Abstract Women bring many benefits to policing but represent only 14% of sworn police in the United States. Researchers have examined different recruitment strategies, yet few have sought insight from women officers themselves. We explored women officers' perspectives on recruiting and retaining more women in policing. Using semi-structured interviews, we asked 40 current and retired women officers how police agencies can better target women to increase their representation. Responses were analyzed using open coding techniques. Participants noted difficulty hiring amid a larger police staffing crisis. They also discussed the structure and culture of police work as barriers to the recruitment and retention of women and suggested outreach and mentorship as strategies to increase integration. These findings have policy and practice implications related to increasing the integration and entrance of women in policing.
Evidence concerning the impact of the social capital of older women on labor market outcomes is complex. This article aims to examine and demonstrate the effect of social capital on the re-employability of older retired women in urban China and to reveal the process of accessing their re-employment position via social capital. This paper seizes data from a self-reported survey conducted in four major cities of Fujian province in China among women who are fully retired or re-employed and aged from 55 to 75. The results show that social capital is still the principal method for older women to access the workforce post-retirement. Individuals' weak ties significantly improve the re-employment possibilities of older retired women. However, the results also indicate that using social capital, especially blood capital, as solid ties do not ensure the quality of re-employment for older women, which means the benefits, wages, and labor rights of re-employment jobs are not guaranteed.
This study examined whether men's and women's retirement has a differential impact on equality in marital life, with emphasis on two areas: power relations (as reflected in decision making) and the division of household tasks (feminine, masculine, and general). In addition, the study explored whether equality in marriage is differentially related to marital satisfaction and satisfaction with life among preretired and retired couples. The sample consisted of 469 men and women from Israel, of whom 267 were retired and 202 were approaching retirement. On the whole, the impact of retirement on equality in marriage was found to be similar for both men and women, that is, equality in performance of feminine tasks increased, whereas equality in general tasks usually declined after retirement. Moreover, there was no progression toward equality in masculine tasks after retirement. With respect to power relations, major household decisions became more equal after retirement regardless of which partner retired. However, no appreciable differences were found between retired and preretired respondents with respect to minor decisions and decisions about spending time. The results also revealed that equality in major decisions and in performance of masculine tasks correlated with both areas of satisfaction among preretired and retired respondents. However, marital satisfaction was related to equality in minor decisions and in decisions about spending time, as well as to equality in carrying out general tasks only among the retired respondents.
Retirement and later life are taking on new forms and these may be related to what Ulrich Beck and others have referred to as the birth of the 'quasi-subject'. This article addresses the ways in which retirement, for some, is actively constructed as a lifestyle option or choice. We present findings from a study based on 20 qualitative interviews with UK men and women who had previously worked in executive and higher management posts and who had recently taken early retirement as a matter of choice. Our aim was to explore the experiences of retirement, changes in lifestyle and social roles and the meanings associated with retirement. We focused on the extent to which the attitudes and beliefs of retired people resonated with the idealized 'quasi-subject'. Our article concludes by considering the extent to which these reported experiences and understandings reflected a generational habitus in retirement.
AbstractThis article analyses the effects of the implementation of childcare pension credits for women in Uruguay, which were introduced as part of a social security reform in 2009. Using microdata from administrative records of the social security administration, we show that around 60% of retired women have used these credits between 2009 and 2015, computing on average 2.7 additional years of service. The use of childcare credits has been higher among more vulnerable female workers. Among women with lower pensions, childcare credits are used both to reach the required years for retirement and to improve the amount of pensions, whereas for women in the higher deciles the program mainly impacts on the amount of pensions. Using a difference in difference approach, we also show that the program has, to some extent, acted as a substitute for the mechanism of computing years of service through the declaration of witnesses, an extended practice in Uruguay to access pensions. Lastly, we show that, if these credits had not been incepted, female access to pensions would have been significantly lower, and gender gaps both in access to, and in the amount of, pensions would have been higher.
An equal division of paid and unpaid work is a central political ambition in Norway. Yet, couples' division of paid work has been less studied than their division of unpaid work. This paper shows that women seldom work more than their partner, but equal sharing is now increasing. Still, about half of all women spend less time than their partner on paid labour. When the woman works most, the partner often has health problems, is unemployed or retired. Women with an untraditional arrangement are often well-educated, have no young children, are self-employed, leaders, or have a partner in the public sector. Nurses often work less than their partners, as do women who have young children, health restrictions or a partner who works in the private sector, is self-employed or a leader.
In 2016, a WeChat account called "Beijing Dama Have Something to Say" was created by a small Beijing-based company. Now widely known among retirees throughout China, this platform provides its public – mostly composed of recently retired women born between the late 1940s and the mid-1960s – with hundreds of videos where volunteer retired women speak up in the name of elderly people's interests and spread awareness of their shared difficulties and injustices as a generation. Using ethnographic materials and video content analysis, this paper takes the "Beijing Dama" as a case study to address the development of new forms of "group consciousness" among Chinese retirees, leading them to defend their collective interests online despite China's constraining political environment. (China Perspect/GIGA)
REPArtee (Summer 1986). ; The Eastern Airlines Collection, 1927-2008 (bulk 1965-2008), consists of news clippings, press releases, newsletters, annual reports, monthly reports, correspondence, memoranda, photographs, slides, an early scrapbook (or day book), artifacts (promotional items) and audiovisual materials. This collection mainly provides insight into publicity and outreach efforts at Eastern Airlines, but also its history, charitable work, and day-to-day operations. The materials were accumulated by Carolyn Lee Wills, who worked in the Public Relations Department of Eastern's Southern Regional Office from 1965 until 1987. ; Carolyn Lee Wills graduated from Georgia State University, where she studied journalism, history and speech. She also participated in many extra-curricular activities including Panhellenic Council, Delta Zeta Sorority, and yearbook. Before she began her work at Eastern Airlines, she traveled extensively throughout Europe, Asia, North and South America, Jamaica, the Bahamas, and Bermuda.; In 1965, Wills joined Eastern Airlines as a Representative of Women's Activities. In this role, she interpreted the company's program to women by working in the fields of fashion, radio, television, public relations, and promotions. In 1971, Wills became made Regional Manager of Public Relations. Eastern Airlines closed its Atlanta offices in November 1973, but found it difficult to cover their public relations needs in Atlanta from their headquarters in Miami. Four months after closing, Wills was re-hired by Eastern to manage the Southern Division covering Atlanta to Tokyo. While employed by Eastern Airlines, Wills served on many boards including American Women in Radio and Television, Georgia State University Alumni Association, and was a national representative of Delta Zeta Sorority. In 1966, she married attorney Charles H. Wills. The earliest incarnation of Eastern Airlines was Pitcairn Aviation, founded in 1927, which was the U.S. Postal Service contractor flying from New York to Atlanta. In 1930, the carrier was sold to North American Aviation owner Clement Keys and was renamed Eastern Air Transport. It soon added passenger routes and adopted the name Eastern Air Lines. Throughout the pre-World War II era, Eastern dominated passenger travel and air transport along the Atlantic coast, including the introduction of one-day service from New York to Miami in 1932. Famed pilot Eddie Rickenbacker bought the company in 1938 and was closely identified with it until his 1963 retirement. During the air travel boom of the 1950s and 1960s, Eastern Airlines grew into one of the ""Big Four"" United States carriers, enhancing its status as the lead air travel carrier on domestic east coast flights with the introduction of air shuttle service in 1961. Shuttle service was created as an alternative to bus routes and included hourly flights from Atlanta to Washington D.C., New York, and Boston. During this time, Eastern Airlines also expanded international service to Mexico, Bermuda, Puerto Rico, and Canada. Under the leadership of former astronaut Frank Borman (hired as an advisor in 1969, he became Chief Executive Officer in 1975), Eastern Airlines enjoyed continued successes in the industry until the enactment of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978.; Beginning with Eastern's early U.S. Postal Service government contract, the company had relied upon the regulated and protective policies governing the airline industry. Without government protection, Eastern's profits began to make a downward turn that eventually culminated in the selling of the company to Texas Air International, headed by Frank Lorenzo. Following deregulation, Lorenzo was able to purchase multiple airlines including Continental, Frontier, New York Air, and Eastern. To cut costs in the midst of declining profits, Lorenzo asked Eastern's union employees to take massive pay cuts in wages and benefits. Union workers refused to accept Lorenzo's demands and opted to go on strike. By claiming bankruptcy in 1989, Lorenzo was able to hire non-union workers to fill the jobs of striking employees. Lorenzo took his demands a step further when he asked the machinists' union to take a pay cut, which resulted in another strike that dealt the final blow to any hope that Eastern Airlines would recover lost profits. In 1991, Eastern Airlines was permanently grounded. Eastern's main hubs in Atlanta and Miami were taken over by various competitors and its concourses in New York and Newark were demolished.
A group of elderly and retired women from a northern village in Spain (they call themselves las chicas, the girls), try gather every week to take a walk together. Assembling my ethnographic notes, I describe the walk and offer an analytical foray into the following questions: What can we learn about the rural and the relationship of these women with the rural? What is the specificity of walking here? Walking is a practice that has in this case a twofold capacity: walking creates a mobile space for visibility in in which rural women's work is considered private, and thus, walking provides a precious inter-subjective space for relationality; and second, the walk enacts a particular archaeology of memoir. The landscape bears witness to the socioeconomic changes of the rural environment. Such memoirs are actualized in the walk. Finally, as las chicas walk, not only do they travel across space and time, their movement allows for a particular methodological engagement of the researcher with the methods of research. Mobilities often question what hinders mobilities. But here my question is, what is the walking telling us about both the rural and these women in the rural context?
A group of elderly and retired women from a northern village in Spain (they call themselves las chicas, the girls), try gather every week to take a walk together. Assembling my ethnographic notes, I describe the walk and offer an analytical foray into the following questions: What can we learn about the rural and the relationship of these women with the rural? What is the specificity of walking here? Walking is a practice that has in this case a twofold capacity: walking creates a mobile space for visibility in in which rural women's work is considered private, and thus, walking provides a precious inter-subjective space for relationality; and second, the walk enacts a particular archaeology of memoir. The landscape bears witness to the socioeconomic changes of the rural environment. Such memoirs are actualized in the walk. Finally, as las chicas walk, not only do they travel across space and time, their movement allows for a particular methodological engagement of the researcher with the methods of research. Mobilities often question what hinders mobilities. But here my question is, what is the walking telling us about both the rural and these women in the rural context?
Occupational disengagement, social disengagement and retirement have remained very interesting topics of discussion among different professionals; gerontologist, geriatricians, social workers and pension administrators in the developing world. No doubt, this period in life especially in this part of the world, comes (though gradually) with a plethora of physiological, economic and psycho-social challenges to both the ageing adults, relations, associates and other agencies involve with providing care and support for senior citizens. Whereas this period is supposed to be anticipated with longing and a healthy desire to go into a period of rest, the reverse is the case in the developing world where this period is that of anxiety and uncertainly, hence eliciting different reactions and behavior modification in the retiring adults. This paper sought to investigate the adjustment patterns among retired adults in Obudu LGA of Nigeria. Four parameters including, changing roles in the ageing family, husband wife relations, grand parenthood and alternative lifestyle were used to examine the adjustment patterns among a sample of senior citizens randomly selected to reflect the identified demographic characteristics. The findings revealed marked differences in the adjustment of men and women, urban and rural dwellers, highly educated and poorly educated retired citizens. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n19p541
This study aims to analyze the motivations and participation and continuity factors of voluntary activities among retired government employees and, thus, offer theoretical and policy recommendations to encourage and retain their involvement. A total of 337 retired government employees in South Korea were surveyed in this study. First, this study found that the most important motivations for volunteering among retired government employees are other-oriented (altruistic) (67.5%) rather than self-oriented (egoistic) (29.2%). Second, personal difficulties in participating in volunteer activities for retired employees were lack of expertise, health problems, and economic burden. Third, the main characteristics of retired employees participating in volunteer activities were retirees who have volunteering experience while working in the past, are women, are active participants in religious activities, and have a high level of education. Finally, retired employees who continued to volunteer after retirement had the following characteristics: a relatively long post-retirement period, volunteer experience while in office, good economic conditions, self-recognized poor health conditions, and high overall life satisfaction.
This title focuses on the lives of a group of women from the UK who moved to the Costa Blanca in Spain in retirement. We follow their journeys as they seek 'community' and belonging in a world characterised by rapid social change. Imbued with nostalgic yearning, community is hailed as a panacea to the ills of modernity and as a representation of social continuity
