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Discusses the meaning of citizenship in a situation where the nations-state, ie, the Westphalian form of state, is being eroded, thereby losing some of its essential functions. Since, as the argument goes, citizenship is embodied in civil society, & civil society needs a protective shelter in the form of a political authority structure, the decline of the nation-state implies a serious dilemma as far as the maintenance of principles of citizenship & human rights are concerned. Post-Westphalian scenarios are outlined, focusing on globalism vs regionalism. An argument is made in favor of "regional multilateralism," a regionalized world order, facilitating a regional civil society. 19 References. Adapted from the source document.

Abstract
This piece brings into dialogue two philosophically profound and hugely influential texts on the nature and requisites of international peace: Immanuel Kant's "Towards Perpetual Peace" (zum Ewigen Frieden) and Kang Youwei's 康有为 Book of Great Unity 大同书. Both texts articulate bold visions of a world without international war and embed concrete institutional plans for establishing peace within strongly progressivist philosophies of history. But Kang and Kant disagree in some crucial respects. Most significantly: whilst Kant imagines a liberal peace between sovereign states, Kang argues that enduring pacification would have to be enforced by a communitarian and deliberative democratic polity spanning the earth. Reading the Book of Great Unity alongside "Perpetual Peace" raises timely and challenging questions for contemporary Kantians and, more generally, for liberal internationalist political theorists and scholars of international relations.

This paper addresses the Westphalia peace, which came after the Thirty Years War as a solution to the crisis among European groups. European history as a whole is black and has many wars, in addition to the division between religious groups such as Protestants and Catholics. The Westphalia peace came to lay the foundation for a modern European state, it helped the emergence of international law, which was based on many international principles and laws that regulate international relations between states in order to control the deteriorating situation and prevent the use of power. It stressed the principle of international balance and made it a necessity, and thus this principle will create a balance between States and prevent the use of the policy of violence and power and domination in international relations. This paper has been divided into historical parts, beginning with European history before the Treaty of Westphalia and focusing on the Thirty Years War, and then identifying what the Westphalia peace was and what it produced.