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In his own day, William James was a towering figure in philosophy, religious studies, and physiological psychology (an ancestor of neuropsychology). He fell out of fashion in the middle twentieth century when logical analysis ruled philosophy, and behaviorism ruled psychology. But interest in his work has been thoroughly rejuvenated by a new generation, some out of an interest in joining philosophy with neuropsychology, and others out of an interest in pragmatism, the famous philosophical position he helped forge. The Oxford Handbook of William James offers a systematic and accessible entr?e into the thinking of this fascinating figure. Every contributor is a world-recognized expert on James, so while offering orientation to newcomers, these scholars also provide rich insights along the way that will be of interest to specialists as well.

Employing VR technology in clinical psychology
Abstract
This paper will analyse the usage of virtual reality (VR) technology in clinical psychology especially neuropsychology. VR has emerged few years ago as a potentially efficient method of providing general and specialty psychological health. Clinical psychologist and neuropsychologists use VR in diagnosis, therapy and rehabilitation for example of anxiety disorders and executive functions. One of the most important advantage of using virtual reality tasks in neuropsychology is high ecological validity which is necessary for providing natural contects of diagnosis. The analysis is based on recent works of American researchers who used virtual reality methods like Nonimmersive Virtual Coffe Task, Virtual Supermarket Task, Virtual Reality Lateralized Attention Test, Virtual Reality Shopping Task and Virtual Classroom Task.

Although it has been about fifty years since we learned how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted and leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), it continues to be a global pandemic with different incidence levels around the world. These differences, in part, are driven by the resources and governmental policies available to prevent HIV as well as by unique cultural factors. The purpose of this special issue is to explore how school psychologists and educators around the world are coping with pediatric HIV in schools from a neuropsychological and psychoeducational perspective. This includes intervention, prevention, and the influence of culture and governmental policies. Countries were selected to represent different parts of the world as well as some with very high incidence levels; this included Kenya, the United States, South Africa, India, and China. The special issue concludes with a call to action.

Although it has been about fifty years since we learned how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted and leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), it continues to be a global pandemic with different incidence levels around the world. These differences, in part, are driven by the resources and governmental policies available to prevent HIV as well as by unique cultural factors. The purpose of this special issue is to explore how school psychologists and educators around the world are coping with pediatric HIV in schools from a neuropsychological and psychoeducational perspective. This includes intervention, prevention, and the influence of culture and governmental policies. Countries were selected to represent different parts of the world as well as some with very high incidence levels; this included Kenya, the United States, South Africa, India, and China. The special issue concludes with a call to action.

Although it has been about fifty years since we learned how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is transmitted and leads to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), it continues to be a global pandemic with different incidence levels around the world. These differences, in part, are driven by the resources and governmental policies available to prevent HIV as well as by unique cultural factors. The purpose of this special issue is to explore how school psychologists and educators around the world are coping with pediatric HIV in schools from a neuropsychological and psychoeducational perspective. This includes intervention, prevention, and the influence of culture and governmental policies. Countries were selected to represent different parts of the world as well as some with very high incidence levels; this included Kenya, the United States, South Africa, India, and China. The special issue concludes with a call to action.

Freedom of thought is one of the great and venerable notions of Western thought, often celebrated in philosophical texts - and described as a crucial right in American, European, and International Law, and in that of other jurisdictions. What it means more precisely is, however, anything but clear; surprisingly little writing has been devoted to it. In the past, perhaps, there has been little need for such elaboration. As one Supreme Court Justice stressed, "[f]reedom to think is absolute of its own nature" because even "the most tyrannical government is powerless to control the inward workings of the mind." But the rise of brain scanning, cognition enhancement, and other emerging technologies make this question a more pressing one. This volume provides an interdisciplinary exploration of how freedom of thought might function as an ethical principle and as a constitutional or human right. It draws on philosophy, legal analysis, history, and reflections on neuroscience and neurotechnology to explore what respect for freedom of thought (or an individual's cognitive liberty or autonomy) requires

The article deals with the problem of occasional lexical units used by the 45th American President D.Trump in his political speeches, and their further possible progress to the status of usual words generally used in the American variant of the English language. Political discourse is taken as an object of the research due to its popularity, and the highest circulation in the modern democratic society that, with the help of its characteristics, guarantees maximum promulgation of the occasional words. It is stressed in the article that the study cannot be purely done in linguistic terms, as the very progress from occasional to the usual words covers the aspects of pedagogics, psychology, neuropsychology, neurodidactics. To trespass the borderline between occasional and usual, it is surely badly needed to be repeated scores of times – the task that is fully performed by the political and media discourses in concatenation - but still it alone is not enough. The newly created word should correspond not only to the communicative demands of a speaker-creator, but also with the views and beliefs of the audience. Thus, it catches declarative, procedural, semantic, and episodic / emotional memory of the addressee. Altogether, it should be of some significance as in the context of the information given by the politician, so from the prospective of the very addressee (his life values and experience). Dual Coding Theory involving the activity of verbal and non-verbal systems comes to the fore to explain the principles of successful memorization of occasional lexical units coming to life through political discourse. ; У статті до розгляду беруться оказіональні лексичні одиниці, вжиті американським президентом Д.Трампом, та основні принципи і механізми їх подальшої узуалізації. Політичний дискурс, завдяки своїй популярності у сьогоднішньому демократичному суспільстві, виконує роль тієї рушійної сили, що діє в рамках теорії подвійного кодування, уможливлюючи декларативне, процедуральне, семантичне та емотивне / епізодичне запам'ятовування сказаного чи почутого, а звідси і оказіональних лексичних утворень.

Also in Italy, as well as to be in all others states European Union, the academic disciplines in university system have to change to conform to the 3 areas: SH Social Sciences and Humanities, PE Physical Sciences and Engineering, LS (Life Sciences), 25 panel and 333 sub panel of European Research Council Panel Structure 2018. Nowadays, it is compulsory to have the same language within the European Union and its European Research Council Executive Agency (ERCEA). This change concerns the funding of research and the recruitment of professors; currently in Italy they follow two different procedures and the reform aims to pursue the unique way. Physical activity and sports sciences are in two different scientific areas: the human and social sciences and the life sciences. The problem is therefore to choose a single scientific area or to stay in two areas, to define the declaration of the academic discipline with the protection of the professors' rights and the relationship with the ERC Area. The academic disciplines of Physical activity and Sport sciences field could be made by the following descriptors: Health, ageing - Social aspects of learning, curriculum studies, educational policies - Science and technology studies - Cognitive basis of human development and education, developmental disorders; comparative cognition - Personality and social cognition – Emotion - Clinical and health psychology – Neuropsychology - Attention, perception, action, consciousness - Learning, memory - Cognition in ageing - Reasoning, decision-making – Intelligence - Language learning and processing - Theoretical linguistics - computational linguistics - Comparative physiology and pathophysiology - Fundamental mechanisms underlying ageing - Sensation and perception - Neural bases of cognitive processes - Other medical technologies for diagnosis and monitoring of diseases - Epidemiology and public health - Environmental health, occupational medicine - Health services, health care research, medical ethics. In Italy its declaratory could be simplified: "Theories and methods of physical education, training, health and well-being" in Life sciences area with the exception for some professors to be structured in human and social sciences for educational profile.

Chapter 1: Movere: Characterizing the Role of Emotion and Motivation in Shaping Human Behavior -- Chapter 2: Emotion Concept Development from Childhood to Adulthood -- Chapter 3: From the Self to the Social Regulation of Emotion: An Evolving Psychological and Neural Model -- Chapter 4: Bringing Together Cognitive and Genetic Approaches to the Understanding of Stress Vulnerability and Psychological Wellbeing -- Chapter 5: Pathways to Motivational Impairments in Psychopathology: Common versus Unique Elements across Domains -- Chapter 6: Motivation: A Valuation Systems Perspective -- Chapter 7: Towards A Deep Science of Affect and Motivation -- Chapter 8: Reproducible, Generalizable Brain Models of Affective Processes

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Introduction Cultural Diversity and Neuropsychology: An Uneasy Relationship in a Time of Change -- Articles Neuropsychological Test Use With Hispanic/Latino1 Populations in the United States: Part II of a National Survey -- Racial and Ethnic Diversity Among Trainees and Professionals in Psychology and Neuropsychology: Needs, Trends, and Challenges -- Neuropsychological Assessment of Asian Americans: Demographic Factors, Cultural Diversity, and Practical Guidelines -- Acculturation, Reading Level, and Neuropsychological Test Performance Among African American Elders -- Differences in Neuropsychological Performance Associated With Ethnicity in Children With HIV-1 Infection: Preliminary Findings -- Perception of Health and Quality of Life in Minorities After Mild-to-Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury.