Suchergebnisse

This research has been funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) through the National Centre for Energy Systems Integration, CESI (EP/P001173/1). The authors acknowledge additional funding from the Oviedo Efficiency Group (OEG) project FC-15-GRUPIN14-048 (European Regional Development Fund and the Government of the Principality of Asturias, Science, Technology and Innovation Plan 2013–2017) and the project ECO2017-86402-C2- 1-R (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness). This work was also supported by Banco Santander through the Campus of International Excellence of the University of Oviedo within the framework of mobility grants.

Political scientists maintain that self-interest should motivate political participation; however, empirical verification of the self-interest motive for participating is rare. Self-interested activism among the less-affluent is shown to be even more uncommon. Results of the present study suggest that when lower-income college students have resources and increased self-interest motives to act, not only do they choose to participate, they do so at higher levels than their more affluent peers. Utilizing policy-motivated activism (defined as voting, contributing, and contacting officials) with respect to student loans, the analysis suggests that the probability of contacting increases among student borrowers as their income decreases. Results suggest that lower-income borrowers are more likely to participate out of concern for the program than their higher-income counterparts, and self-interest explains the behavior. Adapted from the source document.

The general objective of this study was to provide analysis regarding the trend of poverty in the Philippines from year 1998 to 2008 based on the data of the SWS survey. Specifically, it aimed to describe the method by which the Social Weather Stations (SWS) conducts self-rated poverty survey; discuss the trends of the self-rated poverty in the Philippines and in the four major areas; compare the self-rated poverty with the official poverty incidence; describe the trends of the macroeconomic variables in relation with self-rated poverty; and determine the macroeconomic factors that affect self-rated poverty. For the first four objectives, the study made use of descriptive approach. For the last objective, the study employed Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) to determine the effect of each macroeconomic factor that could affect self-rated poverty. SWS uses face to face interviews of national samples of 1,200 statistically representative households in conducting standard SWS survey. In each survey, the household head, who is the respondent to the questions, speaking in behalf of the entire family, is asked to point to where he/she thinks the household fares in a showcard featuring only the word POOR, the negative term NOT POOR, and a line in-between. On the average, self-rated poverty is lowest in NCR; mid-level in the Balance of Luzon; and highest in Visayas and Mindanao. However, the differentials between locations are changing. There were periods when the trends in self-rated poverty and the official poverty incidence are contradicting and there were also periods where they move in the same direction. Moreover, it was observed that SRP tends to be always higher than the official poverty incidence. In the descriptive analysis of the trends of macroeconomic variables in relation to SRP, inflation and unemployment rates were observed to have positive relationship with the trends of SRP in general. Moreover, GDP and GRDP are found to be negatively related with SRP. Only unemployment significantly affects self-rated poverty (SRP) and as expected, the relationship of the two is positive. SRPs of NCR, Visayas and Minadanao, differ from SRP Philippines by the numerical value of their coefficients. Only debt service, growth rate of gini coefficient and growth rate of share of educational system budget appropriation to GDP are significantly correlated with the growth rate of SRP. The study therefore concludes that unemployment rate truly affects people's perception whether they are poor or not, thus, affecting self-rated poverty. Policies regarding labor status and programs that will generate more jobs must be pursued for these will surely improve the welfare of the people. Debt service, gini coefficient and the share of educational system budget appropriation to GDP are the other factors that also seem to affect people's welfare. The government, therefore, must generate more revenues in order to pay the country's debt and at the same time, allocate more funds for public finance. Extra efforts in redistributing income and assets to achieve more equitable distribution must be exerted. Lastly, the government should not only allocate resources to our educational system. They should also know which part of the educational system must be funded more.

This thesis examines the development of self-help as an ideology and as an organisational principle for poor relief and how it came to dominate discussions over poverty and crucially inform the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The continuity of self-help with earlier discussions and reviews of the poor laws is explored and emphasised, as is the continuing moral core of poor relief despite historians' frequent ascription of de-moralisation to the new political economy that came to heavily influence poor law discourse. The thesis analyses the evolution of the poor laws and of attitudes to poverty and begins with an examination of a divergence in the discourse relating to poverty between a more formal and centralised institutional approach and a more devolved, permissive institutional approach; the latter gained precedence due to its closer proximity to a dominant mode of thinking (as analysed by A. W. Coats) about the poor that held self-betterment as offering a solution to poverty most appropriate to the governance structures of the day. The greater role given to self-betterment and the natural affinity of more devolved schemes with a macroeconomic political economy framework pushed the evolution of poor law discourse along a route of emphasising individual probity and agency over the established model of community cohesion. Parallel to this divergence was the development of distinct intellectual traditions within poor law discourse between the older natural-law tradition of a natural right to subsistence and a new ideology of the natural law of markets and of competition for resources. By analysis of the thought of writers such as Thomas Robert Malthus, Jeremy Bentham, Patrick Colquhoun, David Davies, Frederick Morton Eden, Edmund Burke, etc., it is shown that this newer conception of natural law, encompassing a less interventionist and more macroeconomic approach (involving the deployment of statistics and abstraction, as explored by S. Sherman), proved more compatible with the devolved, more permissive institutional approach and so came to take precedence over that of the natural right to subsistence, which was associated more with traditional paternalism and community-level responses to scarcity and poverty. The natural law tradition spoke more to the abstract conceptions of poverty associated at this time with the greater deployment of statistics and tables in the analysis of social problems. It is demonstrated how writers of the period utilised utilitarian conceptions and nascent political economic arguments to portray the greater good of the country as a whole as possessed of greater moral and economic authority than more traditional 'moral economy' responses, and that vocabularies of virtue and duty were used to illustrate and justify such a shift. This set the scene for self-betterment as an economic strategy to evolve into an ideology of self-help which was developed as the panacea of poverty and the answer to the social dislocations caused by industrialisation. Self-help came to the fore as an approach that was more politically resonant in the era of revolutionary France and which enabled a more permissive institutional apparatus to be advanced. These institutions, such as allotments, savings banks and schools of industry, came to prominence in the period 1816-1820 and pertained more to macroeconomic understandings of poverty. They were expounded using a theme, that of 'character', that described poverty as the result of personal imprudence and hence as treatable, the most appropriate level for this treatment being that of the individual. The reforms of 1818-19 and the debates that informed them are given an extended analysis as they formed the crucial juncture in the cohering of self-help as an ideology and a paradigmatic shift in poor law policy towards greater discrimination underwritten by self-help. Finally, the 1834 Poor law Reform Act is explained in terms of the ideological development of arguments of self-help and character towards a more punitive and disciplinarian platform for enforcing self-help, with the cost-efficient and systematic institutional approach of Bentham adapted to the purpose.

"Cover page" -- "Halftitle page" -- "Title page" -- "Copyright page" -- "Title page" -- "Copyright page" -- "Contents" -- "Preface" -- "Identity and Poverty" -- "I Identity and Poverty" -- "II Context of Urban Poverty" -- "THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT" -- "PROTECTIVE FACTORS" -- "EXAMINING DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES AMONG URBAN ADOLESCENTS" -- "III Identity Development" -- "CONCEPTUALIZATION OF IDENTITY FOR CURRENT STUDY" -- "IV Outcomes For Adolescents in Urban Poverty" -- "PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING" -- "BEHAVIORAL OUTCOMES" -- "METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES" -- "SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS" -- "HYPOTHESES FOR CURRENT STUDY" -- "V Method of Study" -- "PLAN OF RESEARCH" -- "PILOT STUDY #1" -- "ANALYSES AND RESULTS" -- "PILOT STUDY #2" -- "MAIN STUDY" -- "VI Results of Study" -- "ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES" -- "HYPOTHESIS I" -- "HYPOTHESIS II" -- "HYPOTHESIS III" -- "EXPLORING RACE AND SEX DIFFERENCES" -- "VII Discussion" -- "THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS" -- "IMPLICATIONS OF INTERVENTION" -- "LIMITATIONS OF STUDY" -- "IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH" -- "CONCLUSIONS" -- "Appendix" -- "Appendix A" -- "Appendix Β" -- "Appendix C" -- "References

At a time when the global development industry is under more pressure than ever before, this book argues that an end to poverty can only be achieved by prioritizing human dignity.

Unable to adequately account for the roles of culture, context, and local institutions, today's outsider-led development interventions continue to leave a trail of unintended consequences, ranging from wasteful to even harmful. This book shows that increased prosperity can only be achieved when people are valued as self-governing agents. Social orders that recognize autonomy and human dignity unleash enormous productive energy. This in turn leads to the mobilization of knowledge-sharing that is critical to innovation and localized problem-solving. Offering a wide range of interdisciplinary perspectives and specific examples from the field showing these ideas in action, this book provides NGOs, multilateral institutions, and donor countries with practical guidelines for implementing ""dignity-first"" development.

Compelling and engaging, with a wide range of recommendations for reforming development practice and supporting liberal democracy, this book will be an essential read for students and practitioners of international development.

Intro -- Table of Contents -- Aknowledgments -- C H A P T E R O N E The Missing Individual in Theological Discussions of Economic Vulnerability -- C H A P T E R T W O A New Framework for Understanding Alienation and Its Relation to Poverty -- C H A P T E R T H R E E Socio-economic Structure and Human Character: Fromm on Alienation -- C H A P T E R F O U R The Inauthentic Self: Alienation Interpreted by a Macro-social Lens -- C H A P T E R F I V E Instability and Resilience: Erikson on Alienation and Self -- C H A P T E R S I X The Courageous Self: A Tillichian and Pastoral Response to Alienation -- Bibliography -- Index.