profitability of the Jaén's olive oil value chain and its spatial differentiation, segmenting the analysis by: types of cultivation systems; its location in mountain or lowland areas; phases of the supply chains; and bulk and bottled oil chains. A first objective is to examine the competitive disadvantages of local mountain olive oil systems, verifying that a great majority of the mountain oils have a negative private profitability. Another objective is to prove if mountain oils present characteristics of typicity, compared to lowland oils, which may generate marketing-mix attributes that enhance obtaining differentiation-related income. Special attention is paid to designation of origin and organic farming labels. Tender IPTS-2012-J04-17-NC: Mountain Olive Oils in Jaén (Spain): a Case Study for Mountain Products Supply Chains, European Union Spanish Government's National R&D&i Plan research project, Territorial externalities in local agro-food systems: rural development, landscapes and public goods in olive oil designations of origin (EXTERSIAL) ; Les exploitations traditionnelles d'olivier de montagne –en pentes supérieures au 15%, non irriguées et de bas rendements- constituent le 40% de la surface cultivée d'olivier à Jaén. On estime la rentabilité de la chaîne de valeur de la filière d'huile d'olive de Jaén et sa différentiation spatiale, en segmentant l'analyse par: types de systèmes de culture; sa localisation en montagne ou en plaine; étapes productives de la chaine oléicole; et filières d'huile en vrac et embouteillé. Un premier objectif est l'analyse des désavantages compétitifs des systèmes oléicoles locaux de montagne, vérifiant qu'une grande majorité a une rentabilité privée négative. Un deuxième objectif est de prouver si les huiles de montagne ont des caractéristiques de typicité, en comparaison avec ...

Our aim in this paper is to assess the effects of water quality protection policy on agriculture. We focus on the case of Vittel (France) which is seen as an example by scientists and policy makers. Since the beginning of the nineties, a food-processing company has engaged different actions to stop nitrate pollution on the catchment area of Vittel-Contrex, in order to maintain the production of mineral water. Their main actions have been to buy agricultural land, on the one hand, and to contract with farmers which are volunteer to adopt environment-friendly practices, on the other. We made a sociological survey, based on comprehensive interviews, to analyze the firm's strategy of land purchase and its impacts on local agriculture. We put our attention on farmers' professional dynamics on this territory. To conclude, we underline the limits of industrial stakeholders' intervention on the ecologization of agriculture. ; Dans cet article, nous proposons d'étudier l'impact de mesures de protection de la qualité de l'eau sur l'agriculture, en revenant sur un cas célèbre, celui de Vittel (Vosges, France). Sur l'impluvium de Vittel-Contrex, dès le début des années 1990, l'entreprise agroalimentaire qui exploite les sources d'eau minérale a mis en place un dispositif de maîtrise des pollutions d'origine agricole, articulant acquisitions foncières et contractualisations avec des agriculteurs volontaires. Notre enquête, de type compréhensive, s'est attachée à analyser les jeux fonciers qui ont eu lieu, et qui ont été à l'origine de nombreux conflits, ainsi qu'à caractériser l'évolution de l'agriculture sur ce territoire, en nous intéressant aux dynamiques professionnelles agricoles qui y prennent place. En conclusion, nous discutons des limites de l'intervention croissante des acteurs industriels dans le processus d'écologisation de l'agriculture.

58 67 114 ; S ; The livestock sector in the Valencian Community (Spain) has experienced an increase in the intensity of farming with an increase in the number and size of pig and poultry facilities. The absence of previous environmental requirements in this region has produced a high concentration of facilities in some areas, and urban sprawl has resulted in many farms located in problematic areas close to villages or towns, residential areas and protected areas. Conflicts surrounding land use and environmental issues have been a problem in the region for many years. The initial step to solve this problem is to produce a territorial planning system to intervene and correct the current development and adapt to new European environmental regulations. The objectives of this study are to group farms with homogeneous characteristics in the Valencian Community and to characterise and search for spatial dependency patterns within the livestock sector. These objectives have the final aim of contributing basic scientific information to subsequent administrative planning decisions for livestock. This study presented methodology based on Geographic Information Systems and statistical methods for dividing livestock farms into zones and for characterising these areas. We obtained nineteen livestock geographical areas with unique characteristics (such as livestock species composition) and verified that these areas did not follow a spatial pattern. Calafat Marzal, MC.; Gallego Salguero, AC.; Quintanilla García, I. (2015). Integrated geo-referenced data and statistical analysis for dividing livestock farms into geographical zones in the Valencian Community (Spain). Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 114:58-67. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2015.03.005

article available online at: https://www.cairn.info/revue-tiers-monde-2014-3-page-39.htm; International hearing; The recovery plan that followed the global crisis in 2009-2010, with considerable credit expansion, marked the end of 'cheap China', with undervaluation of labour, capital, land, energy and currency, while strongly disbalancing growth towards the public sector and real estate, the lion's share of the Party State. The current deleveraging process needs to address major inequality issues arising from distortions in the allocation of resources and the respective functions of central and local governments. ; Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse : https://www.cairn.info/revue-tiers-monde-2014-3-page-39.htm; International audience; Le plan de relance qui a suivi la crise globale, en 2009-2010, avec une expansion considérable du crédit, a marqué la fin de la « Chine bon marché », avec la sous-évaluation du travail, du capital, du terrain, de l'énergie, et de la monnaie, tout en déséquilibrant fortement la croissance au profit du secteur public et de l'immobilier, la part du lion de l'État-Parti. Le processus actuel de désendettement doit régler les problèmes d'inégalités majeures qui dérivent des distorsions dans l'allocation de ressources et des fonctions respectives du gouvernement central et des gouvernements locaux.

the research partnership signed between the University of Angers and the DREAL des Pays de la Loire has made it possible to assess the impact on real estate values of the installation of tramway lines in the Mans (2007) and Angers (2011) agglomerations and a busway line in the agglomeration of Nantes (2006). It clarifies the acceptability of the introduction of the optional tax on the valuation of land or buildings (TVI) in the vicinity of public transport on its own site (TCSP) created by the Grenelle II Law. Mobility organising authorities are free to introduce it or not in order to finance new transport infrastructure. The main results of the hedonist pricing method are, first of all, a specific increase in house prices due to their proximity to the tram in the case of Angers-Avrillé and Mans. The date of occurrence of this positive effect shall be after the date of the announcement of the public utility declaration and shall be according to the city studied either before or after the new tramway line is brought into service. Conversely, the establishment of a busway line at Nantes, San Sebastien-sur-Loire and Vertou does not lead to a specific increase in the price of the real estate of these cities. Finally, the question of possible gentrification linked to the introduction of a new TCSP line could be explored in the context of the city of Mans: the creation of the tram line created a gentrification for 2010 in the very specific case of the market for houses affected by easier access to the station. On the other hand, when the impact of the tram is seen more generally via the distance at the nearest tram stop, the gentrification effect cannot be established on all the districts of the city of Mans located close to the tramway line. ; International audience ; the research partnership signed between the University of Angers and the DREAL des Pays de la Loire has made it possible to assess the impact on real estate values of the installation of tramway lines in the Mans (2007) and Angers (2011) agglomerations ...

International audience Recorded while on fieldwork with Rastafarians living in Shashemene, Ethiopia, this life-history is a unique testimony. In the peculiar rhythm of Jamaican patois, it tells of the growing up of a youth into a Rastafarian, his leaving Jamaica to « repatriate » to Ethiopia, and his experience of living on the remnants of a land grant on the outskirts of a Southern Ethiopian market town. This life-history represents a valuable insight into a dream turned reality, and offers a new perspective on the Rastafari movement, Ethiopian society and the Pan African relationship.

The paper analyzes tax burden on rural sector and its implication on property right of land. First, tax burden on land property and rural activities, and its incidence on land values are analyzed; next, the author tries to advance an economic foundation theory for evaluating a legal quantitative limit for the determination that judicial intervention had established, or may establish in the future, to define or differentiate tax burden as confiscatory and, therefore, violating property right. ; Departamento de Economía

The bathing area of the Prado Plages was gradually developed from the 1970s onwards. It is a total of 36 hectares, deployed along 3 km of coastline, combined with beaches protected by dykes, a large park and some commercial facilities. Its main characteristic is that it has been conquered on the sea. The purpose of this article is to focus on a particular moment in this history, the one which shifts the project into implementation, when a first tranche is opened to the public. This opening decision requires a temporary improvement of the backfill pending the stability of the soil so that the planned equipment and final plantations can be built. This extremely skinned version of the initial project will prove to be sustainable, demonstrating that real experience has been taken into account in the development of a site. However, its impact on the subsequent stages of the development remains relative. ; International audience The seaside leisure park Plages du Prado has been gradually developed starting in the seventies. It covers 36 hectares on a 3 kilometres stretch of coastal land ; it includes levee-protected beaches, a large park and a few commercial equipments. Its main characteristic is that it was conquered over the sea. This article focuses on a particular moment of the genesis of the development, which witnessed the project become final, after the opening of a first draft to the public. The opening decision demanded temporary development of the embankments, allowing time for the soil to settle before building the initially planned final equipments and plantations. This minimal version of the first project will finally last and influence the following works, showing how reality can be taken count of in the development of a site. However, its impact on the following stages of the development remains relatively low. ; The bathing area of the Prado Plages was gradually developed from the 1970s onwards. It is a total of 36 hectares, deployed along 3 km of coastline, combined with beaches protected by dykes, a ...

[ES] This article is a critical analysis of the Arab sources concerning Hispania's conquest. It compares the different stories of chronic Omeyas and late compilations of this event. The Eastern origins of most of these stories are also highlighted, highlighting their particular production in al-Andauls. This method allows us to conclude that the main interest of the omeyas cronists was to define the status of the land according to the interests of the governing dynasty. However, this view was challenged by other authors who defended the interests of the descendants of the acquirers. All of this explains both the contradictions in our facets and the unstable political situation in al-Andalus at the earliest. ; Peer reviewed ; [ES] This article is a critical analysis of the Arab sources concerning Hispania's conquest. It compares the different stories of chronic Omeyas and late compilations of this event. The Eastern origins of most of these stories are also highlighted, highlighting their particular production in al-Andauls. This method allows us to conclude that the main interest of the omeyas cronists was to define the status of the land according to the interests of the governing dynasty. However, this view was challenged by other authors who defended the interests of the descendants of the acquirers. All of this explains both the contradictions in our facets and the unstable political situation in al-Andalus at the earliest. ; [EN] This paper is a critical analysis of tbe Arab sources concerning the Arab conquest, of Hispania. It compares tbe different accounts that Umayyad chronicles and late compilations provide on the circumstances surrounding tbat event. It also tracks the oriental o@ns oji most of these accounts and highlights their peculiar elaboration in al-Andalus. This method enables us to conclude that the main interest of the Umayyad chroniclers was to define the status of the land according to the interests of the ruling dynasty. However, this vision was challenged other writers defending the ...