Suchergebnisse

The application of high-potential thermotolerant yeasts is a key factor for successful ethanol production at high temperatures. Two hundred and thirty-four yeast isolates from Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) countries, i.e., Thailand, The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) and Vietnam were obtained. Five thermotolerant yeasts, designated Saccharomyces cerevisiae KKU-VN8, KKU-VN20, and KKU-VN27, Pichia kudriavzevii KKU-TH33 and P. kudriavzevii KKU-TH43, demonstrated high temperature and ethanol tolerance levels up to 45 °C and 13% (v/v), respectively. All five strains produced higher ethanol concentrations and exhibited greater productivities and yields than the industrial strain S. cerevisiae TISTR5606 during high-temperature fermentation at 40 °C and 43 °C. S. cerevisiae KKU-VN8 demonstrated the best performance for ethanol production from glucose at 37 °C with an ethanol concentration of 72.69 g/L, a productivity of 1.59 g/L/h and a theoretical ethanol yield of 86.27%. The optimal conditions for ethanol production of S. cerevisiae KKU-VN8 from sweet sorghum juice (SSJ) at 40 °C were achieved using the Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD). The maximal ethanol concentration obtained during fermentation was 89.32 g/L, with a productivity of 2.48 g/L/h and a theoretical ethanol yield of 96.32%. Thus, the newly isolated thermotolerant S. cerevisiae KKU-VN8 exhibits a great potential for commercial-scale ethanol production in the future.

The trend towards substitution of conventional transport fuels by biofuels requires additional water. The EU aims In the last two centuries, fossil fuels have been our major source of energy. However, issues concerning energy security and the quality of the environment have given an impulse to the development of alternative, renewable fuels. Particularly the transport sector is expected to steadily switch from fossil fuels to a larger fraction of biofuels - liquid transport fuels derived from biomass. Many governments believe that biofuels can replace substantial volumes of crude oil and that they will play a key role in diversifying the sources of energy supply in the coming decades. The growth of biomass requires water, a scarce resource. The link between water resources and (future) biofuel consumption, however, has not been analyzed in great detail yet. Existing scenarios on the use of water resources usually only consider the changes in food and livestock production, industry and domestic activity. The aim of this research is to assess the change in water use related to the expected increase in the use of biofuels for road transport in 2030, and subsequently evaluate the contribution to potential water scarcity. The study builds on earlier research on the relation between energy and water and uses the water footprint (WF) methodology to investigate the change in water demand related to a transition to biofuels in road transport. Information about this transition in each country is based on a compilation of different energy scenarios. The study distinguishes between two different bio-energy carriers, bio-ethanol and biodiesel, and assesses the ratio of fuel produced from selected first-generation energy crops per country. For ethanol these crops are sugar cane, sugar beet, sweet sorghum, wheat and maize. For biodiesel they are soybean, rapeseed, jatropha, and oil palm.

ABSTRACTCommonly, noodles aremade from sorghum flour. Recently, the developing of noodle procesing is become more various. Sweet potato, as a carbohydrate source, nowget a big attention from Indonesia government to be developed as a alternative food. The purposes of this research are to (1) to obtain the optimum concentration of corn starch and purple sweet potato flour in noodle processing ; (2) to analyzed the physical and sensory quality of the resulting noodles. The result shown that the addition of sago flour (25 %) mixedwith purple sweet potato flour (75%) is the most preferred by the panelists for color, taste and smell of a noodle produced. The nutrition content of noodles made from sago "baruk" flour and sweet potato flour are: 0.63 to 1.49% protein,28.02 to 34.94% water, ash 2.02 to 8.76%, and water absorption 8 0.33 to 14, 41% in accordance with SNI.Keywords:Sago, Sweet Potato Purple, Noodle

This article first examines the political response to two crops that were nutritionally enhanced through conventional breeding -- Quality Protein Maize (QPM) and orange-fleshed sweet potatoes. In the next section, the political response to food crops -- maize, potato, and papaya -- which have improved agronomic traits through genetic engineering is described. Finally, we mention briefly the initial political responses to biofortified GMO rice, potatoes, cassava, and sorghum. To gain political support as well as extensive adoption by farmers, biofortification needs to be combined with attractive agronomic traits. These case studies also show that only GMOs have elicited a strong negative political response and that the consumer trait, biofortification, is not likely to make GMOs more appealing to activists and politicians. However, political opposition to GMOs can be outweighed by well-organized, politically powerful interest groups. ; Includes bibliographical references

Die Bergbewohner der Mandara-Berge in Nordkamerun bauen in erster Linie Sorghum und Bohnen an. Vor einigen Jahrzehnten kam die Süßkartoffel hinzu. Auf administratives Anraten werden auch Erdnüsse und Baumwolle angebaut, um der Bevölkerung die Möglichkeit zu bieten, mit den für den Export bestimmten Produkten Einnahmen zu erzielen. Der nördliche Teil der Mandara-Berge ist durch eine starke Bevölkerungsdichte gekennzeichnet. Die Bauern betreiben Terrassenbau und versuchen mit allen Mitteln, den Boden anzureichern. Ein weiteres Charakteristikum ist die Vielfalt der angebauten Sorghumarten. Der südliche Teil ist schwächer besiedelt und die Landwirtschaft ist weniger intensiv. Es gibt mehr Niederschlag und die landwirtschaftlichen Möglichkeiten sind größer. Die ethnische Vielfalt ist, bedingt durch die physikalischen Gegebenheiten, größer. (DÜI-Ott)

Despite many factors weighing in South Africa's favor on the agricultural front, including having official "food secure" status, millions of households have insufficient access to nutritionally safe food. This is largely a function of poverty, which is particularly pervasive in the rural areas. While the government's largely unsuccessful agricultural development programs have focused on large-scale commercial crops, such as wheat and maize, indigenous and traditional food crops could play a significant role. In this article, multiple criteria analysis is used to identify indigenous and traditional food crops that have the greatest potential to enhance food security in South Africa. The different indigenous and traditional food crops options were rank according to set criteria that were derived from the definition for food security as adopted in the article. Accessibility, affordability and nutrition formed the basis of the definition as subsequently the criteria used to rank the alternatives. Results from the analysis revealed that sorghum, sweet potatoes, and amaranth are among the indigenous and traditional food crops with the greatest potentia

Challenges and opportunities for Africa : an overview of key themes from the PACN Biodiversity Conference / S.C. Smith -- Exploring the therapeutic potentials of African medicinal plants / C. Wambebe -- Natural products from plant biodiversity and their use in the treatment of neglected diseases / J.O. Midiwo -- In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity of Kenyan medicinal plants / M.O. Nanyingi ... [et al.] -- Anti-larval activity of crude plant extracts from Vitex schliebenii and Vitex payos (Verbenaceae) / G.N. Mokua ... [et al.] -- Natural products as leads for new and innovative crop protection chemicals / J.M. Clough -- Exploiting phytochemical diversity to control pests of agriculture and vectors of human and animal disease / A.M. Hooper ... [et al.] -- Root chemicals could offer opportunities for breeding for sweet potato resistance to the weevil Cylas puncticollis Boheman (Coleoptera: Apionidae) / H. Muyinza ... [et al.] -- The role of biotechnology in meeting the biodiversity conservation challenge of Africa / A.B. Salifu -- Farmers as a treasure chest of biodiversity -- the case of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) in Ethiopia, a five decade analysis / F. Mekbib -- Delivery of appropriate cattle genotypes to eastern African smallholder farmers through in-vitro embryo production technologies -- the technical procedures, prospects and challenges / H.M. Mutembei ... [et al.] -- Levels of some nutrients and non-essential metals in cows' whole milk from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia / E. Admasu ... [et al.] -- Water, water everywhere and when found not fit to drink / S.O. Wandiga -- Foundation for analytical science and technology in Africa and its role in the preservation of endangered species / S. Lancaster, N. Richards and A. Gachanja -- Jua Kali metallurgical industries as point sources of the heavy metals lead and cadmium to aquatic systems in Kenyan urban areas / S.M. Mule and C.M. Nguta -- An assessment of effluent treatment to reduce heavy metal levels in effluent from a battery manufacturing concern / E. Muleya and F. Chiumira -- Spectroscopic detection of gaseous ammonia in the environment / C.B.O. Kowenje and D.C. Doetschman -- Jatropha curcas L. as a source for the production of biodiesel in Kenya / A.W. Wagutu ... [et al.] -- Jatropha biodiesel as an alternative transport fuel in Zimbabwe / C.S. Shonhiwa, F.P. Gudyanga and Z. Chiguvare -- Biomass, bio-based products and bioenergy / P.C. Vieira -- Municipal solid waste as a resource rather than a waste. A preliminary study of biomass from Githurai Market, an open market on the outskirts of Nairobi City / N. Muriithi, C. Soi and J.M. Keriko.

Intro -- FEED MARKET DYNAMICS AND U.S. LIVESTOCK IMPLICATIONS -- FEED MARKET DYNAMICS AND U.S. LIVESTOCK IMPLICATIONS -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: U.S. LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FEED USE AND AVAILABILITY: BACKGROUND AND EMERGING ISSUES -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- FEED MARKET DYNAMICS -- Finding the Right Feed Nutrient Balance -- Feed Costs Dominate Livestock and Poultry Production -- Producer Responses to Feed Market Conditions -- CURRENT AND EMERGING ISSUES FOR LIVESTOCK FEEDSTUFFS -- Current Corn Stocks-to-Use Levels Near Historic Low -- Severe Drought Limits Feed Alternatives for Affected Regions -- Ethanol's Growing Share of U.S. Corn Usage -- Ethanol Corn Use Has Cut into Feed Supplies -- U.S. Biofuels Policy Has Created Link Between Prices of Crude Oil and Corn -- International Demand Growth Led by China -- Weak U.S. Dollar Makes Exports Attractive -- Emerging U.S. Crop Land Constraint Puts Focus on Yield Increases -- Declining Feed Demand Responsiveness to High Prices -- ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- APPENDIX. OVERVIEW OF MAJOR FEEDSTUFFS -- Primary Feedstuff Sources -- Feed Grains-The Main Energy Source -- Corn: The King of Feed Grains -- Sorghum, Barley, and Oats: Declining Importance as Feed Grains -- Feed Wheat: Varies with Quality and Market Conditions -- Protein Meals -- Oilseed Meals -- Animal Meals -- Roughages -- Pasture and Range Flexibility -- Using Feed Grains -- Commercial Feeds -- On-Farm Feeding -- Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) -- Grain Milling Byproducts -- Distillers Grains and Solubles (DGS) -- End Notes -- Chapter 2: ETHANOL CO-PRODUCT USE IN U.S. CATTLE FEEDING: LESSONS LEARNED AND CONSIDERATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- ETHANOL, SWEETENER, AND STARCH PRODUCTION PROCESS -- EXPERIENCE AND EDUCATION ENHANCE NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

The following briefs were solicited by HarvestPlus for the Second Global Conference on Biofortification, "Getting Nutritious Foods to People," which took place in Kigali, Rwanda from March 31 to April 2, 2014. The conference, an interactive global consultation attended by more than 300 leaders in agriculture, food, nutrition, and health, was officially hosted by the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and organized by HarvestPlus. The conference culminated in a series of commitments to tackle hunger and micronutrient deficiency through nutrition-sensitive agriculture, captured in the Kigali Declaration on Biofortified Nutritious Foods. The briefs were developed as background information for the conference and are intended to present existing evidence onbiofortification, identify knowledge gaps, and stimulate discussion on how to leverage biofortification to improve nutritionand health. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; CRP4; HarvestPlus ; HarvestPlus; A4NH ; CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

The second of three books in IFPRI's climate change in Africa series, East African Agriculture and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis examines the food security threats facing 10 of the countries that make up east and central Africa - Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda - and explores how climate change will increase the efforts needed to achieve sustainable food security throughout the region. East Africa's populations is expected to grow at least through mid-century. The region will also see income growth. Both will put increased pressure on the natural resources needed to produce food, and climate change makes the challenges greater. East Africa is already experiencing rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, and increasing extreme events. Without attention to adaptation, the poor will suffer. ; Chapter 1 Overview; Chapter 2 Methodology; Chapter 3 Burundi; Chapter 4 Democratic Republic of Congo; Chapter 5 Eritrea; Chapter 6 Ethiopia; Chapter 7 Kenya; Chapter 8 Madagascar; Chapter 9 Rwanda; Chapter 10 Sudan; Chapter 11 Tanzania; Chapter 12 Uganda; Chapter 13 Summary and Conclusions ; PR ; IFPRI1; CRP7; CRP2 ; EPTD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS); CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

Increasing agricultural productivity and adapting farming to climate change are central to Africa's development prospects. There are important opportunities to enhance yields and increase resilience through the adoption of improved crop varieties. In some cases, biotechnology, and in particular genetic modification (GM), offers advantages over conventional plant-breeding approaches. Accordingly there are a various projects under way to develop new GM varieties for African farmers, ranging from drought-resistant maize to varieties of cassava, banana, sorghum, cowpea and sweet potato with resistance to pests and disease. In addition to government funds, these projects have also attracted the support of influential donor agencies and philanthropic foundations. However, despite the expenditure of considerable resources, the potential of GM in Africa is not being realized. So far no GM trait developed for African farmers has been put to use. Multiple barriers inhibit the development and adoption of pro-poor GM varieties in Africa. On the demand side, farmers may be reluctant to adopt GM varieties owing to a lack of export opportunities and distrust of the technology among local consumers. Farmers may also be concerned about exploitation by transnational seed companies (despite the fact that development of new GM technologies in Africa is dominated by the public sector). On the supply side, donor funding struggles to match the long timescales of research and development, while incentives among research scientists may be poorly aligned with farmer outcomes. Non-existent, poorly functioning or overly punitive regulatory regimes discourage investment. The most important barriers – such as regulatory constraints, consumer distrust and weak farmer demand – must be understood in the context of wider social and political dynamics surrounding GM, typified by misinformation, polarized public discourse, and dysfunctional and opportunistic politics. The result is most GM projects becoming 'stuck' at the field trial stage without ever progressing to release. This 'convenient deadlock' of continual field trials allows governments to manage political risks by effectively balancing the demands of pro-GM and anti-GM lobbies – proponents of GM have a pipeline of technologies, while opponents are appeased by the failure of any to gain approval. The disabling socio-political environment for GM development in Africa greatly reduces the efficacy of investment in this technology. This has two important implications. First, technology development needs to be located within a wider project of transformation that engages key actors – most notably politicians, policy-makers and farmers – as stakeholders from the outset, and includes strategies to address multiple demand- and supply-side barriers. Second, successful adoption is more likely in countries with less disabling political conditions, characterized by lower levels of consumer distrust and opposition, genuine farmer demand and demonstrable commitment from government. Focusing efforts and resources on a small number of 'best bet' countries will also allow donors and technology providers to support more ambitious, transformational projects led by national governments.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nagalapur-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 677 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 598 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 78 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 61 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 26 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 4 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 47 per cent area low (51-100 mm/m) and 16 per cent area very low (0.75%) and 85 per cent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content.  About 33 per cent area is low ( 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area 44 per cent is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 47(7) 143(21) Guava - 28(4) Maize 23(3) 192(28) Sapota - 28(4) Bajra 28(4) 162(24) Pomegranate - 55(8) Groundnut 8(1) 32(5) Musambi 27(4) 28 (4) Sunflower 27(4) 28(4) Lime 27(4) 28 (4) Redgram - 117(17) Amla 28(4) 100(15) Bengal gram 27(4) - Cashew - 25(4) Cotton 27(4) 25(4) Jackfruit - 28(4) Chilli 23(3) 105(15) Jamun - 27(4) Tomato 23(3) 78(12) Custard apple 55(8) 73(11) Brinjal 23(3) 78(12) Tamarind - 27(4) Onion 23(3) 78(12) Mulberry - 28(4) Bhendi 23(3) 105(16) Marigold 23(3) 105(16) Drumstick - 55(8) Chrysanthemum 23(3) 105(16) Mango - -  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 105 (61.40%) men and 66 (38.6%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 4.3, small farmers' was 5.2 and semi medium farmers' was 4.5.  The data indicated that, 39 (22.81%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 72 (42.11%) were in 16-35 years of age, 53 (30.99%) were in 36-60 years of age and 7 (49%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Nagalapur-1 had 50.88 per cent illiterates, 11.70 per cent of them had Primary School, 72 per cent of them had Middle School, 16.37 per cent of them had High School, 4.68 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.75 per cent of them had diploma education and 2.34 per cent of them had Degree education.  The results indicate that, 5.56 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 91.67 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and 2.78 per cent of the household's heads were trade and business.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 6.43 per cent of the household members, 65.50 per cent were agricultural laborers, 0.58 per cent were in Household trade and business and dairy farm, 18.71 per cent were students, 2.92 per cent were housewives and 5.26 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.58 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in grama panchayat and 99.42 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in local institution.  The results indicate that 52.78 per cent of the households possess Thatched house, 16.67 per cent of the households possess Katcha house, 22.22 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 8.33 per cent of the households possess semi pacca house.  The results show that 72.22 per cent of the households possess TV, 58.33 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 2.78 per cent of the households possess refrigerator and car/four wheeler, 41.67 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 91.67 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 8,830, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,976, refrigerator was Rs. 1,500, Motor Cycle was Rs. 37,366, car/four wheeler was Rs. 30,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,774.  About 27.78 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 38.89 per cent of them possess plough, 2.78 per cent of them possess seed/ fertilizer drill, irrigation pump and thresher, 11.11 per cent of them possess Sprayer and sprinkler and 69.44 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 14,580, plough was Rs. 20,078, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 4,000, irrigation pump was Rs. 7,000, 2 Sprayer was Rs. 3,800, sprinkler was Rs. 4,300, weeder was Rs. 252 and the average value of thresher was Rs. 180.  The results indicate that, 41.67 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 25 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.78 per cent of the households possess cross breed cow and sheep, 11.11 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 5.56 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.19, average own labour (women) available was 1.5, average hired labour (men) available was 10.61 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.42.  The results indicate that, 88.89 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 11.11 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results show that, 2.34 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has migrated. The results show that, average distance of migration was 500 kms and average duration of migration was 11 months.  The results show that, 50 per cent of the population has migrated for the purpose of job/wage/work and business.  The results indicate that, households of the Nagalapur-1 micro-watershed possess 14.31 ha (28.80%) of dry land, 34.98 ha (70.38%) of irrigated land and 0.4 ha (0.81%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 5.9 ha (87.68%) of dry land, 0.42 ha (6.31%) of irrigated land and o.4 ha (6.1%) of permanent fallow land. Small farmers possess 7.39 ha (59.9%) of dry land and 40.91 ha (40.91%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 12 ha (6.86%) of dry land and 13.79 ha (93.14%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 15.64 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 583,107.15, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 429,813.72 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 1,235,000. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 550,205.61 for dry land, Rs. 1,881,904.85 for irrigated land and Rs. 1,235,000 for permanent fallow land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 554,296.67 for dry land and Rs. 671,683.80 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 984,063.75 for dry land and Rs. 489,216.55 for irrigated land. Medium farmers, the average land value were Rs. 258,822.77 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 19 de-functioning and 23 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 63.89per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 4.68 meters. 3  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.43 ha, 3.40 ha, 13.41 ha and 12 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown groundnut (21.08 ha), cotton (10.48ha), paddy and red gram (3.79 ha), green garm (22 ha), sorghum (0.81ha) and sweet potato (42.1 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Nagalapur-1 micro-watershed was found to be 97.14 per cent.  The results indicate that, 88.89 per cent of the households have bank account and 41.67 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 27.78 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 46.67 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank, 6.67 per cent of the households have borrowed from cooperative, grameena bank and money lender and 20 per cent of the households have borrowed from friends/relatives.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 61,666.67.  The results indicate that, 90 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production and 10 per cent of the households from institutional sources for purpose of social functions like marriage.  The results indicate that, 75 per cent of the households borrowed from private sources for the purpose of agricultural production and 25 per cent of the households from private sources for the purpose of household consumption.  The results indicated that 10 per cent of the households partially paid their loan borrowed from institutional sources and 90 per cent of the households not paid their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, 60 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 30 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from higher rate of interest and 10 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from forced to sell the produce at low price to repay loan in time. The results indicate that, around 100 per cent opined that the loan amount was adequate to fulfil the requirement.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 52355.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 49965.31. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. -2390.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.95. 4  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 21594.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43225. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 21630.68. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 50657.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41762.31. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -8895.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.82.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 487325. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76436.68. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 27704.63. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.57.  The total cost of cultivation for Sorghum was Rs. 33099.27. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 37050. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 3950.73. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.12.  The total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 29179.73. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80363.79. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 511847. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.75.  The results indicate that, 41.67 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 30.56 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 121,055.56 marginal farmers, for small farmers it was Rs. 98,545.45 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 130,930 and medium farmers it was Rs. 161,166.67.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 115,444.47. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 11,544.44, for small farmers it was Rs. 3,776.86, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 20,332.22 and medium farmers it was Rs. 11,138.89.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 5 coconut, 22 lemon and 19 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 9 Teak, 72 neem, 8 tamarind, 10 acacia, 4 Banyan and peepul trees in their field and also 1 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 11,361.11 for land development; households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 3,277.78 for irrigation facility, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 2,583.33 for improved crop production, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,055.56 for improved livestock management, households have an average investment capacity of Rs.166.67 for orchard development/ maintenance and households have an average investment capacity of Rs.55.56 for purchase of farm machinery.  The results indicated that government subsidy was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for irrigation facility and improved livestock 5 management. Loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.78 per cent for land development and 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility and improved livestock management. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development, 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility and 5.56 per cent for improved crop production. Soft loan was the source of additional investment for 22.22 per cent for land development, 19.44 per cent for irrigation facility, 16.67 per cent for improved crop production and 5.56 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, Cotton was sold to the extent of 72.38 per cent, green gram was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, groundnut was sold to the extent of 78.96 per cent, paddy was sold to the extent of 82.86 per cent, Sorghum was sold to the extent of 80 per cent, and red gram to the extent of 88.24 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 77.78 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 8.33per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated markets and 11.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 13.89 per cent of the households have used head load, 5.56 per cent of the households have used Cart, 58.33 per cent of the households used tractor and 19.44 per cent of the households used truck as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 94.44 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. The results indicated that, 91.67 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 19.44 per cent of the population adopted field bunding, 5.56 per cent of the population adopted summer ploughing and dead furrow.  The results indicated that, condition of field bunding was 71.43 per cent of good, 14.29 per cent were slightly damaged and severely damaged.  The results indicated that, 8.33 per cent of the population involved own and government agency, 2.78 per cent of the population involved farmer's organization in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households used firewood and 33.33 per cent of them used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 36.11 per cent of the households in the micro watershed and Bore Well was the source of drinking water for 41.67 per cent of the households in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 38.89 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility. 6  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 80.56 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, oilseeds were adequate for 8.33 per cent, vegetables and meat were adequate for 41.67 per cent, fruits were adequate for 11.11 per cent, Milk were adequate for 52.78 per cent and Egg were adequate for 47.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, oilseeds and fruits were inadequate for 88.89 per cent of the households, vegetables and meat were inadequate for 58.33 per cent, milk were inadequate for 44.44 per cent, Egg were inadequate for 52.78 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 80.56 per cent of the households, Wild animal menace on farm field, frequent incidence of pest and diseases and Lack of marketing facilities in the area (91.67%), inadequacy of irrigation water and high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (72.22%), High rate of interest on credit (75%), Low price for the agricultural commodities (97.22%), Inadequate extension services (27.78%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (94.44%), Less rainfall (5.56%) and Source of Agri-technology information (2.78%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

The agriculture sector is a key to overall economic growth and development of Uganda. The sector contributes 20.9 percent of the National Gross Domestic Product and 80 percent of the export earnings. Real growth in agricultural output has declined steadily, from 7.9 percent in 2000/01 to 0.7 percent in 2007/08 (although it did show signs of recovery in 2008/09, with a 2.6 percent growth rate). Agricultural production has increased over the years and this increase is attributed to area expansion rather than increase in productivity with over 95% of the farmers being smallholders with landholdings averaging 2 ha. The country has a total area of 241,551 km2 of which about 30% is highly degraded. Available data between 1999 and 2006 indicate that trends of the major crops showed positive increases for cereals (maize, millet, rice and sorghum), beans and simsim, while there has been a significant decline noted for root crops (cassava, Irish and sweet potatoes) as well as export crops (coffee and cotton). The livestock census of UBOS (2009) showed that total cattle ownership increased by 54% since 2005, showing an increasing trend of livestock integration into the farming systems. While fish exports increased dramatically from 1991, there was a sharp decline, falling from a peak of 39,201 tons in 2005 to about 24,965 tons in 2008 as a consequence of overfishing leading to falling stocks and declining catches. Lake Victoria continues to provide the biggest percentage (41.8 percent) of total fish catch, which are dwindling fast, the situation for the other lakes is even worse. The country's agricultural production system is diverse spread within14 Agro-ecological Zones (AEZs). The zones are characterized by different farming systems determined by soil types, climate, landforms, socio-economic and cultural factors. Poor agricultural land management, increased extreme weather events, and population pressure have escalated land degradation in all the AEZs. The AEZs experience varying levels of vulnerability to climate-related hazards which include drought, floods, storms, and pests and diseases. Furthermore, the International Climate Risk Report labels Uganda as one of the most unprepared and most vulnerable countries in the world. Agriculture is the sector most vulnerable to climate change due to its high dependence on climate and weather. Climate projections show that agriculture systems will suffer with climate change, thus, threatening food production systems and therefore the livelihoods and food security of millions of people, especially women who depend on agriculture. Consistent warming trends and more frequent and intense extreme weather events, particularly droughts and floods have been observed across the country in recent decades. In line with these trends, climate change scenarios consistently project temperature increases across the region, which will require farmers to adapt to changing conditions. Total dependence on rain-fed agriculture and poor soil health coupled with land degradation increases vulnerability of farming systems and predisposes rural households to food insecurity and poverty thus eroding their productive assets and weakening their coping strategies and resilience. Increasingly, the onset, duration and intensity of these rains vary considerably from year to year, while the frequency and intensity of the extreme weather events such as drought and floods are on the increase with devastating impacts on the national economy and the livelihoods of the people. Drastic and innovative measures are needed to help farmers and consumers cope with the changes in emerging and projected weather patterns. To address this challenge, the Government of Uganda has identified six strategic priorities as sources of Uganda's agricultural development and growth in a changing climate. The six strategic priorities are: Improved Productivity and incomes – a pro-growth, pro-poor development agenda that supports agricultural sustainability and includes better targeting to climate change impacts will improve resilience and climate change adaptation. Because climate change has a negative impact on agricultural production, achieving any given food and nutrition security target will require greater investments in agricultural productivity. Public and private sectors as well as public-private partnerships will play a critical role. Building resilience and associated mitigation co-benefits – CSA will help reduce vulnerability of Uganda's agriculture sector by increasing productivity, enhancing adaptation and resilience of the farming systems and reducing emissions intensity in the context of achieving sustainable development and poverty eradication. Value Chain Integration – This approach is holistic in that it considers input supply, production, agricultural services, marketing and business support services as necessary building blocks. Under the approach, both public and private sectors are seen as critical actors in the value chain. Knowledge and capacity building are critical strategic priorities to leverage innovations and increase efficiencies. The approach also provides enabling framework for integrating gender and the needs of the youth. Research for Development and Innovations – Although Uganda has a well-developed agricultural research system, use of modern science and climate smart technologies in agricultural production is still limited. Inadequate research–extension–farmer linkages to facilitate demand-driven research and increased use of improved technologies continue to constrain efforts to increase agricultural productivity as farmers continue to use outdated and ineffective technologies. The role of research will be re-oriented to support innovations that facilitate the transition to climate-smart agriculture by smallholder farmers. New and emerging agricultural research partnerships will identify technological advances that respond to the impacts climate change and climate variability. A major thrust will be use of climate-smart agricultural practices, promoting improved land management and sustainable crop-livestock and fisheries intensification, in order to bolster farmers' adaptive capacity and support the national vision of achieving food security. Improving and sustaining agricultural advisory Services – Agro-advisory services that include climate applications for agriculture will help farmers to make better and informed decisions in the face of risks and uncertainties, in addition to the integrated management of present and emerging pests and disease challenges. Climate applications include seasonal weather forecasts, monitoring and early warning products for drought, floods and pests and disease surveillance. These products and services would increase the preparedness of the farmers, well in advance, to cope with risks and uncertainties. In this regard, dissemination of agro-weather advisories and other climate-smart agricultural practices will be enhanced through Public Private Partnerships. Furthermore, robust agro-advisory services would catalyse private sector investment in priority areas such as weather-based index insurance and associated infrastructure. Improved Institutional Coordination – Improved institutional coordination is crucial for achievement of horizontal and vertical integration required for effective discharge of the CSA Programme. The achievement of horizontal integration requires a framework that provides for high-level guidance while vertical integration is instrumental in determining the roles of various sector institutions and devolved governments in performing CSA mandates. The proposed coordination framework will improve Inter-Ministerial and Local Government Coordination; enhance partnerships with private sector and civil society organizations; and strengthen coordination with development partners.

Ce travail se propose de mettre en évidence l'importance des approvisionnements des produits alimentaires en provenance du district de Rusizi (Rwanda) dans la sécurité alimentaire de la ville de Bukavu. Pour cela, il s'est alors avéré nécessaire de connaître leurs ampleurs et déterminants ainsi que leurs conséquences qui restent insuffisantes en raison de leur caractère informel, afin de définir des politiques visant à améliorer la situation et pouvant faciliter l'intégration sous-régionale. Le travail de terrain a consisté en deux séries d'investigations : d'une part les pointages des flux des produits alimentaires pour trois mois (mai, juin et juillet 2010) et par axe d'approvisionnement de la ville de Bukavu, d'autre part une enquête par questionnaire sur un échantillon de 233 ménages dont 76 ménages-consommateurs et 157 ménages-revendeurs. Le pointage des flux des produits alimentaires montre que 2.021 ménages en moyenne traversent chaque jour les deux frontières pour y effectuer leurs approvisionnements alimentaires dont 661 ménages (32,7%) sont des consommateurs directs des produits alimentaires et 1.360 ménages (67,3%) sont des revendeurs. Excepté le manioc qui est une culture traditionnelle du Sud-Kivu, les bananes plantains à cause du problème de conservation, provenant beaucoup plus de l'intérieur de la province, et le haricot provenant beaucoup plus du Nord-Kivu, les pointages des flux des produits alimentaires, ont montré que les taux de dépendance au Rwanda restent fort élevés pour les produits comme le maïs (66%), la pomme de terre (82%), le sorgho (73%), l'arachide (69%), la patate douce (98%), le riz (70%) et les viandes de bœuf et porc (85%). Avec ces taux de dépendance, la ville de Bukavu constitue l'un des grands marchés des produits alimentaires du district de Rusizi (Rwanda), ce qui est loin d'être confirmé par les statistiques officielles des importations de l'Office Congolais de Contrôle (OCC/Sud-Kivu) qui, excepté pour le riz, sous-estiment les flux frontaliers d'une grande partie des produits alimentaires de base. Les produits de base concernés fournissent à la population de la ville de Bukavu 1.027 kcal par personne et par jour dont 593,5 kcal, 338,9 kcal et 92,4 kcal sont fournis par les produits en provenance respectivement du Rwanda, du Nord-Kivu et de l'intérieur de la province du Sud-Kivu. Les calories consommées dans la ville de Bukavu sont essentiellement d'origine végétale dominées par le maïs (563,1 kcal), le manioc (120 kcal) et le haricot (167,1 kcal) qui jouent un rôle stratégique étant donné leur importance dans les habitudes alimentaires de la ville de Bukavu. Les flux importants des approvisionnements alimentaires en provenance du district de Rusizi font vivre des milliers de familles dans la ville de Bukavu. Il se dégage que tous les produits approvisionnés du district de Rusizi par les ménages-revendeurs réalisent des résultats positifs par mois qui constituent la rémunération non seulement du capital mais aussi de l'effort et du temps investis par les ménages-revendeurs pour leur activité (en moyenne 5,67 heures). Plus de 68% des ménages-revendeurs affirment être satisfaits du résultat de cette activité et l'orientent principalement à couvrir les besoins de subsistance. L'analyse du budget des ménages-consommateurs montre que 69,1% des dépenses alimentaires et 48,8% des dépenses totales des ménages-consommateurs traversent les frontières. L'impact significatif des approvisionnements alimentaires issus du district de Rusizi sur la réduction de l'état de pauvreté monétaire des ménages-consommateurs, témoigne de l'intérêt du commerce frontalier qui ne fait que renforcer le déclin structurel et relatif du secteur agricole du Sud-Kivu, déjà confronté à divers problèmes. La politique de libre-échange prônée par un grand nombre de groupements sous-régionaux et régionaux comme la CEPGL et le COMESA permettra de rendre efficace les approvisionnements alimentaires de la ville de Bukavu en provenance du district de Rusizi, mais cette dernière reste une solution à court terme pour la sécurité alimentaire de la ville de Bukavu en particulier et la province du Sud-Kivu en général. A long terme, il convient de stimuler la production et de favoriser le commerce des produits alimentaires locaux. Pour cela, il faut investir dans le secteur agricole. C'est à ce prix-là qu'on peut parvenir à relancer le secteur agricole du Sud-Kivu et atteindre le seuil de l'autosuffisance, voire réaliser un surplus à exporter. Certes, cette solution posera alors le problème de reconversion des ménages-revendeurs et ménages-consommateurs qu'il conviendra de repenser dès le début. ; This thesis aims at highlighting the importance of food supply from the Rusizi District (Rwanda) in the food security of the city Bukavu (Democratic Republic of Congo). Due to the informal nature of this supply, it was necessary to characterize its magnitude, drivers, and consequences as well as to develop policies that are likely to improve this supply and facilitate regional integration. The fieldwork consisted of two series of investigations. The first series of data collection included scoring the flow of food supply from Rusizi District during three months and for each of the food supply axes of Bukavu city. Secondly, a questionnaire was administered to a sample of 233 households, wherein 76 consuming households and 157 reselling households. Results from the scoring exercise show that 2,021 households on average cross both borders (Rusizi 1 and Ruzizi 2) for their food supply daily. A total of 661 of these households (about 32.7%) are direct food consumers and 1,360 households (about 67.3%) are food resellers. Excepted for cassava (which is a traditional staple of South Kivu), plantains (because of conservation problem, much more coming from within the province), and beans (much more from North Kivu), other major food products are imported from Ruzizi district in Rwanda. In this regard, the dependency ratios towards Rwanda remain much higher for products such as maize (66%), potatoes (82%), sorghum (73%), groundnut (69%), sweet potato (98%), rice (70%), and beef and pork meat (85%). With such dependency ratios, Bukavu is a major food market of the Rusizi District (Rwanda) food products. This is however far from being confirmed by official import statistics of the Congolese Control Office (CC0) which, except for rice, underestimates the border trade for a large portion of food commodities flows. The commodities analyzed provide the population of the city of Bukavu 1027 kcal per person per day from which 593.5 kcal, 338.9 kcal and 92.4 kcal are provided by products respectively from Rwanda, North-Kivu and South-Kivu. The calories consumed in the city of Bukavu are mainly of vegetable origin dominated by maize (563.1 kcal), cassava (120 kcal) and beans (167.1 kcal), which play a strategic role given their importance in the food habits of Bukavu. The significant flows of food supplies from Rusizi district are a major contribution to the livelihood of thousands of families in the city of Bukavu. It emerges that all products supplied from Rusizi district by reselling households generate positive return per month demonstrating a positive remuneration not only for the invested capital, but also for the time and effort invested in the activity (average 5.67 hours). More than 68 % of reselling households claim are satisfied with the result of this activity and allocate the generated income mainly to cover subsistence needs. In this sense, the economic impact of border trade on incomes of reselling households is a reality. The analysis of budgets of consuming households shows that 69.1% of food expenditure and 48.8% of total expenditure of consuming households cross the border. The significant impact of food supplies from the Rusizi district on reducing households' income poverty, reflects the interests of border trade which only reinforces the structural and relative decline of the agricultural sector in South Kivu already confronted to various problems. The free trade policy advocated by a large number of sub-regional and regional communities such as CEPGL and COMESA will make the Rusizi originating food supply of Bukavu more efficient, but it remains a short-term solution of food security of the city and the province in general. In the long term, it would be better to stimulate the production and promote local food trade. To achieve this, investments need to be channeled to the agricultural sector. It is at this price that the agricultural sector in South-Kivu can be revived and reach the threshold of self-sufficiency, and even create a surplus for export. Admittedly, this solution then poses the problem of reconversion of consuming households and sellers-households that we should rethink from the outset.

Agricultural risk management is a central issue that Mozambique faces in development, and multiple stakeholders have analyzed this challenge, sometimes with different terminology and focusing on varying aspects. The government of Mozambique has adopted the strategic plan for agricultural development (PEDSA 2010-19) that focuses on: (i) increasing the availability of food in order to reduce hunger through growth in small producer productivity and emergency response capacity; (ii) enlarging the land area under sustainable management and the number of reliable water management systems; (iii) increasing access to the market through improved infrastructures and interventions in marketing; and (iv) improving research and extension for increased adoption of appropriate technologies by producers and agro-processors. The World Bank's agriculture sector risk assessment takes a holistic approach and relies on long time-series historical data to arrive at an empirical and objective assessment of agricultural risks and their impacts on Mozambique. This assessment will form the basis of the second step, solution assessment, whose final findings will inform National Investment Plan for the Agrarian Sector in Mozambique (PNISA). This document considers the many aspects of assessing risk in the Mozambican agriculture sector. Chapter one gives introduction and context. Chapter two introduces the major characteristics of the agricultural system leading into chapter three, which presents a comprehensive picture of the risks that exist in the sector. Chapter four, in quantifying the risks that have been observed, comments on the losses that have been incurred by the sector because of production risks, whereas chapter five provides a qualitative discussion of how risk has an effect on the different stakeholders present in the sector. Chapter six delves into the risk prioritization carried out by the team and then comments on various management measures. The report concludes with chapter six, in which recommendations are provided for improving risk management in Mozambique.