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Although radon exposure has been identified as the second leading cause of lung cancer, fewer than 6% of U.S. homeowners test their homes for radon. This report examines participants'follow‐up radon testing behavior subsequent to receiving an initial screening radon level greater than 20 pCi/L. Sixty‐two participants in the Iowa State‐Wide Rural Radon Screening Survey who had radon screening measurements over 20 pCi/L were questioned by phone survey 3 months after receipt of their radon screening result to assess: whether participants were aware of radon's health risk; if participants recalled the radon screening results; how participants perceived the relative health risk of radon and whether participants planned follow‐up radon testing. Only 19% of the respondents specifically identified lung cancer as the possible adverse health outcome of high radon exposure, and the majority of participants underestimated the health risks high radon levels pose when compared to cigarettes and x‐rays. In addition, less than one third (29%)of the participants actually remembered their radon screening level within 10 pCi/L 3 months after receiving their screening results. Only 53% of the individuals correctly interpreted their screening radon level as being in the high range, and only 39% of the participants planned follow‐up radon measurements. Receipt of radon screening test results indicating high radon levels was not an adequate motivational factor in itself to stimulate further radon assessment or mitigation. Our findings suggest that free radon screening will not result in a dramatic increase in subsequent homeowner initiated remediation or further recommended radon testing.

Se presenta el Mapa Español de Radón siguiendo los parámetros establecidos por la Comisión Europea para el diseño del Mapa Europeo de Radón utilizando la proyección y el sistema de celdas de 10 x 10 km2 sugerido por la Joint Research Centre. En la elaboración de la cartografía se utilizó un Sistema de Información Geográfica aplicando una metodología de trabajo basada en el análisis descriptivo y el tratamiento espacial de los datos de las concentraciones de radón obtenidas en viviendas y de las variables implicadas en la presencia de radón en los edificios. De este modo, mediante técnicas de interpolación y utilizando lógica booleana se ha realizado un mapa que permite identificar las zonas de riesgo potencial al radón en España. Este mapa será un instrumento útil para aplicar los requisitos de la legislación europea y servirá de orientación a diferentes escalas administrativas para abordar la problemática del radón residencial. ; The Spanish radon map is presented following the methodology established by the European Commission for the design of the European Radon Map using the projection and the system based on 10 x 10 km2 cells suggested by the Joint Research Center. In the elaboration of the cartography, a Geographic Information System was used by using a work methodology based on the descriptive analysis and treatment of the spatial data from the concentrations of radon obtained in dwellings and from the variables involved in the presence of radon in buildings. Thus, by interpolation techniques and using boolean logic, a map has been made that allows the identification of potential risks areas to radon in Spain. This map will be a useful tool for implementing the requirements of European legislation and will serve as guidance at different administrative scales to address the problem of residential radon.

Convexity numbers can be defined for graphs with the follow¬ ing definition of convexity : a subset S of the set of vertices V(G) of the graph G is said to be convex if for every vertices x and y in S, all the geodesies of G between x and y are in S. Among these numbers, we investigate especially the Radon number and after the description of some useful properties of graphs having a high Radon number as compared to their number of vertices, we classify those with n + 1, n, n — 1 and n — 2 as Radon number («is the cardinality of V(G)).

Radon is the leading cause of lung cancer among non-smokers. Exposure in schools may be harmful to schoolchildren and staff. However, states differ considerably in their approaches to mandating radon testing and mitigaiton in schools. In this study, 126 survey responses were received and analyzed from parents of K-12 children in Vermont, USA. Qualitative data were obtained by interviewing two parents for their views and concerns about radon in schools. Our results showed that only 51% of parents believed that radon affects the lungs and only 39% identified it as a carcinogen. 91% believed their children's schools should act to address elevated radon levels and 87% supported mandated mitigation. These data suggest that there is already overwhelming support for radon regulation in schools among parents of K-12 children. Parents with children in elementary school were significantly more likely to support radon testing, mitigation, and legislation than parents with older children. This suggests that these parents may be strong advocates to encourage legislative action. Parents with more knowledge about radon were significantly more likely to support radon testing in schools. Educating parents about exposure to radon at school and its association with lung cancer could strengthen existing community support for legislation mandating radon testing and mitigation.

The problem of radon in dwellings gained importance in 1984 after an incidence in Pennsylvania, USA; thereafter several measuring techniques have been developed and national survey programs were started throughout the world for monitoring radon levels by government authorities. The lots of work have done by researchers in this field throughout the world. Several developed countries have given guidelines for initiating action to reduce radon levels if found beyond permissible level. The main aim of this article to provide public awareness about the health hazards posed by radon, which is naturally occurring invisible inert gas in the dwellings that is not be detected by human senses.

Front Matter -- Preface -- Contents -- Public Summary -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Baseline Information on Indoor Radon and Radon in Water in the United States -- 3 Transfer of Radon from Water to Indoor Air -- 4 Dosimetry of Ingested Radon and its Associated Risk -- 5 Dosimetry of Inhaled Radon and its Associated Risk -- 6 Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Radon-Induced Carcinogenesis -- 7 Defining Key Variabilities and Uncertainties -- 8 Mitigation -- 9 Multimedia Approach to Risk Reduction -- 10 Research Recommendations -- References -- Glossary -- A Behavior of Radon and its Decay Product in the Body -- B A Model for Diffusion of Radon Through the Stomach Wall -- C Water-Mitigation Techniques -- D Risks Associated with Disinfection By-products Formed by Water Chlorination Related to Trihalomethanes (THMs) -- E Gamma Radiation Dose From Granular-Activated Carbon (GAC) Water Treatment Units -- F EPA Approach to Analyzing Uncertainty and Variability -- Index.

ZusammenfassungRadon ist ein ubiquitär im Erdmantel sowie in der Luft und im Wasser vorkommendes radioaktives Edelgas. Obwohl die mit der Exposition assoziierten Erkrankungen seit dem Mittelalter bekannt waren, ist eine kausale Zuordnung von Agens und Krankheit erst in der Mitte des letzten Jahrhunderts gelungen. Durch die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Gases ist die Prävention darauf ausgerichtet, die Exposition zu minimieren. Eine koordinierte Bemühung der EU, durch einheitliche Regeln die Bevölkerung zu schützen, stellt die Richtlinie 2013/59/EURATOM vom 5. Dezember 2013 dar. Umgesetzt in nationales Recht, sah die deutsche Strahlenschutzgesetzgebung vor, dass am 01.01.2021 die verantwortlichen Bundesländer basierend auf einer Expositionskarte die Gebiete festlegen, in denen der Grenzwert der Aktivitätskonzentration von Radon in der Luft im Jahresmittel 300 Bq/m3 überschreitet. In dieser Arbeit sollen die Fortschritte auf dem Weg zu einem umfassenderen Schutz vor den Gefahren durch Radon für die Bevölkerung in Deutschland dargestellt werden.

Abstract. The Ravne tectonic fault in north-west (NW) Slovenia is one of the faults in this region, responsible for the elevated seismic activity at the Italian-Slovene border. Five measurement profiles were fixed in the vicinity of the Ravne fault, four of them were perpendicular and one parallel to the fault. At 18 points along these profiles the following measurements have been carried out: radon activity concentration in soil gas, radon exhalation rate from ground, soil permeability and gamma dose rate. The radon measurements were carried out using the AlphaGuard equipment, and GammaTracer was applied for gamma dose rate measurements. The ranges of the obtained results are as follows: 0.9–32.9 kBq m−3 for radon concentration (CRn), 1.1–41.9 mBq m−2 s−1 for radon exhalation rate (ERn), 0.5–7.4×10-13 m2 for soil permeability, and 86–138 nSv h−1 for gamma dose rate. The concentrations of 222Rn in soil gas were found to be lower than the average for Slovenia. Because the deformation zones differ not only in the direction perpendicular to the fault but also along it, the behaviour of either CRn or ERn at different profiles differ markedly. The study is planned to be continued with measurements being carried out at a number of additional points.

The application of the compact disk (CD) method for radon measurements at mines, caves and other workplaces needs testing under highly variable exposure conditions. We present the results from a blind comparison of CDs exposed in the Laboratory of Natural Radiation (Saelices el Chico, Spain). During the exposure the temperature varied from 6.5 to 24.9 °C (average 12.6 °C) and the 222Rn activity concentrations varied from <10 Bq m-3 to 147 kBq m-3. Good correspondence was observed between the integrated 222Rn activity concentration determined by the reference instruments in the laboratory (122,500 ± 6100 kBq h m-3) and that assessed by analysis of the CDs at a depth 80 µm beneath the front surface (118,000 ± 12,000 kBq h m-3) and at a depth of 120 µm (106,000 ± 12,000 kBq h m-3). The theoretical modeling of the CD response under variable temperature and radon concentration suggested that the small bias is probably due to the time variation of the calibration factor because of the time variations of the temperature. ; Funding: This research was funded by the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR), JRP-Contract 16ENV10 MetroRADON (http://www.euramet.org). The EMPIR initiative is co-funded by the, European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and the EMPIR Participating States.