AbstractWhile questions of energy and energy transition have become hotly contested, the abstract and fetishized conception of energy that dominates contemporary political debates occludes connections to everyday life. By tracing the activities of Catalan activist network Alianza contra la Pobreza Energética (Alliance against Energy Poverty or APE), this article seeks to excavate the political possibilities opened up by a more everyday energy politics. The article addresses the practice of illegal utilities connections among the urban poor of Catalonia, arguing that this constitutes a form of makeshift urbanism resonant of that conceptualized from within 'Southern' cities. These 'irregular connections' to urban infrastructure networks are then distinguished from the 'irregular connections' formed between people within the collectivized social infrastructure of APE. APE, I argue, translate 'energy' as social reproduction, framing their struggle for the right to energy around the right to sustain life with dignity. This, I suggest, is the starting point for a feminist praxis capable of creating new and unruly subjectivities, reconfiguring reproductive relations in more caring and collective directions, and ultimately challenging the violence of the commodity form.
The nexus between deprivation of access to modern energy, poverty and the environment has been in evidence in international sustainability projects and studies. The use of micro-scale renewable energy technology has been promoted not only for its environmental benefits but also for the potential co-benefits of its applications. This research analyses how decentralized photovoltaic solar energy systems (DCPV) contribute to the energy poverty alleviation of La Pila Delegation, a vulnerable peri-urban community located in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Adopting a multidisciplinary method based on secondary data, this study executed an energy poverty diagnosis, a policy analysis and built six different scenarios of the application of DCPV under distributed generation schemes. An impact assessment for social, environmental and financial aspects was applied in each scenario. Its results indicate that the application of grid-connected DCPV contributes to the local energy poverty alleviation by providing security and more affordability to the electric energy chain that is responsible for delivering part of the community's fundamental energy services. Further, it was discovered it positively impacts aspects of the energy vulnerability, precarity, injustices and fragilities of the socio-energy system that collaborates with the existence of energy poverty in the location. Environmentally, it supports climate change mitigation due to the avoidance of greenhouse gases emissions and water consumption in energy generation, also having the co-benefit of distributing financial savings to different governmental institutions and local households. Recognizing its limitations, this research concluded that this type of application represents a step further towards positioning technology in service of people's fundamental needs in coherence with the planetary boundaries. ; El nexo entre la privación del acceso a energía moderna, la pobreza y el medio ambiente ha estado internacionalmente en evidencia en proyectos y estudios en el área de la ...
Grecia ha dado un importante impulso a la Economía Social y Solidaria a partir de 2011 con la aprobación de diversas normas que regulan este sector. Entre otras, y siguiendo de cerca los trabajos llevados a cabo por las instituciones europeas, Grecia ha regulado por vez primera en Europa, las comunidades energéticas. Estas se definen como cooperativas civiles que tienen como objeto exclusivo promover la economía social y solidaria y la innovación en el sector energético; la lucha contra la pobreza energética y la promoción de la energía sostenible, la producción, almacenamiento, autoconsumo, distribución y suministro de energía; aumentar la autosuficiencia energética y la seguridad en los municipios de las islas; así como la mejora de la eficiente energética en el uso final, en el ámbito local y regional, a través de sus actividades en el sector de las fuentes de energía renovable, la cogeneración de energía eléctrica de alta eficiencia, del uso racional de la energía, de la eficiencia energética, del transporte sostenible, de la gestión de la demanda y la producción, distribución y suministro de energía. En este trabajo hemos querido conocer esa regulación pionera de las comunidades energéticas, la problemática que genera su concepción como cooperativa, los diversos modelos de comunidades energéticas que podrían desarrollarse de conformidad con su exclusivo objeto social, y las experiencias que se han dado hasta el momento, así como sus principales características. ; Greece has given an important boost to the Social and Solidarity Economy since 2011 with the approval of various laws that regulate this sector. Among others, and closely following the work carried out by the European institutions, Greece has regulated for the first time in Europe, the energy communities. These are defined as civil cooperatives whose sole purpose is to promote the social and solidarity economy and innovation in the energy sector; the fight against energy poverty and the promotion of sustainable energy, production, storage, self-consumption, distribution and supply of energy; increase energy self-sufficiency and security in the municipalities of the islands; as well as the improvement of energy efficiency in end use, locally and regionally, through its activities in the sector of renewable energy sources, the cogeneration of highly efficient electrical energy, the rational use of energy , energy efficiency, sustainable transport, demand management and the production, distribution and supply of energy. In this work we wanted to learn about know this pioneering regulation of energy communities, the problems generated by its conception as a cooperative, the various models of energy communities that could be developed in accordance with its exclusive corporate purpose, and the experiences that have been given so far, as well as its main characteristics.
Master in the Electric Power Industry ; The following document provides a review of the Energy Poverty related issues across a selection of Member States: Italy, France, Germany, UK and Spain, the official and unofficial definitions for energy poverty and vulnerable consumers, the different indicators to address this problem and the tackling instruments available (in terms of financial help, consumer protection or energy efficiency measures). As a starting point, it is analyzed the role acquired by each Member States on the protection of vulnerable customers and scope of the term Energy Poverty and its coverage. Then, the support metrics for policy-makers are classified according to (Heindl, 2013) criterion: subjective and objective indicators depending on several factors such as living conditions, income or energy expenses. Some of the indicators presented correspond to the social bonus (discount on electricity or gas tariffs); Low Income High Costs (LIHC) indicator (ratio between energy expenses and income); or the Poverty Line (based on the minimum income standard). With regards to current policies, these are characterized by their scope and some examples are: social tariffs (Italy, Spain and France), which are effective short-term financial helps to reduce the price of energy bills; and long-term policies in terms of energy efficiency programmes for buildings, inefficient appliances renovations through loans or incentives (StromCheck or Habiter Mieux). However, still the financial source is the key point of these instruments which place in a disadvantage position the non-eligible customers who usually pay e.g. tariff discounts through general taxation. In order to analyze the problem more accurately it is necessary to collect information available from data sources and surveys, which are the bases for calculating indicators' thresholds and analyzing the impact of current policies. After the study of the whole figure of each country, it is done a revision of four proxy indicators (EU-SILC, 2015), namely, people at-risk-of poverty or social exclusion, arrear on utility bills, inability to keep home adequately warm, and dwellings with leakages and damp walls, to evaluate and compare the current status of energy poverty main drivers across countries. Some of the conclusions are concerning to the available information mechanisms and accessibility for customers such as billing transparency rules; good price comparison instruments; or disconnection restrictions. For these reasons, it is proposed a higher degree of retailers relationship with customers. This can be achieved by means of close and customized services, as these companies are one of the key points for acquiring accurate information of household energy needs. Co-operation between municipalities and retailers can create a major source of detailed knowledge of households that suffer energy poverty. Local institutions in partnership with social and energy organisations can collect more accurate amounts of data from a closer perspective of the poor areas where there is people with financial needs, poor levels of education and where buildings are most energy inefficient.
Master in the Electric Power Industry ; The project context is the energy poverty. This theme is very actual and has a lot of social repercussion nowadays as electricity and gas price volatility has affected too many humble people in Europe. People, governments and utilities are becoming more and more aware of the magnitude of the penetration of energy poverty in the society and the efforts to reduce it have never been as many as now. The energy services are essential for a country, for its development and the welfare of its population. For example, electricity consumption is strongly related with the GDP growth of a country. The main energetic vectors that concern the energy poverty are the access and consumption of electricity, gas and heat water. These energy vectors are essential to have a decent household habitability. Despite so, it is estimated that 1.2billion people still do not have to electricity. These people are distributed mainly over Africa and Asia and with a higher proportion in rural areas. Two important figures to have in mind are that 17% of global population do not have electricity and 38% of global population do not have cooking facilities. There are two essential parts concerning the energy poverty, the energy access and the energy consumption, i.e. people not having the opportunity to consume electricity, gas or heat water because the grid is not developed to meet them, and the people who despite having the connection cannot consume because they are not able to pay for the cost of the consumption. In the case of Spain, geographical target of this study, the energy access is universal and is considered as a solved issue and the energy poverty was thought to be linked with the economic crisis despite it existed before too. The reality of the energy poverty has motivated and maintained the community doing studies around the topic despite the difficulties due to the little resource availability. To promote an effective and useful debate about the different possible solutions, to identify and imply the different agents and actors including the public administrations, the media, the energy utilities and the political parties among others. The objective of the study is to calculate the basic energy consumptions in Spain under different scenarios. These consumptions will be used to develop and analyse projects and strategies to mitigate the energy poverty. To achieve so, there are many variables that have to be determined and studies for different scenarios to study the energy needs to meet a worthy habitability in order to keep the household heated during the winter and cooled during the summer, to have energy to cook and do the normal living. So, the project's main objective is the development of a tool to compute different energy poverty scenarios and quantify in monetary terms the subsidies that would be needed to cover the problem break down into autonomous communities, provinces and rural and urban area. There must be a distinction between the water, electricity and gas expenses taking into account the different demands and consumes of the different regions in Spain. The program has been developed in Excel due to the simplicity of the programming and the capacity to be easily extended during and after the project. In the excel tool there are many freedom degrees in order to let the user create cases regarding its needs. For this purpose, there have been added especially modifiable quantities marked in pink in the general data sheet. These variables are: Water consumption: the frequency and quantities of water consumption can be modified in order to create different water consumption profiles. Cooking frequency: the number of cooks per week can be modified to adapt it to the case of study desired. Television and computer: the frequency and hours can be modified to create different consumption profiles. Fixed cost of water: due to the fact that it was too complex to take into account each water supply company, the different bills have been simplified with a variable term plus a fix term as it was explained before. The fixed term depends on the company and thus has been let free to change as a variable of the case. Electricity contracted power: contracted electricity power. Normally with a contracted power of 3.3kW of electric capacity is enough to cover the peak demand, but the term has been let variable to generate different cases. Electricity price: the electricity price is very volatile depending on the weather, costs of fuel etc. It is interesting to see how its different prices may affect energy poverty and quantify it. Social bonus: the social bonus is already acting and thus, it has been let free to be able to quantify the energy poverty with and without its effect. Size of the household: the size of the household is modifiable; for the base case the size has been extracted from the minimum habitability cellule, but it has been let free to generate different cases. The size of the household is directly related to the heat and air conditioning consumptions. Heating coefficient: gives the percentage of the heated surface of the household in the optimal case. For the base case, it is only considered to have 20m2 of heated surface. Air conditioned surface: gives the possibility to modify the air-conditioned surface to create new scenarios or compute its effect. Percentage of energy poverty to cover: gives the possibility to adjust the percentage of the households that is under energy poverty whose energy expenses are going to be take into account to be covered. Gas penetration coefficient: this coefficient affects the hypothesis of the gas penetration. Let it in 0 the penetration of the gas is only in the urban areas, but if it is higher than 0 there exist buildings with gas in the rural areas. This tool allows the creation of new scenarios and is interesting to see how the gas penetration affects energy poverty. Energy efficiency factor: this factor can take values from 0 to 5. If 1, then the efficiency is the one extracted from the studies and used in the base case. If 0, all the buildings are considered old and thus, with bad efficiency characteristics. The higher the value, the higher the proportion of new buildings with better efficiency characteristics. It is essential to mention another useful tool used to show the results in a summarized way. The map of Spain with the different provinces also developed in Excel allows to show the values of anything, for example, demands, water cost, electricity costs, etc. in a simple way. [Source: Blog "Análisis y decision." http://analisisydecision.es/nuevo-y-muy-mejorado-mapa-de-espana-por-provinciascon- excel/] Given the base case consumption profile and hypothesis, and having the actual image of Spain in terms of distribution of population in rural and urban areas, the gas penetration, the population of the different cities and provinces and the reference demands, the expenses that the State should dispose in order to cover the total of the energy vulnerability should be the ones shown in the table below. Given the absence of direct policies to combat energy poverty by the central government beyond this incomplete social bond, it is at the regional and municipal levels that we find the most relevant initiatives. We highlight the case of the Generalitat of Catalonia that, for just over a year and a half, is working with the central government in relation to a regulation on energy poverty. This work aimed to establish a winter truce between November and March, both included, so that the energy supply (water, electricity and gas) would not be interrupted to families in vulnerable situation. The Social Inclusion Plan of the Government of Andalusia includes an Extraordinary Program for vital minimum supplies and social emergency benefits. The program is endowed with 6.5 million euros and will be carried out through transfers to municipalities. Specific costs are considered to cover basic energy supplies, electricity costs and expenses related to water supply. On the other hand, the budget in the Basque Country includes a budget of 200,000 euros to cover the needs of families who cannot cope with energy bills, although the mechanisms for allocating this item have not yet been defined. It is important to note that this is in addition to social emergency aid, which includes energy bills by law. Finally, the Xunta de Galicia has just launched the second call for its social electric ticket with a budget of 1.5 million euros. The aid, which is requested for half-year, is 180 euros for families with one or two children (under 18 years) and 300 euros for large families. As it can be seen, the actual measures are insufficient. It has to be taken into account that the numbers shown in the previous table are the sum of the expenses for all the vulnerable consumers, and not only the ones suffering energy poverty. In addition, it has to be mentioned that finally not all the people under energy poverty would ask for the aid due to lack of information etc. Analysing in further detail the two existing measures regarding direct payments to cover energy invoices: The Basque Country only destinies 200.000€ to fight the energy poverty. The amount calculated for the vulnerable consumers is 19.2 million euros per year for all the electricity and gas consumptions but taking into account all the vulnerable consumers. Despite this number is overestimated because not all the vulnerable consumers will suffer from energy poverty and neither all of them will ask for the aid, the amount designated is considered lower than the real amount needed. The Xunta de Galicia designates 1.5million euros to fight the energy poverty in the electricity and gas concepts. The calculated amount to cover the energy vulnerable consumers in Galicia is around 20 million euros per year. As in the above case, this includes all the expenses in electricity and gas taking into account all the vulnerable population of Galicia. The amount is small compared to the needs because estimating with the energy poverty percentage the amount needed is around 10 million euros. Finally, it is important to point out that the payment of the unpaid invoice does not solve the root problem, it merely alleviates a situation of vulnerability which, with few exceptions, is not only a temporary problem of the home, but a chronic situation in time. For this reason, it is thought that this type of measures must be accompanied by other measures of greater depth that allow to mitigate Energy poverty. However, it must be realized that certain situations of social urgency require funds to be allocated to measures that, although mitigating, are those that can be implemented more quickly and those that allow an emergency to be dealt with immediately.
Las políticas públicas son procesos – decisiones, objetivos y, acciones – de los gobiernos que tienen como propósito solucionar un problema (o un hecho) público considerado prioritario, con o sin participación de la comunidad y otros actores sociales. Algunos ejemplos de políticas que forman parte de la agenda estructural del gobierno central son la política de reducción de la pobreza, participación ciudadana, democracia directa, económica, descentralización orientada al desarrollo local, educativa, energética, apoyo a la micro, pequeña y mediana empresa, ambiental; mientras en el ámbito regional y municipal las de desarrollar su propio modelo socioeconómico y cultural, combate a la pobreza, mercados, basura, fiestas patronales, artesanías, mantenimiento de calles, seguridad ciudadana local.
The intrinsic links between water and energy have produced a new concept known as water-energy nexus (WEN), which has been increasingly studied by scholars and global institutions since the 1990s. This paper provides a review of water-energy nexus studies in an interdisciplinary manner starting from two major approaches-water for energy and energy for water-which focus principally on quantitative studies, but also on policy and institutional dimensions. Many studies mention data collection, the lack of coordination between existing frameworks and the scale/boundary of the two resources as major challenges, whereas new technologies are seen as an opportunity for the nexus perspective. After identifying research gaps, the political ecology approach is proposed for a critical reflection on WEN. Additionally, water poverty and energy poverty (or fuel poverty) are also proposed as part of WEN studies in order to broaden their spectrum to include the demand-end perspective and introduce a social dimension in WEN. ; Els vincles intrínsecs entre aigua i energia han originat una nova terminologia, l'anomenat nexe aigua-energia (NAE), que ha estat investigat cada vegada més per acadèmics i institucions globals des de la dècada de 1990. Aquest article presenta una revisió interdisciplinària dels estudis de les interrelacions entre l'aigua i l'energia a partir de dos enfocaments principals: l'aigua per produir l'energia i l'energia per subministrar i tractar l'aigua. La revisió se centra principalment en estudis quantitatius i en les dimensions polítiques i institucionals del NAE. Molts estudis esmenten la recollida de dades, la descoordinació dels marcs interpretatius existents i l'escala o límits de dos recursos com els desafiaments principals, mentre que les noves tecnologies es veuen com una oportunitat. Després d'identificar les àrees deficitàries en investigació, la l'autora proposa l'enfocament de l'ecologia política per endegar una reflexió crítica sobre el NAE. Es proposa també incorporar la pobresa hídrica i la pobresa energètica a les llars com a part dels estudis de NAE, ja que estan relacionades amb aquesta aproximació teòrica. Això permet ampliar l'espectre d'investigacions per incloure la perspectiva de la demanda i generar, així mateix, una reflexió social sobre el NAE. ; Los vínculos intrínsecos entre agua y energía han originado una nueva terminología, el nexo agua-energía (NAE), que ha sido investigado cada vez más por académicos e instituciones globales desde la década de 1990. Este artículo presenta una revisión interdisciplinaria de los estudios de las interrelaciones entre agua y energía a partir de dos enfoques principales: el agua para producir energía y la energía para suministrar y tratar el agua. La revisión se centra principalmente en estudios cuantitativos y en las dimensiones políticas e institucionales del NAE. Muchos estudios mencionan la recolección de datos, la descoordinación del marco de relaciones existente y la escala y límites de dos recursos como los desafíos principales, mientras que la nueva tecnología se ve como una oportunidad. Después de identificar las áreas deficitarias en investigación, la autora propone estudiar el NAE a partir de un enfoque de ecología política. Se propone también incorporar la pobreza hídrica y la pobreza energética en los hogares como parte de los estudios de NAE, ya que están relacionadas con esta aproximación teórica. Ello permite ampliar su espectro de investigaciones para incluir la perspectiva de la demanda y generar, asimismo, una reflexión social sobre el NAE. ; Les liens intrinsèque entre l'eau et l'énergie ont conduit à une nouvelle terminologie désignée par les termesnexus eau-énergie (NAE), qui a été étudié par académiciens et les institutions depuis les années 1990. Cet article propose une revue interdisciplinaire des interrelations entre l'eau et l'énergie à partir de deux approches principales : l'eau pour produire de l'énergie et l'énergie pour fournir et traiter l'eau. L'examen porte principalement sur les dimensions quantitatives et aussi sur les dimensions politiques et institutionnelles de la NAE. De nombreuses études mentionnent la collecte de données, le manque de coordination entre des modes d'interprétation différents et les relations d'échelle et / ou les limites des ressources en tant que défis principaux, tandis que les nouvelles technologies sont considérées comme une opportunité. Après avoir identifié les zones déficitaires dans la recherche, l'auteur propose l'approche de l'écologie politique pour entreprendre une réflexion critique sur la NAE. En relation avec cette approche théorique, nous proposons également d'incorporer la pauvreté de l'eau et la pauvreté énergétique des foyers dans le cadre des études sur le NAE. Cela élargit le champ des enquêtes afin d'inclure la demande et aussi de générer une réflexion sur les aspects sociaux du NAE.
O sucesso brasileiro em reduzir as queimadas na Amazônia e o trunfo de sua matriz energética são importantes, mas nem de longe caracterizam uma dinâmica própria ao desenvolvimento sustentável. É verdade que o Brasil passou, nos últimos anos, por um processo expressivo de redução simultânea e inédita da pobreza e da desigualdade de renda. Os avanços nesta direção, entretanto, não se apóiam hoje em formas de crescimento econômico voltadas explicitamente a menor uso de energia e de materiais. O crescimento industrial brasileiro corre fortemente o risco de dissociar-se do que de mais avançado se faz hoje em termos internacionais.
MACRO
La Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, aprobada en 2015 por la ONU, constituye un ejemplo exitoso sobre cómo un consenso político internacional respecto a logros deseables en el medio/largo plazo (herederos de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio) se puede concretar en unos objetivos concretos y cuantificables. En concreto, se fijan 17 Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS, en adelante) que incluyen asuntos tan relevantes como la sostenibilidad ambiental, la reducción de la pobreza y las desigualdades o una mayor eficiencia energética y productiva. Este trabajo aspira a estudiar la contribución de la fiscalidad de la Unión Europea a la consecución de dichos objetivos en el periodo 2005-2017.
El daño ambiental producto de la extracción de carbón en el Departamento de la Guajira, ha tenido efectos graves e irreversibles sobre el recurso hídrico de la región, generando fuertes cambios en las condiciones de existencia de la comunidad indígena wayuu. El impacto trangeneracional en derechos humanos que tiene la falta de aplicación del principio de precaución a la luz de este caso específico, permite cuestionar la política minero- energética implementada en Colombia como derrotero del progreso, en la medida en que no cumple con los postulados del desarrollo sostenible ni se considera un lineamiento efectivo para superar la pobreza. ; CRAI-USTA Bogotá ; https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=m44L0MUAAAAJ&hl=es ; http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000673480
Con luces y sombras, los procesos de integración regional avanzaron en los últimos años en América Latina y, sobre todo, en América del Sur. El artículo sostiene que la crisis plantea desafíos cruciales a la integración, especialmente en áreas como la conectividad de infraestructura, la articulación energética, la superación de la pobreza y la integración a la sociedad del conocimiento. Si logra avanzar en estos puntos, América del Sur tiene grandes chances de convertirse en una macrorregión de importancia mundial, como Europa o América del Norte. Pero para ello es necesario que los gobiernos de la región tomen conciencia de la dimensión de la crisis y del quiebre de paradigmas que ha producido y elaboren proyectos superadores de las viejas miradas neoconservadoras. (Nueva Soc/GIGA)
Perspectiva histórica --. - Estrategia para una reactivación económica con prosperidad sostenida --. - Propuestas específicas para un México próspero en el 2012 --. - Escenarios alternativos para un crecimiento sostenido --. - México y el mundo. Complacencia con las políticas después de años de crecimiento deceptionante --. - Modelo de crecimiento y arte. Evaluación del camino de México para un futuro sostenible --. - Romper con las limitaciones --. - Política energética. En busca de la ruta hacia el crecimiento sostenible --. - El sistema financiero. Pilar de la viabilidad de México a largo plazo --. - Competencia en México. Abrir el camino a la eficiencia --. - Pobreza e igualdad. Alcanzar un crecimiento inclusivo --. - Gestión macroeconómica. Implementación de políticas fiscales y monetarias responsables --. - Dos retos para un buen gobierno : federalismo fiscal y rendición de cuentas en estados y municipios --. - Violencia criminal. Crisis, respuestas y perspectivas de largo plazo --. - Relaciones internacionales. México y su situación en la economía mundial
La continuidad, calidad y confiabilidad de la energía eléctrica se han convertido en un recurso vital para el desarrollo de las poblaciones, la falta de energía impide que las personas en esa área desarrollen procesos agroindustriales y lo más importante; la mejora de su calidad de vida. En Colombia, alrededor del 66% de la población del territorio se encuentra en Zonas No Interconectadas (ZNI), lugares que están energéticamente aislados del resto del territorio nacional debido a sus características geográficas y naturales. El gobierno colombiano no ha ignorado al ZNI, por el contrario, en los últimos años ha tratado de promover y desarrollar proyectos relacionados con este tema. Sin embargo, las soluciones implementadas en su mayoría proporcionan un servicio no continuo y ambientalmente insostenible. El Estado ha buscado mejorar la prestación del servicio en el ZNI avanzando en la construcción y operación de la interconexión al Sistema Interconectado Eléctrico Nacional (SIN) de los municipios de los departamentos de Cauca y Nariño, además de promover el uso de fuentes de generación distribuida (GD), que resurgió en todo el mundo en las últimas décadas en respuesta a los desafíos que plantea el calentamiento global, el agotamiento de los combustibles fósiles y la congestión de las redes eléctricas. Por eso, el presente trabajo modela y simula la red eléctrica de la Interconexión del ZNI Cauca -Nariño al SIN, así como la inyección de DG, que permite fortalecer la atención de la demanda, aumentar el tiempo, continuidad y la cobertura de la provisión del servicio, así como la identificación de la reducción de las emisiones de C02 y el porcentaje de pobreza energética en Colombia ; Abstract: The continuity, quality and reliability of electrical energy have become a vital resource for the development of populations, the lack of energy prevents people in that area to develop agro-industrial processes and the most important thing; the improvement of their life quality. In Colombia, about 66% of the population of the territory is in Non-Interconnected Zones (ZNI), places that are energetically isolated from the rest of the national territory due to their geographical and natural characteristics. The Colombian government has not ignored the ZNI, on the contrary, in recent years it has tried to promote and develop projects related to this issue. However, the implemented solutions mostly provide a non-continuous service and environmentally unsustainable. The State has sought to improve the provision of the service in the ZNI by advancing the construction and operation of the interconnection to the National Electric Interconnected System (SIN) of the municipalities of Cauca and Nariño departments, besides, promoting the use of generation sources distribuited (DG), which resurfaced worldwide in recent decades in response to the challenges posed by global warming, the depletion of fossil fuels and the congestion of electricity grids. For that reason, the present work models and simulates the electrical network of the Interconnection of the ZNI Cauca -Nariño to the SIN, as well as the injection of DG, that allows to strengthen the attention of the demand, increase the time, continuity and coverage of the service provision, as well as identifying the reduction of C02 emissions and the percentage of energy poverty in Colombia ; Maestría
"A treinta años de la aplicación del libre comercio y del libre mercado, las condiciones de vida de la mayoría de los mexicanos, no se ha visto mejorada, por el contrario, su nivel de vida se ha deteriorado. Las desventajas del libre comercio sobre la economía mexicana han ocasionado que nuestro país se haya vuelto un país mayoritariamente maquilador, donde las ganancias las obtienen las grandes empresas trasnacionales, se ha pasado de ser un país productor a uno dependiente ocasionando pérdida de soberanía alimentaria. Con las nuevas reformas estructurales, en especial la energética, se intenta acabar con la empresa pública del sector energético y apropiarse de la renta petrolera, otrora del Estado y ahora repartida entre las grandes petroleras internacionales, los grandes magnates mexicanos y unos cuantos altos funcionarios públicos. La perspectiva económica del país no es nada positiva, a pesar de que el gobierno intenta hacer creer que estamos creciendo, sólo falta echar un vistazo a los niveles de desempleo, inseguridad, salarios, pobreza, sin dejar a un lado el aumento del crimen organizado para darnos cuenta de nuestra realidad."--Back cover
