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Abstract This study investigates the long-term effects of peace-time military conscription on educational attainment and earnings by exploiting a policy change that exempted a complete birth cohort from military service. We find that compulsory military service decreases the proportion of Dutch university graduates by 1.5 percentage points from a baseline of 12.3 per cent. In addition, being a conscript reduces the probability of obtaining a university degree by almost four percentage points. The effect of military service on earnings is also negative and long-lasting. Approximately 18 years after military service, we still find a negative effect of 3 to 4 per cent. The effect of conscription on educational attainment does not fully explain the wage reduction. Jel classification H56; J31; J24

The book describes the social costs of conscription in the Netherlands using methods from Public Finance and Law and Economics. This analysis shows that both the tax for the population, or the subsidy for the armed forces, and the lack of scarcity considering human resources caused by the draft, brings armed forces with too many men, military and youngster at huge costs for the population. The book also shows that almost every other institution in the armed forces, like pay-schemes, selection procedures, seize of troups etc., is influenced by conscription, so that the success of a volunteer force can only be established if these institutions are changed as well. The book also includes issues like the democratic aspects of conscription, the organisation of UN-peacekeeping operations and social conscription. The book is a very valuable source for those researchers, military and politicians that face the question: military conscription or a volunteer-force?

This study investigates the long-term effects of peace-time military conscription on educational attainment and earnings by exploiting a policy change that exempted a complete birth cohort from military service. We find that compulsory military service decreases the proportion of Dutch university graduates by 1.5 percentage points from a baseline of 12.3 per cent. In addition, being a conscript reduces the probability of obtaining a university degree by almost four percentage points. The effect of military service on earnings is also negative and long-lasting. Approximately 18 years after military service, we still find a negative effect of 3 to 4 per cent. The effect of conscription on educational attainment does not fully explain the wage reduction.

This study investigates the long-term effects of peace-time military conscription on educational attainment and earnings by exploiting a policy change that exempted a complete birth cohort from military service. We find that compulsory military service decreases the proportion of Dutch university graduates by 1.5 percentage points from a baseline of 12.3 per cent. In addition, being a conscript reduces the probability of obtaining a university degree by almost four percentage points. The effect of military service on earnings is also negative and long-lasting. Approximately 18 years after military service, we still find a negative effect of 3 to 4 per cent. The effect of conscription on educational attainment does not fully explain the wage reduction.

This research aims to predict conscripts' task cohesion in groups using artificial neural network modelling (NNM). The prediction of task cohesion during military conscription lies on two domains of research. The first is related to team cohesion, its deconstruction, and its measurement, while the second is allied to nonlinear modelling in group behaviour research. To predict this multidimensional and complex phenomenon, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and the radial basis function (RBF) neural networks are used. As a result, the team cohesion in conscript groups, which is a key variable in conscription service effectiveness, was predicted with high accuracy (MPL MOD2= 88% and RBF MOD8=90%) by the models created. The performed modeling shows that according to MPL MOD2 norm cohesion has 100% of normalized importance, while according to RBF MOD8, interpersonal cohesion is the best predictor (normalized importance=100%) for task cohesion in groups during conscription service.

This research aims to predict conscripts' task cohesion in groups using artificial neural network modelling (NNM). The prediction of task cohesion during military conscription lies on two domains of research. The first is related to team cohesion, its deconstruction, and its measurement, while the second is allied to nonlinear modelling in group behaviour research. To predict this multidimensional and complex phenomenon, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and the radial basis function (RBF) neural networks are used. As a result, the team cohesion in conscript groups, which is a key variable in conscription service effectiveness, was predicted with high accuracy (MPL MOD2= 88% and RBF MOD8=90%) by the models created. The performed modeling shows that according to MPL MOD2 norm cohesion has 100% of normalized importance, while according to RBF MOD8, interpersonal cohesion is the best predictor (normalized importance=100%) for task cohesion in groups during conscription service.

The military benefits from fostering an "us-feeling" among its members. On what basis is this formed? Rooted in the discipline of religion, the following article explores how religion feeds into the selective conscription practices of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Combining legal documents with data gathered through interviews with thirty-four soldiers in a combat battalion, it is argued that the IDF's conscription practices are sensitive to the contents of religion. The IDF applies a multifarious concept of religion with significant impact on the IDF's ability to foster a sense of "us." The IDF recruits draftees on the basis of a twofold definition of Judaism, either as an ethnic group or as a theological concept. Both definitions help determine whether one is drafted. Interviews with soldiers expand on this definition, drawing attention to the integrative as well as disintegrative consequences of this notion of religion within the IDF. [Reprinted by permission; copyright Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society/Sage Publications Inc.]

The military benefits from fostering an "us-feeling" among its members. On what basis is this formed? Rooted in the discipline of religion, the following article explores how religion feeds into the selective conscription practices of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Combining legal documents with data gathered through interviews with thirty-four soldiers in a combat battalion, it is argued that the IDF's conscription practices are sensitive to the contents of religion. The IDF applies a multifarious concept of religion with significant impact on the IDF's ability to foster a sense of "us." The IDF recruits draftees on the basis of a twofold definition of Judaism, either as an ethnic group or as a theological concept. Both definitions help determine whether one is drafted. Interviews with soldiers expand on this definition, drawing attention to the integrative as well as disintegrative consequences of this notion of religion within the IDF.

Since the fall of the Brazilian military dictatorship in 1984, a number of structural and ideological changes associated with demilitarization and democracy have changed the face of psychiatric theory and practice. Around the country, pockets of innovative, politically sensitive and Marxist-inspired community-based forms of "psi" practice are developing. This emergent psi movement is making a range of positive contributions to the lives of average citizens, including those of poor disenfranchized youth. This paper, however, explores one particular dimension of the work of psi practitioners that has proven antithetical to the psi community's current politicized community-based aims. Based on qualitative and quantitative longitudinal ethnographic fieldwork with therapists and young men in Pelotas, this paper analyzes how certain kinds of psi interventions being carried out in schools for a subset of lower-class young men during their early teen years are encouraging some youth to seek military training as a life option. Although these young men initially had quite captivating, engaged and politicized—if also conflicting—interactions with therapists, their eventual disillusionment with their therapeutic and scholastic experiences resulted in high levels of social alienation and depoliticization. In these young men's search for what can best be described as formulaic solutions to troubling psychological experiences associated with a tumultuous institutionalized transition to adulthood, military training came to represent a form of self-cultivation and self-therapy. Several youth also hoped military training would enable them to actively disengage with local political processes and find shelter from troubling social inequities and injustice. The paper ends by reviewing the implications of these results for the future of psi knowledge and practice in Brazil.