Suchergebnisse

Die Reduzierung der Treibhausgasemissionen, insbesondere von CO2 ist eines der wichtigsten Ziele im Rahmen der europäischen Energiepolitik. Im Folgenden wird untersucht, ob die Kopplung von zwei unterschiedlichen dezentralen Erzeugungsanlagen, einem Photovoltaiksystem (PV) und einem Blockheizkraftwerk (Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsanlage (KWK)) in einem Haushalt, einen Beitrag leisten kann. Dazu wurde eine Regelung entwickelt, die aus einem Optimierer und einer regelbasierten Nachregelung besteht. Die Nachregelung korrigiert die Vorgaben des Optimierers, sollte es zu Abweichungen der Last- und Erzeugungsprognosen kommen. Die Ergebnisse werden beispielhaft an einem Übergangstag im April diskutiert. Als Ergebnis der CO2 minimierenden Optimierung ergibt sich eine flexible Regelung der Anlagen, die eine strom-autarke Energieversorgung bevorzugt. PV Strom ist mit der kleinsten CO2 Emission verbunden, während der Netzstrom in Deutschland durch den vorhandenen Strommix noch hohe CO2 Emissionen zur Folge hat. Der Eigenverbrauch, unter Verwendung einer Batterie, von PV-Strom wird gegenüber dem Verbrauch des KWK-Stroms bevorzugt, da dieser der CO2 freundlichste Strom ist. Am Beispieltag kann unter Einsatz von ca. 11 % höheren Kosten etwa 13 % der CO2 Emissionen vermieden werden. An Sommertagen liegt die Reduktion der CO2-Emissionen sogar bei 50 % ohne zusätzliche Betriebskosten. Die Regelung ist sehr flexibel und reagiert auf sich ändernde Eingabeparameter, z.B. CO2 Emissionswerte, so dass eine Anlage auch langfristig in der Lage wäre, sich an wandelnde Werte anzupassen, sollte z. B. der Energiemix im Verbundnetz zunehmend aus erneuerbaren Energien bestehen, oder in einem anderen Land ein anderer Energiemix vorliegen. Die hier dargestellten Ergebnisse basieren auf einer Simulation und werden zurzeit an einer realen Laboranlage getestet.

The paper states an introduction, description and implementation of a PV cell under the variation of parameters. Analysis and observation of a different parameters variation of a PV cell are discussed here. To obtain the model for the purpose of analyzing an equivalent circuit with the consisting parameters a photo current source, a series resistor, a shunt resistor and a diode is used. The fundamental equation of PV cell is used to study the model and to analyze and best fit observation data. The model can be used in measuring and understanding the behaviour of photovoltaic cells for certain changes in PV cell parameters. A numerical method is used to analyze the parameters sensitivity of the model to achieve the expected result and to understand the deviation of changes in different parameters situation at various conditions respectively. The ideal parameters are used to study the models behaviour. It is also compared the behaviour of current-voltage and power-voltage by comparing with produced maximum power point though it is a challenge to optimize the output with real time simulation. The whole working process is also discussed and an experimental work is also done to get the closure and insight about the produced model and to decide upon the validity of the discussed model. ; The first author would like to thank the Leader Erasmus Mundus project for funding the scholarship and to ICT University of Évora for enabling this work The third author gratefully acknowledges the financial support of "Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia" (FCT – Portugal), through the Doctoral Grant SFRH/BD/108484/2015. The fourth author like to thank the FUSION (Featured eUrope and South asIa mObility Network) Erasmus Mundus project for funding the scholarship and to ICT of University of Évora for enabling this work. The work is also co-funded by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund, included in the COMPETE 2020 (Operational Program Competitiveness and Internationalization) through the ICT project (UID /GEO/04683/2013) with the reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007690.

While the diffusion of solar home systems in Kenya has been market-based for some years, the diffusion of PV in most other Sub-Saharan African countries has been driven by government and donor-supported projects aimed at serving specific needs for electricity while at the same time creating a national niche market for PV. This practice is rapidly changing and, as in industrialised countries, there is evidence of a transition towards more market-based diffusion and private-sector involvement for PV systems for private consumers, institutions and villages. This transition has been facilitated to varying degrees by conducive enabling frameworks comprising innovative financing schemes, exemptions from VAT and import taxes, standardised power-purchasing agreements and feed-in tariffs. Few analyses have so far been conducted on the effects of such measures. This paper aims to contribute to understanding these effects by reviewing the development of markets for solar PV in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, focusing on how the differences in market development have been explained in the literature. The paper finds that, although Tanzania and Uganda are rapidly catching up, Kenya is still leading the development of PV markets not only in terms of installed capacity and market volume, but also with regard to local industry and PV business development. The paper concludes by drawing attention to particular factors that have been used in the literature to explain disparities in market-development trajectories in the three countries.

This paper investigates how African governments are considering supporting and promoting the diffusion of solar PV. This issue is explored by examining so-called 'technology action plans (TAPs)', which were main outputs of the Technology Needs Assessment project implemented in 10 African countries from 2010 to 2013. The paper provides a review of three distinct but characteristic trajectories for PV market development in Kenya (private-led market for solar home systems), Morocco (utility-led fee-for service model) and Rwanda (donorled market for institutional systems). The paper finds that governments' strategies to promoting solar PV are moving from isolated projects towards frameworks for market development and that there are high expectations to upgrading in the PV value chain through local assembly of panels and local production of other system elements. Commonly identified measures include support to: local production; financing schemes; tax exemptions; establishment and reinforcement of standards; technical training; and research and development.

The implementation process of a photovoltaic system and its connection to the national grid in Spain is examined from an economic, an administrative and a legal standpoint. In the first place, this case study describes the solar farm, and it goes on to examine the economic aspects of electricity production, its associated costs, and relevant grants and financial subsidies. Finally, problems related to the administration of the project and the issuing of permits by local and regional authorities are discussed. ; project BU019A08 supported by the Department of Culture and Education of the Regional Government of Castilla y León, Spain

European Union (EU) due to several challenges that exist nowadays has changed its Energy Policy. In order tofulfill international commitments concerning greenhouse gas emission and to assure safety in supply and stableprices, EU has been a leader in renewable energy. In many EU countries solar energy is a possible and veryviable option. Together with wind energy, photovoltaic energy is the new support core of a low carbon EUeconomy in what concerns electricity production. In this work clusters of countries were generated based on theenergy produced by PV systems and the share of energy from PV systems in the total electricity produced byrenewable sources. This work also analyzed the production of energy from the photovoltaic sector in EU andcompared it with the existing potential for this type of energy. Roughly half of the EU countries are producingenergy within the limits of what is expected, considering the irradiation on optimally inclined plane. Howeversome of them could improve the ratio between energy production and installed power. Considering the leadercountries in energy production from photovoltaic, Czech Republic and Spain are the countries that exceed whatit is expected. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the seed‐borne bacterium Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens. The pest is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IIB) as a harmful organism whose introduction into, and spread within, the protected zones (PZ) of Greece, Portugal and Spain shall be banned if present on seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris and of Dolichos. The bacterium is widely distributed outside the EU and causes a systemic vascular disease (bacterial wilt of bean) as well as bacterial tan spot disease on soybean. The pest was sporadically recorded in several EU Member States in the past, but is currently not known to occur in the EU. The identity of the bacterium is well established and identification methods are available. The major host is common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), but other crops and weeds are, or may be, hosts or play a role as reservoirs, with uncertainties. Seed transmission remains uncertain for minor and alternative host species. The main pathway for entry is seed. The role of other pathways (e.g. irrigation water and infected residues) is uncertain. Should the bacterium enter the EU (including the PZ), it may establish, spread and have an impact on its host crops. The use of healthy seeds is the most effective control measure. Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens fits all the criteria assessed by EFSA to be regarded as a Union quarantine pest.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the seed-borne bacterium Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens. The pest is regulated in Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IIB) as a harmful organism whose introduction into, and spread within, the protected zones (PZ) of Greece, Portugal and Spain shall be banned if present on seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris and of Dolichos. The bacterium is widely distributed outside the EU and causes a systemic vascular disease (bacterial wilt of bean) as well as bacterial tan spot disease on soybean. The pest was sporadically recorded in several EU Member States in the past, but is currently not known to occur in the EU. The identity of the bacterium is well established and identification methods are available. The major host is common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), but other crops and weeds are, or may be, hosts or play a role as reservoirs, with uncertainties. Seed transmission remains uncertain for minor and alternative host species. The main pathway for entry is seed. The role of other pathways (e.g. irrigation water and infected residues) is uncertain. Should the bacterium enter the EU (including the PZ), it may establish, spread and have an impact on its host crops. The use of healthy seeds is the most effective control measure. Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens fits all the criteria assessed by EFSA to be regarded as a Union quarantine pest.

Questionnaire is a fundamental method for investigation and research, but participants get tired about it, because of the impression of being long and boring, which causes low quality of research. The authors developed an interactive questionnaire as an effective method to involve responder actively. The development of this tool is dynamic process, which goes with a research project called Sunrise-PV. The project is led by the University of Southern Denmark and is collaboration between local organizations to popularize PV system in both residential and the industrial buildings. For such an innovative research, the authors adopt participatory design as research method to develop the research tool in several iterations. Moreover, the authors get a balanced perspective between user needs, market viability, and technical feasibility, which guide their research focus on the artistic and usability aspects, and also raise product concepts and the concern of technical issues.