Suchergebnisse

| openaire: EC/H2020/101006744/EU//EHLCATHOL This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, (BUILDING A LOW-CARBON, CLIMATE RESILIENT FUTURE: SECURE, CLEAN AND EFFICIENT ENERGY) under Grant Agreement No 101006744. The content presented in this document represents the views of the authors, and the European Commission has no liability in respect of the content. This work was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21808163 and 21690083). ; A Mo(OCH2CH3)x/NaCl catalyst showed high efficiency in supercritical ethanol without adding H2 in the conversion of Kraft lignin to chemicals, including C6 alcohols, C8-C10 esters, benzyl alcohols and arenes. Control experiments were done with MoCl5, NaOC2H5 and the physical mixture of them. The Mo(OCH2CH3)x/NaCl catalyst exhibited superior activity among the samples examined. The overall yield increased as the reaction temperature increased from 260 to 300 °C. The yield of aromatic compounds achieved 303mg/g lignin over the Mo(OCH2CH3)x/NaCl catalyst at 300oC for 6h. MoCl5 and NaOC2H5 forms Mo(OCH2CH3)x in the catalyst preparation, which behaves as the active species in Kraft lignin conversion. The primary aromatics formed from the catalytic lignin depolymerization steps may undergo secondary reactions to form the final products. ; Peer reviewed

In oil-immersed power transformers, the insulation system is constituted of a dielectric oil-solid combination. The insulation oil generally used is mineral oil; however, this fluid has started to be substituted by natural and synthetic esters due to their higher biodegradability and flash point. The introduction of a new fluid in the insulation system of power transformers requires kinetic models that can estimate the degradation rate of insulation solids. The aim of this work was to go further in quantifying through different kinetic models the deterioration suffered by a commercial cellulose board (PSP 3055), which is one of the solid materials used in the insulation system of oil-filled transformers. The aging study was extended to cellulose board specimens immersed in two different oils (mineral and synthetic ester). It was obtained that there is a lower degradation when synthetic ester is used in the insulation system. Additionally, it can be concluded that the use of mechanical properties to quantify the degradation of the cellulose board through kinetic models provides information about the different behavior shown by PSP 3055 when different fiber direction angles are considered. ; This research was funded by State Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation Plan under the PID2019-107126RB-C22/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 grant agreement, financed by the Government of Spain

AbstractParabens (esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid) are xenobiosis belonging to endocrine disruptors and commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics, food, pharmaceutical, and personal care products. Their wide use is leading to their appearance in water and wastewater in the range from ng/L to mg/L. In fact, the toxicity of benzylparaben is comparable to bisphenol A. Therefore, it is important to find not only effective but also ecofriendly methods for their removal from aqueous environment since the traditional wastewater treatment approaches are ineffective. Herein, for the first time, such extended comparison of several radical-driven technologies for paraben mixture degradation is presented. The detailed evaluation included (1) comparison of ozone and hydroxyl peroxide processes; (2) comparison of catalytic and photocatalytic processes (including photocatalytic ozonation); (3) characterisation of catalysts using SEM, XRD, DRS, XPS techniques and BET isotherm; (4) mineralisation, biodegradability and toxicity assessment; and (5) cost assessment. O3, H2O2/Fe2+, H2O2/UVC, O3/H2O2, O3/UVA, O3/H2O2/UVA, UVA/catalyst, O3/catalyst and O3/UVA/catalyst were selected from advanced oxidation processes to degrade parabens as well as to decrease its toxicity towards Aliivibrio fischeri, Corbicula fluminea and Lepidium sativum. Research was focused on the photocatalytic process involving visible light (UVA and natural sunlight) and TiO2 catalysts modified by different metals (Ag, Pt, Pd, Au). Photocatalytic oxidation showed the lowest efficiency, while in combining ozone with catalysis and photocatalysis process, degradation efficiency and toxicity removal were improved. Photocatalytic ozonation slightly improved degradation efficiency but appreciably decreased transferred ozone dose (TOD). Results indicate that the degradation pathway is different, or different transformation products (TPs) could be formed, despite that the hydroxyl radicals are the main oxidant.

Antioxidants protect cells against the effects of harmful free radicals and play an important role in preventing many human diseases (e.g. cancer, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, inflammatory disorders, etc.) and aging itself. In addition, antioxidant molecules are employed to prevent unsaturated oil products from becoming rancid during storage and thus extend oil life. The modification –chemical or enzymatic- of natural antioxidants in order to increase their miscibility and/or stability towards the action of light and/or oxygen renders a series of "semisynthetic" antioxidants with great impact in the food and feed industries. In this review, we will discuss the enzymatic modifications of antioxidant vitamins C and E. L-Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is the major water-soluble natural antioxidant acting as a free radical scavenger, and plays an important role in regenerating vitamin E. However, due to the low miscibility of ascorbic acid with -tocopherol, it is necessary to use ascorbyl fatty acid derivatives. Thus, esters of L-ascorbic acid with long-chain fatty acids (esp. palmitic or stearic) are employed as additives in foods (E-304) rich in lipids. The enzymatic synthesis of acyl L-ascorbates offers some advantages compared with the current chemical process, such as its high regioselectivity and the moderate reaction conditions. Vitamin E enhances the oxidative stability of polyunsaturated fatty acids from peroxidation acting as a free radical scavenger and is generally administered in the form of all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate or succinate to increase its stability. Several approaches have been described for the enzyme-catalysed synthesis of vitamin E acetate, based on the transesterification of vinyl acetate with vitamin E, or the regioselective hydrolysis of -isophorone followed by reaction with isophytol. The above vitamin C and E derivatives may have impact not only as food preservatives but also as components of functional foods. ; We thank Ana V. Ugidos and Soledad Peña (Biotecnologías Aplicadas, BTSA, Spain) for technical information and suggestions. This research was supported by the Spanish CSIC (Project 200680F0132), Spanish MEC (Projects BIO2002-00337 and BIO2007-67708-C04-01) and European Union (Project MIF1-CT-2006-040163). Spanish MEC and Comunidad de Madrid are also thanked for fellowships to Dr. A. Kunamneni (SB2004-0011) and P. Torres, respectively. ; Peer reviewed

High Performance Polymers — Natural and Synthetic -- Engineering Plastics: The Concept that Launched an Industry -- Engineering Thermoplastics -- Polyamides -- The History and Development of Nylon-66 -- History and Development of Nylon 6 -- The History of Development of Nylons 11 and 12 -- Polyesters -- History — Aromatic Polycarbonates -- The History of Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) Molding Resins -- Injection Moldable PET -- History of Polyarylates -- Acetals -- The History of Acetal Homopolymer -- Acetal Copolymer, A Historical Perspective -- Styrenics -- A Path to ABS Thermoplastics -- Styrene-Maleic Anhydride-Vinyl Monomer Terpolymers and Blends -- Sulfur-Containing Polymers -- History of Polyphenylene Sulfide -- The Development of Polysulfone and Other Polyarylethers -- Polysulfone — Early Market Development Activities -- Discovery and Development of the "Victrex" Polyarylethersulphones -- Polyaryletherketone -- Discovery and Development of the "Victrex" Polyaryletherketone PEEK -- Polyetherimides -- Discovery and Development of Polyetherimides -- Blends and Alloys -- Discovery and Commercialization of Noryl® Resins -- Xenoy® and Noryl® GTX Engineering Thermoplastic Blends -- History and Development of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks -- Liquid Crystalline Polymers -- Industrial Development of Thermotropic Polyesters -- Early Work on Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Polymers Having a Rigid-Flexible Regularly Alternating Structure in the Main Chain -- Fluoroplastics -- The History of Polytetrafluoroethylene: Discovery and Development -- Polytetrafluoroethylene: History of its Development and Some Recent Advances -- Development of Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers -- Development of Kynar Polyvinylidene Fluoride -- Thermosets -- History and Development of Epoxy Resins -- Cyanate Esters — High Performance Resins -- Polyimides -- UV/EB Curing Technology: A Short History -- Fibers -- Carbon Fibers, from Light Bulbs to Outer Space -- History and Development of Polybenzimidazoles -- High Performance Elastomers -- High Performance Elastomers -- History of Silicone Elastomers -- Advances in Fluoroelastomers -- PEBAX® Polyether Block Amide — A New Family of Engineering Thermoplastic Elastomers -- Engineering Polyester Elastomers and the Future for TPE's -- High Barrier Packaging Materials -- PET — A Global Perspective -- Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymers -- Indices -- Author Index -- Company Index.

Abstract
Diacetyl is a potentially harmful chemical that is used as an artificial flavouring in the food industry and may also be generated during processing of some natural products including coffee. In Europe, an 8-h time weighted average occupational exposure limit (TWA-OEL) of 20 ppb has been adopted for diacetyl, together with a short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 100 ppb. A new measurement method involving sampling on thermal desorption tubes and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry has been used to investigate potential exposure to diacetyl, and the related compound 2,3-pentanedione, at eight companies involved in the coffee industry including large- and small-scale manufacturers and coffee shops. A total of 124 static and personal samples were collected. In the majority of personal samples airborne concentrations of diacetyl were <5 ppb, with those at coffee shops generally <1 ppb. However, diacetyl concentrations in ~40% of the long-term personal samples, mainly originating from one site, were found to be in excess of the newly adopted European TWA-OEL of 20 ppb. Diacetyl concentrations up to 400 ppb were detected on the static samples, with the highest values occurring during grinding of roasted coffee beans. 2,3-Pentanedione was also detected in most of the samples at airborne concentrations around half of those for diacetyl. A significant number of other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were also detected at sub-ppm concentrations, including acetoin, aliphatic carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones and esters, methylfuran, furfural and furfuryl-based alcohols and ketones, and nitrogen containing compounds, such as pyridines and pyrazines. In laboratory tests, diacetyl emissions generated during heating of whole beans were found to be significantly lower than those from heating the same beans after grinding. Diacetyl emissions from both ground and whole beans were also found to be significantly dependent on temperature.

"Available online 12 January 2018" ; Several polyesters were synthesized from ethylene glycol, glycerol and adipate, succinate dimethyl esters. Immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B was used as catalyst for 6hours under vacuum at 70°C without any further solvents. The highest conversion rate of 88.5% occurred for the polymerization of poly (ethylene adipate), evaluated by 1H NMR. MALDI-TOF analysis indicated that most of the oligomers formed were dimers or trimers. After successfully synthesize the polyesters we set-up the optimal conditions for their in-situ coating onto cotton substrates with a soluble lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus. This work presents a novel bio-approach to impart hydrophobic properties to coated cotton-based fiber materials. ; This work was supported by Chinese government scholarship under the State Scholarship Fund (grant number 201706790049), Jiangsu Province Scientific Research Innovation Project for Academic Graduate Students (grant number KYLX16_0788), Training Fund for Excellent Doctoral Student in Jiangnan University, Key Projects of governmental cooperation in international scientific and technological innovation (grant number 2016 YFE0115700) and the National Key R & D Program of China (grant number 2017 YFB0309100). This work was also supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit and COMPETE 2020 (grant number POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684) and under the Project RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (grant number FCOMP01-0124-FEDER-027462). This study was also supported by BioTecNorte operation (grant number NORTE-01-0145-FEDER000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 – Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. This work was also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 31470509 and 31201134), the Industry-Academic Joint Technological Prospective Fund Project of Jiangsu Province (grant number BY2013015-24 and ...

Processed meat has become stigmatized as unhealthy food due to the recent research correlating increased consumption of processed meat to several chronic diseases such as colorectal cancer, coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. The high levels of fat (especially saturated fat), cholesterol, sodium, or additives (e.g. nitrites and nitrates) of meat products are the main risk factors for these diseases. Consequently, the meat industry has been applying reformulation strategies to develop new healthier products by reducing the saturated fat and adding unsaturated fatty acids, in line with public health recommendations. However, these changes may compromise the acceptability of the products. Thus, it is important to consider how they should be added. Gel systems have shown great advantages as animal fat replacers in meat products as stable and easy to prepare systems, with a solid structure, similar to animal fat. A variety of healthier meat products (dry fermented, fresh and cooked products) were developed in this work through reformulation strategies focused on replacing animal fat by gel systems containing bioactive compounds. Hydrogel oil-in-water emulsions (HG) and organogels (OG) were formulated with different fat content (1%, 40% or 88%) including vegetable and marine oils (canola, linseed and algae oils) as source of unsaturated fatty acids, a natural extract of Prunus spinosa L. with high antioxidant activity, and plant sterol esters, known to have a cholesterol-lowering effect. The addition of a low-fat HG (1%) to beef patties resulted in high reductions of fat (up to 70%). On the other hand, both dry fermented (chorizo), fresh (beef patties) and cooked (meat batters) products formulated with medium-fat HG (40%) and high-fat OG (88%) improved their fatty acid profile due to the supply of unsaturated fatty acids and the reduction of saturated fat. According to the European legislation, the reformulated meat products may bear nutrition and health claims, which may have a positive effect on the consumer acceptance, increasingly concerned about their health. Additionally, physicochemical properties such as texture, color or lipid oxidation, as well as sensory properties, were not negatively affected by the addition of these gel systems.

Marine fouling, or the growth of marine organisms on fully or partly submerged structures, is an unwanted phenomenon in the marine industry. Bio fouling will increase the hydrodynamic drag of ships, causing an increased fuel consumption, promote the corrosion of the metallic structures and trigger undesired transport of invasive species (IMO and the environment 2009, 2009).The impact is economic as well as environmental. More fuel consumption is synonym for more CO2 and other detrimental emissions, corrosion entails coating and the introduction of toxic substances in the sea and air and the transport of hitch-hikers: non-indigenous species towards locations without natural enemies will harm the local delights of the marine environment.In 2001 the IMO adopted the "International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships". This convention entered into force 17 September 2008 and prohibited the use of harmful organotins in anti-fouling paints used on ships. A mechanism was established to prevent the future use of other potential harmful substances in anti-fouling systems.The ban on organotins confronted the marine industry with a major challenge. TBT's (TriButylTin) have a negative impact on the marine biotope but till today no equally efficient, harmless, substance has been found. The search for an efficient, economic and ecological friendly novel anti-fouling paint is high on the agenda of IMO, governments, paint producers, ship owners and environmental organizations.All major marine coating producers bring to the market very similar products. Broadly speaking, the present hull anti-fouling systems focus on the following three generic types of AF-coating: firstly, hard coatings, usually biocide-free vinyl esters, reinforced with glass platelets. In actual fact this is not a real anti-fouling coating since fouling will appear over time but it resists mechanical cleaning, even with hard brushes, exceptionally well. Secondly, we have a whole range of soft/smooth paints, often based on silicones or fluoropolymers, rendering the hull surface so slippery that latching onto becomes difficult. Basically this type of coating cleans itself by means of the speed of the ship, the organisms with little adhesion will flush of easily. Finally, the most popular type of fouling protection, have a toxic additive incorporated in the topcoat. Predominantly these additives are copper based products reinforced with booster biocides. Three different techniques are being used to release these toxins in a more or less controlled way. The most primitive system, dating from the 50's, consist out of a soluble matrix, in general colophony mixed with copper, arsenic, zinc, mercury or iron oxides. A few years later, the binder became non-soluble, acrylic resins, vinyl resins or chlorinated rubber polymers were being used together with copper and zinc oxides with or without organometallic compounds. Presently mainly self-polishing copolymers are being used whereby biocides are leached under a controlled manner. While sailing the paint abrades and constantly a new layer of coating, mixed with zinc- or copper oxides emerges.Each of the above described AF-coatings has a very specific and limited field of application. Selecting the correct coating for a specific ship is far from self-evident. Important differences do exist within each coating type, dependent on the manufacturer. Unfortunately, no real objective means of comparing these products exists, neither on performance nor on ecological impact.The aim of this project is to establish an impartial test-protocol and build a platform for testing AF-coatings in a statically and dynamically manner. With knowledge of type, composition and performance of the anti-fouling paints tested we can advise the ship owners in an objective way and evaluate the ecological impact of a paint through a well-founded life cycle analysis.

Marine fouling, or the growth of marine organisms on fully or partly submerged structures, is an unwanted phenomenon in the marine industry. Bio fouling will increase the hydrodynamic drag of ships, causing an increased fuel consumption, promote the corrosion of the metallic structures and trigger undesired transport of invasive species (IMO and the environment 2009, 2009).The impact is economic as well as environmental. More fuel consumption is synonym for more CO2 and other detrimental emissions, corrosion entails coating and the introduction of toxic substances in the sea and air and the transport of hitch-hikers: non-indigenous species towards locations without natural enemies will harm the local delights of the marine environment.In 2001 the IMO adopted the "International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-Fouling Systems on Ships". This convention entered into force 17 September 2008 and prohibited the use of harmful organotins in anti-fouling paints used on ships. A mechanism was established to prevent the future use of other potential harmful substances in anti-fouling systems.The ban on organotins confronted the marine industry with a major challenge. TBT's (TriButylTin) have a negative impact on the marine biotope but till today no equally efficient, harmless, substance has been found. The search for an efficient, economic and ecological friendly novel anti-fouling paint is high on the agenda of IMO, governments, paint producers, ship owners and environmental organizations.All major marine coating producers bring to the market very similar products. Broadly speaking, the present hull anti-fouling systems focus on the following three generic types of AF-coating: firstly, hard coatings, usually biocide-free vinyl esters, reinforced with glass platelets. In actual fact this is not a real anti-fouling coating since fouling will appear over time but it resists mechanical cleaning, even with hard brushes, exceptionally well. Secondly, we have a whole range of soft/smooth paints, often based on silicones or fluoropolymers, rendering the hull surface so slippery that latching onto becomes difficult. Basically this type of coating cleans itself by means of the speed of the ship, the organisms with little adhesion will flush of easily. Finally, the most popular type of fouling protection, have a toxic additive incorporated in the topcoat. Predominantly these additives are copper based products reinforced with booster biocides. Three different techniques are being used to release these toxins in a more or less controlled way. The most primitive system, dating from the 50's, consist out of a soluble matrix, in general colophony mixed with copper, arsenic, zinc, mercury or iron oxides. A few years later, the binder became non-soluble, acrylic resins, vinyl resins or chlorinated rubber polymers were being used together with copper and zinc oxides with or without organometallic compounds. Presently mainly self-polishing copolymers are being used whereby biocides are leached under a controlled manner. While sailing the paint abrades and constantly a new layer of coating, mixed with zinc- or copper oxides emerges.Each of the above described AF-coatings has a very specific and limited field of application. Selecting the correct coating for a specific ship is far from self-evident. Important differences do exist within each coating type, dependent on the manufacturer. Unfortunately, no real objective means of comparing these products exists, neither on performance nor on ecological impact.The aim of this project is to establish an impartial test-protocol and build a platform for testing AF-coatings in a statically and dynamically manner. With knowledge of type, composition and performance of the anti-fouling paints tested we can advise the ship owners in an objective way and evaluate the ecological impact of a paint through a well-founded life cycle analysis.

Tephrosia (Tephrosia Vogelii) is a legume that has about 8% oil plus rotenoids, which has been studied by several authors. This oil was analyzed in the seeds and used for transesterification of triglycerides providing glycerin and biodiesel as major products, which are a mixture of straight-chain alkyl esters. In transesterification, an excess of alcohol is used in molar ratios of 6: 1 for methanol and 9: 1 to 12: 1 for ethanol, and subsequent removal of glycerin. Jambul (Syzygium jambolanum), a fruit from the myrtaceae family that is widely grown due its use in ornaments and for their edible fruits, was employed as an antioxidant extract. The biodiesel obtained was subjected to the Rancimat test, a standard method approved by the European standard EN 14214 (2003) and the Brazilian norm RANP 07/08, aiming at analyzing the oxidative stability of biodiesel, where the minimum allowed value of induction is 6 hours. Fatty acid composition was measured by gas chromatography, kindly provided by Maringa State University (UEM). Jambul extract showed antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH free radicals and the value of 44.15%, relative to Trolox. Total concentration of phenols in solutions diluted up to ten times was found to be 4.45 mg ml-1 of total phenolic contents. Rancimat test showed an induction period of 3.59 hours without the presence of antioxidant, indicating that the presence of this antioxidant was necessary. When Rancimat test was carried out in the presence of Jambul, an induction time of 8.2 hours was observed , suggesting the efficiency of the applied antioxidant, and showing great similarity to the values obtained from a biodiesel synthesized from soybean oil. Biodiesel from soybean oil without butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) showed an induction time of 4.2 hours, while in the presence of Jambul extract the induction time obtained was of 7.1 hours. New alternatives to soybean oil for biodiesel production are increasingly demanded, and the oil from seeds of Tephrosia (Tephrosia vogelii) can possibly be used for this purpose. The antioxidant proved to be of great feasibility and applicability for conservation, and does not require large amounts to obtain a satisfactory and consistent result as required by legislation, since its obtainment is derived from natural sources. ; Tephrosia (Tephrosia Vogelii) é uma leguminosa que tem cerca de 8% de óleo e rotenoides, que tem sido estudado por vários autores. Este óleo foi extraído das sementes e utilizado para transesterificação formando, glicerina e biodiesel como principais produtos, que são uma mistura de ésteres alquílicos de cadeia linear. Na transesterificação, foi utilizado um excesso de álcool em proporções molares de 6: 1 para o metanol e de 9: 1 a 12: 1 para o etanol e subsequente remoção da glicerina. O jamelão (Syzygium jambolanum), é um fruto da família myrtaceae, amplamente utilizado como ornamental e seus frutos são comestíveis, eles foram empregados na forma de extrato como antioxidante. O biodiesel obtido foi submetido ao teste Rancimat, método padrão aprovado pela norma europeia EN 14214 e pela norma brasileira RANP 07/08, com o objetivo de analisar a estabilidade oxidativa do biodiesel, onde o valor mínimo permitido de indução é de 6 horas. A composição de ácidos graxos foi feita por cromatografia gasosa, gentilmente efetuada pela Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM). O extrato de jamelão mostrou atividade antioxidante por eliminação de radicais livres do DPPH e o valor de 44,15%, em relação ao Trolox. A concentração fenólicos totais em soluções diluídas até dez vezes, foi de 4,45 mg ml-1. O teste Rancimat mostrou um período de indução de 3,59 horas sem a presença de antioxidante, indicando que a presença desse antioxidante era necessária. Quando o teste de Rancimat foi realizado na presença de extrato de jamelão, observou-se um tempo de indução de 8,2 horas, sugerindo a eficiência do antioxidante aplicado e mostrando grande similaridade com os valores obtidos de um biodiesel sintetizado a partir de óleo de soja. Biodiesel de óleo de soja sem hidroxitolueno butilado (BHT) mostrou um tempo de indução de 4,2 horas, enquanto que na presença de extrato de jamelão o tempo de indução obtido foi de 7,1 horas. Novas alternativas ao óleo de soja para a produção de biodiesel são cada vez mais exigidas, e o óleo de sementes de Tephrosia (Tephrosia vogelii) pode ser usado para este fim. O antioxidante provou ser de grande viabilidade e aplicabilidade para conservação, e não requer grandes quantidades para obter um resultado satisfatório e consistente conforme requerido pela legislação, uma vez que sua obtenção é derivada de fontes naturais.

Chromatin is an important and dynamic participant in the regulation of transcription initiation and elongation. In the nucleosome (the basic sub-unit of chromatin), DNA is tightly wound around an octamer of histone proteins, thereby restricting access of the DNA-binding factors to the DNA. Moreover, the histone N-terminal tails are subject to several cova-lent post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, acetyla-tion, methylation and poly-ADP-ribosylation ; each of these modifications can potentially alter the interaction between DNA and the histone octamer and thus modulate transcription factor access to DNA. Chromatin is heterogeneous in the nucleus : small regions of the genome are extremely sensitive to digestion by nucleases (such as DNase I) and are called nuclease-hypersensitive sites. This increase in nuclease sensitivity is thought to result from the local disruption of the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes by DNA-bound regulatory proteins. DNase I-hypersen-sitive sites ("nucleo some-free regions") are found associated with regions of the genome that are important for the regulation of gene expression (such as enhancers, promoters, silencers, origins of replication). Moreover, changes in nuclease sensitivity secondary to the disrup¬ tion of specific nucleosomes have been observed during transcriptional activation or silencing. Consequently, understanding the mechanisms responsible for the positioning and for the disruption of specific nucleosomes is a crucial step in understanding the transcriptional regulation of the corresponding genes. Recent studies have identified a large group of proteins whose primary function is to help activate or repress transcrip¬ tion by altering chromatin.
Retroviruses in general, and HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) in particular, are confronted with a unique problem in terms of transcriptional regulation and packaging into chromatin. They can integrate in many different sites within the host cell genome, each site with its own properties susceptible of influencing the degree of viral expression. The focus of our laboratory is understanding HIV-1 transcription within its natural context, which is represented by the provirus integrated into the cellular genome and packaged into chromatin. We have previously stud¬ ied the chromatin structure of HIV-1 integrated into several chronically infected cell lines and identified five major DNase I-hypersensitive sites in the complete proviral genome. Three hypersensitive sites were identified in the HIV 5' LTR where transcription initiation takes place : two of these sites (HS2 and HS3 ) correspond to the viral promo ter ! enhancer region, and the third major site (HS4) corresponds to a new domain immediately downstream of the 5' LTR. A single major DNase I-hyper-sensitive site is associated with the LTR located at the 3' portion of the virus where transcripts are polyadenylated (HS8). In addition, we have identified a single major DNase I-hypersensitive site in the 8-kb region located between the two LTRs. This site (HS7) maps to the pol gene of HIV and corresponds to a new positive transcriptional regulatory element.
We have defined the precise positions of nucleosomes in the 5' LTR of HIV-1 integrated in several chronically infected cell lines. We have observed that only one change occurs in this chromatin organization during transcriptional activation of the HIV-1 promoter : a single nucle-osome (called nuc-1 and positioned immediately after the transcription start site) is specifically disrupted ! displaced in response to several bio logical modifiers including TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) and phorbol esters. The position of nuc-1 immediately after the transcription start site and its disruption during transcriptional activation suggest that nuc-1 might play a direct role in the suppression of HIV-1 transcription during latency and that transcriptional activation might proceed in part through chromatin modification(s). To directly test this model, we examined the effect of a chromatin modification (histone acetylation) on HIV-1 gene expression. Chromatin is an active component of transcriptional regulation and histone acetylation/deacetylation is critical in this modulating role. Acetylation of histones takes place on their amino-ter-minal tail and is the result of a dynamic equilibrium between histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases. Trapoxin (TPX) and Tri-chostatin A (TSA) are two specific inhibitors of histone deacetylase(s) and cause a global hyperacetylation of cellular histones. Treatment of cell lines latently infected with HIV-1 with these inhibitors causes the transcriptional activation of HIV gene expression. This activation occurs in the absence of NF-kB stimulation. Using RNA differential display to screen a large number of genes, we have shown that the expression of a small fraction of cellular genes (~2%o of all genes ) is changed in response to histone hyperacetylation, indicating that the activation of HIV-1 transcription in response to TSA or TPX demonstrates a speci ficity and does not result from a global derepression of all cellular genes. Remarkably, despite the global histone hyperacetylation observed fol lowing treatment with these drugs, we found that the sole detectable modification at the level of HIV chromatin was the disruption of nuc-1 in the HIV promoter. These results are consistent with a model in which the HIV promoter is under the constitutive negative control of one or several histone deacetylases, which are specifically targeted to nuc-1 by a direct or indirect interaction with a DNA-binding factor (s).
The functional role of nuc-1 in latency and the mechanism of nuc-1 disruption in response to TNF or to histone hyperacetylation remain to be determined. A potential mechanism is that nuc-1 could block the bind ing of a transcription factor necessary for the assembly of the initiation complex. Alternatively, nuc-1, by its position immediately after the tran scription start site, could impede the progression of RNA polymerase II (by accentuating a natural pausing site), resulting in inefficient elonga tion and in the accumulation of short attenuated transcripts detected in vivo. Since the viral trans -regulatory protein Tat binds to TAR in a region close to nuc-1 and since Tat activity is critical for transcriptional elongation through a region corresponding to nuc-1, our results point to a role for Tat or for a Tat co-factor in the disruption of nuc-1 through a post-translational modification such as acetylation.
Overall, these studies provide fundamental new insights into the pro¬ cess of HIV-1 transcriptional latency and reactivation and ultimately should contribute to an increased understanding of AIDS pathogenesis. These aspects of HIV-1 biology might define novel targets for therapy aimed at interfering with HIV-1 replication by maintaining cells in the latent state. Additionally, since chromatin influences the transcriptional regulation of many genes besides HIV-1, the observations made in this system will bear relevance to the regulation of other genes whose expres¬ sion is altered in human diseases.

The agroforestry system could be considered a dynamic management of the natural resource based on the integration of trees with crops or livestock. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the grass intake and the oxidative status of meat of geese reared in three different agroforestry systems: apple orchard (AO), olives trees (OT) and vineyard (V). Eighty one-day old Romagnola geese of both sexes were divided in four homogeneous groups: control (C), with indoor density of 5 geese/m2 and without pasture access, and the three agroforestry systems (AO, OT, V), with 1 hectare of pasture each. The geese were reared inside a poultry house until 20 days of age. At 21 days of age the animals belonging to AO, OT and V were allowed to outdoor access (pasture), whereas geese of the C group were kept indoor. At 150 days of age, the geese were slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse. After 24 h of storage at +4°C the breast and drumstick muscles were analysed to determine the fatty acid profile, the antioxidants content and the oxidative status. All the data were statistically analysed with ANOVA. The results showed that the grazing activity of geese improved the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content, the n-6/n-3 ratio and the antioxidant content, especially in geese kept in the agroforestry systems enriched with trees (AO and OT). Indeed, the presence of trees make animals feel protected and stimulated them to explore the pasture and consequently to consume more grass. However, the best oxidative status was exhibited by the C geese. In the other groups the higher antioxidants intake through grass was not able to counteract the higher oxidative thrust and consequently, the meat of outdoor reared geese was characterized by a worst oxidative status. 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The paper attempted to assess the domestic and export market performance and prospects of Philippines cocochemicals. The Philippines holds the distinction of having the first oleochemical business venture in the ASEAN region. As of CY 2000, there were 18 manufacturers of cocochemicals registeres with the BOI with an aggregate production capacity of 678,301 mt. However, only 15 plants with a combined production capacity of 504,501 mt. were operating as of this year. Apart from the manufacturers of cocochemicals, there were two palm-based oleochemical manufacturers registered with the BOI in the same year. These were the Zambosur Oil Refinery Corporation and the Vegeoil Philippines, Inc. was operating in the year 2000. The industry is composed of the oleochemical producers of fatty alcohol, fatty acids, methyl esters, and glycerine as the by-product; and the surfactant or oleochemicals derivatives-producers involved in the manufacture of alcohol sulfates, alkyl phosphates, amines, distearates, etc.The oleochemicls derivative-producers source their raw materials from the basic oleochemicals producers. Thirteen Luzon-based plants accounted for 68.39 percent of the total oleochemical production capacity (504,501 mt.) in the year 2000. Two Mindanao-based plants captured 31,49 percent of the aggregate olechemical production capacity. Meanwhile, there was only one operating plant in the Visayas region and this firm represented a miniscule share of only 0.12 percent of the total registered capacity nationwide. The major players in the oleochemical industry in the Philippines are the United Cocochemicals, Inc. which registeres a 23.14 percent share of the total registered capacity nationwide and Pilipinas Kao, Inc. with 21.74 percent share. The United coco chemicals Inc., and Pilipinas Kao, inc. dominated in Luzon and Mindanao, respectively. Primo oleochemicals, inc. ranked third among the operating plants nationwide with 10.26 percent share while Procter and Gamble Phils., ranked fourth with 8.62 percent share. Cocochemicals production in the Philippines exhibited an erratic trend from 1989 to 1995. Since crude coconut oil is the feedstock or raw material in cocochemical production in the Philippines, cocochemical production in the country was influenced to a large extent by the availability of the price o crude coconut oil. However, the supply and price of crude coconut oil in the Philippines are highly unstable due to year-to-year weather variability. cocochemical production was found to be inversely related to the price of crude-coconut oil. Despite the fluctuating trend in cocochemical production, cocochemical production rose markedly from 71,799 mt in 1989 to 116,326 mt in 1995, or by 62 percent. Despite the lack of updated data on cocochemical production from 1996 to 2000, it is expected that the trend in cocochemical production in recent years will follow the trend in the domestic price of crude coconut oil and the quantity of availability crude coconut oil in the same period From 16,955 mt in 1989, domestic consumption of cocochemicals in copra terms increased markedly to 28,817 mt in 1995, or by 67 percent. on the average, domestic consumption of cocochemicals grew an an average of 52.3 percent per year during the period 1989-1995 could be attributed to the implementation of Executive Order (E.O.) 259 in 1989. The said executive order required the substitution of petroleum-based hard alkyl benzene, a non-biodegradable chemical used in the manufacture of soap detergents, with coco-fatty alcohol sulfate, which is biodegradable. An examination of the average annual cocochemical production vis-a-vis consumption during the period 1989-1995 showed that 34.2 percent was consumed by the domestic market. Several industries in the country utilize cocochemicals to manufacture soaps, shampoo, hair rinse, cosmetics, household detergents, textile/industrial detergents, agrichemicals toiletries (e.g. deodorants, bath oils, toothpastes and synthetic perfumes), polyyurethane, tobacco, base material in paints, explosive, propellants and pharmaceuticals. Currently, about 90 percent of domestic cocochemical consumption went to detergents compared to 59 percent in 1989. The increase in the percentage share of the househol detergent industries could be attributed to the passage of E.O. 259. It is expected that the domestic market potential of cocochemicals in great due to its wide application in local manufacturing industries and the growing end-use markets as a result of the country's increasing population and the real income per capital. The country's population increased as an average of 2.4 percent annually from 1990-1999 while the average annual growth rate in real income per capita was 1.01 percent. Real income per capita is a measure of the purchasing power of each individual consumer. Hence, a projected rise in consumers' purchasing power will allow increased purchase beyond the essentials of food, clothing, and shelter into personal care products, soap, detergents, and other products which rely on cocochemicals, Among the end-use markets, major growth areas will be in the soap and detergent market and the personal care product market. The demand for drugs, lubricants, and motor oil which use oleochemicals as inputs is also projected to continue growing. The Philippine oleochemical industry is largely export-oriented. An average of 65.2 percent of the total cocochemical production in the country during the period 1989-1995 was exported. The major cocochemicals exported by the Philippines as fatty alcohol, fatty acid, and methyl ester. other cocochemical exports include refined glycerine, crude glycerine, alkanolamide, and coco acid oil. During the nine-year period under review, the Philippines generally did not perform well in exporting cocochemicals as evidenced by the negative growth rate in the aggregate volume of exports of all types of cocochemicals (-1.2%/year). This could be largely attributed to the significant decline in the volume of methyl ester exports and to a lesser degree to the drop in the volume of exports of alkanolamide, coco acid oil, and crude glycerine. However, despite the negative trend in the aggregate export volume of all types of cocochemicals, overall export receipts generated grew by an average of 10.2 percent per year due to the rising export prices of cocochemicals (9%/year). Among the cocochemical exports of the Philippines, fatty alcohol, fatty acid, and refined glycerine appear to have bright export market prospects as evident from the increase in the number of foreign buyers and the positive trend in export volume, value and price of these cocochemicals. Oleochemical firms forecast that the world demand for natural oleochemicals will grow at 3-4 percent per year due to the world population growth and increased standards of living. The main markets of natural oleochemicals in the world will cntinue to be the United states, Europe and Japan, partly due to the high level of environmental awareness or conciuousness in these countries. For Philippine oleochemicals, the emerging major market is the people's Republic of china. Moreover, the demand for fatty alcohols to be used in the production of surfactants for the laundry and detergent industries in the United States, the People's Republic of China and Taiwan is projected to continue increasing. Considering that the demand for personal care products in Japan, the United States, and Europe is also growing, this, in turn, will increase the demand for fatty amines and derivatives has strong growth, partly due to the growing use in "ultra" liquid detergents and in hair-conditioning products and shampoos. The demand for fatty alcohol is also projected to increase because of the development of new uses of natural fatty alcohols such as the production of alkyl polyglucoside. On the other hand, there are indications that China will show strong growth in fatty acid demand and capacity in the coming applications. Drugs and personal care are by far the most important end-use markets especially in the United States , Western Europe, and Japan, followed by tobacco/triacetin in the United states and Western Europe, Glycerine is also used in manufacturing polyether polyols, alkyd resins, cellophane, explosives and food, among others. Despite the favorable market prospects of oleochemicals in the Philippines is confronted with the following problems which might constrain in the country from capturing a bigger share in the world market for oleochemicals; (1) stagnant coconut production and low coconut productivity; (2) high price of coconut oil and stiff competition with palm kernel oil-based oleochemicals from Malaysia and Indonesia; (3) price competitiveness of ethylene-based synthetic alcohols; (4) new competition coming from rapessed oil and cuphea as a feedstock in olechemicals production due to biotechnological development; (5) negative effects of trade liberaization ; and (6) smuggling of detergents. The future of the local oleochemical industry hinges on the reliability of coconut supply and the price competitiveness of coconut oil vis-a-vis palm kernel oil and ethylene. Unless coconut production is increased and prices of coconut oil are competitive, the country's cocochemical industry will face a bleak future. Given threat facing the local cocochemical industry from palm kernel-based olechemical industries in Malaysia and Indonesia and from synthetic capacities, concerted efforts of both the philippine government and the private sector in undertaking a large-scale replanting program in the country are urgently needed. To be globally conpetitive in the world oleochemical market, the Philippines should not only be cost-efficient in copra/coconut oil production. but in oleochemical manufacturing as well. To expand the domestic and export markets of locally manufactured cocochemicals, researches aimed at developing new uses of cocochemicals must also be accorded priority in terms of budgetary allocation by local research funding institutions.

The analysis of articles and normative documents for quality control and regional origin of wines was carried out. Chemical composition of the grapes and the wine has been considered, qualitative and quantitative changes during vinification, maturation and aging of wine were shown. The basic group of compounds contents and ratios which determine the qualitative characteristics of wines, as well as have an important role in the formation of aroma and taste of the drink was found. The prerequisites for the development of the market of counterfeit products and wine falsification methods were discussed. The analysis of scientific literature and regulatory framework governing the quality of the wines on the territory of Russia and the European Union and the existing approaches to determine their authenticity was conducted, the advantages and disadvantages are shown. The examples of using different criteria for the establishment of natural and adulterated wines have been discussed, as well as their approaches to identify and create a comprehensive system of wine production quality evaluation using methods of physicochemical analysis. The main methodological approaches to establish a wine regional origin, combining the capabilities of modern methods of analysis, mathematical modeling and statistics are analyzed, examples of their use in practice are shown.Keywords: wine, methods of analysis, quality, authenticity, regional origin, falsification, mathematical modeling (Russian)DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.4.001 Yu.F. Yakuba1, A.A. Kaunova2, Z.A. Temerdashev2, V.O. Titarenko2, A.A. Halafjan2 1North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Krasnodar, Russian Federation2 Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russian FederationREFERENCES1. 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Установлены основные группы соединений, содержания и соотношения которых определяют качественные характеристики вин, а также играют важную роль в формировании аромата и вкуса напитка. Обсуждены предпосылки развития рынка поддельной продукции и способы фальсификации вин. Проведен анализ научной литературы и нормативной базы, регламентирующей качество вин на территории России и стран Европейского союза, существующих подходов к определению их подлинности, указаны достоинства и недостатки. Обсуждены примеры использования различных критериев для установления натуральных и фальсифицированных вин, а также подходов их комплексной идентификации и создания системы оценки качества винодельческой продукции с помощью методов физико-химического анализа. Проанализированы основные методические подходы к установлению региональной принадлежности вин, сочетающие возможности современных методов анализа, математического моделирования и статистики, продемонстрированы примеры их использования на практике.Ключевые слова: вина, методы анализа, качество, подлинность, региональная принадлежность, фальсификация, математическое моделированиеDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2014.18.4.001