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BACKGROUND: Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is a severe disease affecting people in the poorest parts of Africa. It is usually fatal without treatment. Conventional treatments require days of intravenous infusion, but a recently developed drug, fexinidazole, can be given orally. Another oral drug candidate, acoziborole, is undergoing clinical development and will be considered in subsequent editions. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of currently used drugs for treating second‐stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis (gambiense human African trypanosomiasis, g‐HAT). SEARCH METHODS: On 14 May 2021, we searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Information database, BIOSIS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We also searched reference lists of included studies, contacted researchers working in the field, and contacted relevant organizations. SELECTION CRITERIA: Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials that included adults and children with second‐stage g‐HAT, treated with anti‐trypanosomal drugs currently in use. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors extracted data and assessed risk of bias; a third review author acted as an arbitrator if needed. The included trial only reported dichotomous outcomes, which we presented as risk ratio (RR) or risk difference (RD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: We included one trial comparing fexinidazole to nifurtimox combined with eflornithine (NECT). This trial was conducted between October 2012 and November 2016 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic, and included 394 participants. The study reported on efficacy and safety, with up to 24 months' follow‐up. We judged the study to be at low risk of bias in all domains except blinding; as the route of ...

Objective: Understanding the perceptions of mothers of newborn preterm and/or low birth weight about the second stage of Kangaroo method. Method: This is a descriptive exploratory research of a qualitative approach performed at a teaching hospital in Southern Brazil, through semi-structured interviews and observation with five mothers who were in the neonatal unit accompanying their children. For data analysis there was used the content analysis. Results: Three categories emerged: "The importance of early", "Dilemmas and difficulties in carrying out the Method" and the "Kangaroo method facilitating the care of your child". Conclusions: The experience of the second stage allows overcoming the negative feelings that surfaced with preterm birth and promotes the empowerment of mothers in relation to caring for their children. However, it is necessary that the nursing staff develop different skills to the Kangaroo Method be effectively implemented in practice.

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is often used by regulators to create a pseudo-competitive environment for sectors with natural monopolies. In addition to develop a theoretically well-behaved model, regulators need to take into account several other factors, such as the political agenda and the historical context of the regulation. This sometimes results in some unconventional approaches, which furthermore are not easily changed. In this paper, we discuss the model used for DEA-based benchmark regulation of the Danish water sector. More specifically, we look at the characteristics of the method the regulator uses to take into account differences in the companies' environmental conditions. We show how the approach currently used to control for differences in environmental conditions seemingly does not sufficiently control for the actual differences as intended since second stage analysis still reveals significant correlations between the efficiency scores and these external factors. To explain this, we reconsider the second stage analysis, using permutation-based approaches and also accounting for the fact that only those companies that in the DEA assign weights to those output measures adjusted for environmental conditions, will benefit from the adjustments.

Background Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is a severe disease affecting people in the poorest parts of Africa. It is usually fatal without treatment. Conventional treatments require days of intravenous infusion, but a recently developed drug, fexinidazole, can be given orally. Another oral drug candidate, acoziborole, is undergoing clinical development and will be considered in subsequent editions. Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of currently used drugs for treating second‐stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis (gambiense human African trypanosomiasis, g‐HAT). Search methods On 14 May 2021, we searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Information database, BIOSIS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We also searched reference lists of included studies, contacted researchers working in the field, and contacted relevant organizations. Selection criteria Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials that included adults and children with second‐stage g‐HAT, treated with anti‐trypanosomal drugs currently in use. Data collection and analysis Two review authors extracted data and assessed risk of bias; a third review author acted as an arbitrator if needed. The included trial only reported dichotomous outcomes, which we presented as risk ratio (RR) or risk difference (RD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Main results We included one trial comparing fexinidazole to nifurtimox combined with eflornithine (NECT). This trial was conducted between October 2012 and November 2016 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic, and included 394 participants. The study reported on efficacy and safety, with up to 24 months' follow‐up. We judged the study to be at low risk of bias in all domains except blinding; as the route of administration and dosing regimens differed between treatment groups, participants and personnel were not blinded, resulting in a high risk of performance bias. Mortality with fexinidazole may be higher at 24 months compared to NECT. There were 9/264 deaths in the fexinidazole group and 2/130 deaths in the NECT group (RR 2.22, 95% CI 0.49 to 10.11; 394 participants; low‐certainty evidence). None of the deaths were related to treatment. Fexinidazole likely results in an increase in the number of people relapsing during follow‐up, with 14 participants in the fexinidazole group (14/264) and none in the NECT group (0/130) relapsing at 24 months (RD 0.05, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.08; 394 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether there is any difference between the drugs regarding the incidence of serious adverse events at 24 months. (31/264 with fexinidazole and 13/130 with NECT group at 24 months). Adverse events were common with both drugs (247/264 with fexinidazole versus 121/130 with NECT), with no difference between groups (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.06; 394 participants; moderate‐certainty evidence). Authors' conclusions Oral treatment with fexinidazole is much easier to administer than conventional treatment, but deaths and relapse appear to be more common. However, the advantages or an oral option are considerable, in terms of convenience, avoiding hospitalisation and multiple intravenous infusions, thus increasing adherence.

We take this opportunity to comment on Herron and Shotts (2003; hereinafter HS) because of its interesting and productive ideas and because of the potential to affect the way a considerable body of practical research is conducted. This article, and the literature referenced therein, is based on the suggestions in three paragraphs in King (1997, pp. 289–290). Because these paragraphs were not summarized in HS, we thought they might be a useful place to start.

I Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen II Verzeichnis der Abbildungen III Verzeichnis der Tabellen ABSTRACT 1 Einleitung 1.1 Problemstellung und Zielsetzung 1.2 Fragestellung und Aufbau 1.3 Quellen 2 Forschungsüberblick 2.1 Wahlzyklustheorie als Ursprung der weiteren Forschung 2.2 Popularitätsverlust amerikanischer Präsidenten zum Midterm 2.3 Popularitätsverlust der nationalen Regierungspartei bei Europawahlen 2.4 Einfluss der Bundespolitik auf deutsche Regionalwahlen 2.5 Zwischenfazit 3 Europawahlen als (nationale) Nebenwahlen: Das Second-Order Election Model (Reif/Schmitt 1980) 3.1 Gründung, Struktur und Zusammensetzung des Europaparlaments 3.2 Theoretische Grundlagen des Nebenwahlkonzeptes (Reif/Schmitt 1980) 3.3 Die Dimensionen zur Klassifizierung von Nebenwahlen im Nebenwahlkonzept 3.3.1 Wichtigkeitsdimension 3.3.2 Dimension des Umfeldes 3.3.3 Institutionell-prozederale Dimension 3.3.4 Kampagnendimension 3.3.5 Dimension der Verschiebung politischer Präferenzen 3.3.6 Dimension des sozialen und kulturellen Wandels 3.4 Diskurs - Weiterentwicklung des Nebenwahlkonzeptes in der Forschung 3.5 Annahmen und Vorgehensweise 3.6 Zwischenfazit 4 Die Europawahl 2009 in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Prüfung der Gültigkeit des Nebenwahlkonzeptes 4.1 Deutschland vor der Wahl 4.2 Kandidaten, Parteien und Programme 4.3 Kurzübersicht des Wahlergebnisses 4.4 Prüfung der Gültigkeit des Nebenwahlkonzeptes 4.4.1 Ergebnisse in der Wichtigkeitsdimension 4.4.1.1 Wahlbeteiligung 4.4.1.2 Stimmenverluste für Regierungsparteien 4.4.1.3 Stimmengewinne für kleine und neue Parteien 4.4.1.4 Hohe Anteile ungültiger Stimmen 4.4.2 Ergebnisse in der Dimension des Umfeldes 4.4.3 Ergebnisse in der institutionell-prozederalen Dimension 4.4.3.1 Einflussfaktor Wahlpflicht 4.4.3.2 Einflussfaktor zusätzliche Wahlen 4.4.3.3 Einflussfaktor Wahlterminierung gemäß Wahlzyklus 4.4.4 Ergebnisse in der Kampagnendimension 4.4.4.1 Geringe Berichterstattung zur Europawahl in den Printmedien 4.4.4.2 Anlage und Methode der Untersuchung 4.4.4.3 Ergebnisse der Untersuchung ...