Suchergebnisse

Swedish interest in research on channels of distribution for industrial goods has been limited historically. The same is true in other countries as well, as has been reported, for example, by Ford. In fact, this is tree for the field of industrial marketing in general. It is a little surprising that industrial markets have been so neglected. If economic values are considered, producer markets are dominant over consumer markets. According to Flodhammar and Nielsen, the turnover of the Swedish producer market is four times that of the consumer market. One reason for the slight research interest is that up to the 1970s many industries could be characterised as operating in a "seller's market'. Demand exceeded supply. No kind of modern marketing existed; it was only a question of selling.

Ministerial representatives attending the thirteenth session of the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) held a meeting from October 16 to 18 preceding the plenary session. According to the communique issued after the meeting, it was the view of the ministers that the outlook was promising for a continuing steady expansion in international trade and for substantial further progress in achieving the objectives of GATT, but they noted that serious trade and payments problems continued to confront many of the less developed countries, that unsatisfactory conditions still prevailed with respect to world trade in a number of primary commodities, and that special difficulties threatened to impede the future growth of international trade in agricultural products. The ministers reviewed the trends in international trade and in particular took into account a report prepared by a Panel of Experts, entitled Trends in International Trade The report, which was also before the thirteenth session, contained a number of recommendations. Among them were: the extension of more economic aid; more adequate domestic measures against business recessions; the provision of greater international liquidity; the provision of funds for buffer stock action; a reduction of certain revenue duties in countries consuming tropical foodstuffs and beverages; a moderation of agricultural protectionism in western Europe and North America; a shift in methods of agricultural protection in such countries away from price supports toward deficiency-payment systems; a reduction of protection against the import of minerals; and the avoidance of trade-diverting measures in regional economic arrangements such as the European Economic Community (common market).

This paper extends an economic geography model by tariffs to analyze their impact on welfare and sustainability of agglomerations. Policies with and without cooperation are compared, with the goal of maximizing aggregated welfare in the former and regional welfare in the latter case. The main result is that under cooperation poorer regions are worse off in two respects. In the short-run they loose even more welfare and in the long-run sustainable agglomerations in richer regions get more likely. Thus, although cooperation could generate aggregated welfare gains the potential losers face even in the short-run no incentive to remove tariffs unless they are compensated appropriately, for instance by transfers. In this sense transfers from the rich to the poor are not only a policy to reach the goal of equity but also a necessary precondition to reach aggregated efficiency.

A meeting of ministers responsible for international trade of the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was held in Geneva from May 16 to May 21, 1963. During the meeting theministers adopted conclusions and resolutions on three agenda items: 1) measures for the expansion of trade of developing countries as a means of furthering their economic development; 2) arrangements for the reduction or elimination of tariffs and other barriers to trade, and related matters; and 3) measures for access to markets for agricultural and other primary products.

The nineteenth session of the contracting parties to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was held in Geneva from November 13 to December 9, 1961, under the chairmanship of Mr. Edmundo Penna Barbosa da Silva (Brazil). The trade ministers of 44 contracting countries met from November 27 to 30 to discuss the main problems of international trade, inter alia: the reduction of tariff barriers to trade, trade in agricultural products, and obstacles to trade of less developed countries. In addition to these main subjects, the question of the application of article XXXV to Japan was raised.