Suchergebnisse

This project has as its aim to generate a strategic plan to improve the ranking position for the Micro-Brewery 2G, for that, starting from theoretically sustained it was made a strategic diagnosis of its present situation there have been designed strategies. It was applied a methodology with qualitative - quantitative focus by exploratory and descriptive type, the survey and interview technique. Among the strengths rely on skilled staff, quality product, fund affordability, reliable suppliers, and a strategic geographical location. The weaknesses are the undefined processes, an incipient market study, inadequate marketing and advertising, inefficient channels of distribution and sales management. The opportunities listed may be the incentives to develop entrepreneurships, the rise of the demand craft beer, political stability, technological development and innovative production capacity. Meanwhile, the preference for industrial manufactured beer, the limited suppliers for raw material, the rivalry between companies, standardized costs of the products and a potential development of substitute products are listed in the threats. The strategies draw from the results of the SWOT, EEAP and EIM patterns. The analysis of feasibility verified that the plan implementation is workable, the NPV is USD 30.133,74, the IRR is higher than the cost of opportunity and the IBP is lower than 3 years. ; Este proyecto tiene el objetivo de generar un plan estratégico que mejore la posición actual de la micro cervecería "2G" del Pujilí, a partir de la fundamentación teórica se realizó un diagnóstico estratégico de la situación actual y se diseñaron estrategias. Se utilizó la metodología con enfoque mixto cualitativo-cuantitativo de tipo exploratorio y descriptivo, la técnica de entrevista y encuesta. Se encontraron oportunidades: incentivos para emprendimientos, incremento de la demanda de cerveza artesanal, estabilidad política, desarrollo tecnológico y capacidad de producción innovadora; amenazas: preferencia por el consumo de ...

Micro Finance has become one of the most effective instruments for economic development of the poor. Expansion of rural credit delivery system since 1947 has not changed the dependence of the poor on money lenders ad commission agents. The dependence of the rural poor on non-institutional sources of credit is one of the causes that perpetuate their poverty. The poverty alleviation and government sponsored schemes in banks have problems in implementation, with more Non Performing Assets than of other schemes and therefore failed to deliver the expected results. Thus the rural banking institutions are out of step with changing rural credit. The situation necessitated the formation Self Help Groups for enabling the poor to participate in the process of development. Micro Finance or Micro credit for the poor and women has received extensive recognition as a strategy for poverty reduction and for economic development. Micro finance aims at organizing people particularly around credit and building capacities to manage money. The focus is on getting the poor to mobilize their own funds, building their capacities and empowering them to leverage external credit.

Online frauds are a category of Internet crime that has been increasing globally over the past years. Online fraudsters use a lot of different arenas and methods to commit their crimes and that is making defence against online fraudsters a difficult task. Today we see continuous warnings in the daily press and both researchers and governmental web-pages propose that Internet users gather knowledge about online frauds in order to avoid victimisation. In this paper we suggest a framework for presenting this knowledge to the Internet users when they are about to enter a situation where they need it. We provide an evaluation of the framework that indicates that it can both make users less prone to fraudulent ads and more trusting towards legitimate ads. This is done with a survey containing 117 participants over two groups where the participants were asked to rate the trustworthiness of fraudulent and legitimate ads. One groups used the framework before the rating and the other group did not. The results showed that, in our study, the participants using the framework put less trust in fraudulent ads and more trust in legitimate ads.

Abstract: This essay seeks to contribute to the contemporary literature on urbanization by focusing on the internal diversity existing in one emerging global city—Miami. We present first overall economic characteristics of this metropolitan area before discussing characteristics of three pairs of municipalities within it. These localities were deliberately selected to highlight contrasts and disparities in the history and present situation of specific places that tend to be ignored or bypassed in general descriptions of a given metropolitan area. A focus on these disparities provides a necessary tool to fully understand the dynamics of urbanization under contemporary capitalism.

Abstract Micro-Raman and micro-transmission imaging experiments have been done on epitaxial graphene grown on the C- and Si-faces of on-axis 6H-SiC substrates. On the C-face it is shown that the SiC sublimation process results in the growth of long and isolated graphene ribbons (up to 600 μm) that are strain-relaxed and lightly p-type doped. In this case, combining the results of micro-Raman spectroscopy with micro-transmission measurements, we were able to ascertain that uniform monolayer ribbons were grown and found also Bernal stacked and misoriented bilayer ribbons. On the Si-face, the situation is completely different. A full graphene coverage of the SiC surface is achieved but anisotropic growth still occurs, because of the step-bunched SiC surface reconstruction. While in the middle of reconstructed terraces thin graphene stacks (up to 5 layers) are grown, thicker graphene stripes appear at step edges. In both the cases, the strong interaction between the graphene layers and the underlying SiC substrate induces a high compressive thermal strain and n-type doping. ; We greatly acknowledge for partial support the EC through the RTN "ManSiC" Project (Grant MRTN-CT-2006-035735) and the French ANR through the Graph-SiC Project (Grant No. ANR-07-Blanc-0161). Finally, one of us (N.C.) acknowledges the Spanish Government for a Grant "Juan de la Cierva 2006" during his stay in Barcelona ; Peer Reviewed

The article deals with the questions of the psychologist's activity regarding assistance to the person in crisis. The basics of the theory of crisis intervention are outlined, the concept of crisis is operationalized and criteria for distinguishing between the concepts of micro trauma and micro trauma are introduced. The conceptual apparatus of the approach is developed in detail and the necessity of its unified understanding by practical psychologists is substantiated. The purpose of the article is to analyze the process of crisis intervention in the activity of the psychological service (psychologist), which takes measures to resolve the traumatic situation and reduce its impact on human life. An important factor in crisis intervention is the psychologist's understanding of the nature of the crisis, the severity and mechanisms of its experience. An important place is given to the stages of personal response, which determines the strategy and directions of professional intervention. Analyzing the process of crisis intervention in the activities of a psychologist (psychological service) identified important tasks that should be implemented: 1) the removal of symptoms; 2) recovery to crisis level of functioning; 3) awareness of those events that lead to an imbalance; 4) identify the internal resources of the client and family in various forms of crisis management assistance. The theoretical and practical recommendations given are outlined by the use of the voyage method, based on the real case of a crisis situation, which led to psychological trauma in participants and witnesses. As the above case is related to a terrorist act, the article also provides theoretical and methodological information regarding the specificity of the work of a psychologist with the concept of terrorism and the peculiarities of its impact on participants and witnesses of such acts. Based on the results of the case study, the author formulated practical recommendations for practicing psychologists on what to consider when dealing with an injury, especially if it was caused by an act of terrorism. The article concludes with the need to take into account the emotional reactions of a person to a crisis and the long-term changes in their ability to withstand daily problems. Crucial in dealing with clients is given to the psychological conditions that are discussed in detail in the article.

AbstractThe timing of moves in conventional games is deterministic. To better capture the uncertainty of many real world situations, we postulate a stochastic timing framework. The players get a revision opportunity at a pre-specified time (common to them) with some known probability (different across them). The probabilistic revisions resemble the Calvo (1983) timing widely used in macroeconomics, and by nesting the standard simultaneous move game and Stackelberg leadership they can serve as a "dynamic commitment" device. The analysis shows how the revision time and probabilities affect the outcomes in games with multiple and/or inefficient equilibria. Unsurprisingly, we show in the Battle of the sexes that commitment – low revision probability relative to the opponent – improves the player's chances to uniquely achieve his preferred outcome (i.e. to dominate). What may, however, seem surprising is that the less committed (higher revision probability) player may dominate the game under some circumstances (for which we derive the necessary and sufficient conditions). This is in contrast to the intuition of Stackelberg leadership where the more committed player (leader) always does so. The paper then applies the framework to the strategic interaction between monetary and fiscal policies in the aftermath of the Global financial crisis. It is modelled as the Game of chicken in which a double-dip recession and deflation can occur when both policies postpone stimulatory measures – attempting to induce the other policy to carry them out. In order to link our theoretic results to the real world, we develop new indices of monetary and fiscal policy leadership (pre-commitment) and quantify them using institutional characteristics of high-income countries. This exercise shows that the danger of the undesirable deflationary scenario caused by a monetary–fiscal policy deadlock may be high in some major economies.

"Auch die Hochschulen sind unter Ökonomisierungsdruck geraten - in Deutschland später als in Großbritannien oder den Niederlanden, aber dennoch letzten Endes ohne Chance, sich dem zu entziehen. Ökonomisierung heißt dabei in differenzierungstheoretischer Perspektive, dass Organisationen eines gesellschaftlichen Teilsystems in eine Situation geraten, in der die bisherige Vorherrschaft ihres eigenen binären Codes bzw. 'nomos' (Bourdieu) dadurch gefährdet wird, dass der Code bzw. das Ethos der Wirtschaft Einzug hält - mindestens in dem Sinne, dass wirtschaftliche Verluste vermieden werden, teilweise aber auch weitergehender so verstanden, dass Gewinnerzielung zur neuen Maxime wird (siehe z.B. das Schlagwort des 'academic capitalism'). Um derartige Vorgänge angemessen zu verstehen, ist es wichtig, eine Mehrebenenbetrachtung vorzunehmen, die systematisch die Makroebene gesellschaftlicher Teilsysteme, die Mesoebene von Organisationen und die Mikroebene der Leistungsproduktion von Individuen und Arbeitsgruppen unterscheidet und aufeinander bezieht. In international vergleichenden (Deutschland, Österreich, Niederlande, Großbritannien, Australien) Forschungsprojekten zu Hochschulreformen im Sinne von 'new public management' geht es dem Verfasser darum, gesellschaftliche Dynamiken des Verhältnisses von Wissenschaft und anderen Teilsystemen (u.a. 'massification of higher education', 'mode 2 of knowledge production', 'science in a steady state') mit Veränderungen von inter- und intraorganisatorischen Governance-Regimes der nationalen Hochschulsysteme zu verknüpfen und dies wiederum daraufhin zu befragen, welche Auswirkungen es auf die wissenschaftliche Leistungsproduktion (Qualität, Themen, Forschungstypus, Balance von mainstream und unorthodoxen Perspektiven) hat. Die empirisch für den Hochschulsektor feststellbaren Ergebnisse lassen sich auf andere gesellschaftliche Teilsysteme (Bildungssystem, Kunst, Massenmedien, Gesundheitssystem) übertragen. Bourdieus Konzept der 'Intrusion' lässt sich in eine an Luhmann orientierte, aber akteurtheoretisch fundierte differenzierungstheoretische Perspektive einbauen." (Autorenreferat)

The effects of climate change are becoming increasingly pronounced and powerful, taking on an alarming scale and imposing enormous economic and human costs on humanity. However, the burden of these costs is unevenly distributed with the poorest and most vulnerable bearing the heaviest toll. Such a situation requires specific and targeted measures, if the humanity seriously intends to meet the goals of International Sustainable Development Strategy. This is an unprecedented challenge to humanity not only because of the size of financial resources needed to be mobilized, but also because of the tension between socio-economic and political short, mid and long-term goals and aims, tension between the needs to ensure a rapid and quantitative economic growth and the needs to reduce mass poverty and social inequality. The article attempts to review policies and measures undertaken by governments and civil society groups to resolve the above tensions by developing integrative adaptation policies and measures, which allow to simultaneously address the problems of environment degradation, natural disaster risks and socio-economic development. It focuses on most vulnerable segments of population: self-employed and employees of micro, small and medium enterprises, both formal and informal. The article highlights prevailing world-wide trends in disaster risk management and risk reduction efforts and tries to identify most innovative and effective programs, which could be adjusted to specific conditions of Russia.

Entrepreneurship is the means of creating new and innovative concerns. People with unique and distinct knowledge can start an enterprise with the intention of earning and employment generation. In the era of inflation, it becoming very difficult to lead a life with ease. Since government cannot give employment to every single person in the society, it has facilitated the people with lots of financial and non-financial institutions from where they can borrow and start their own concerns. Now it has seen in the society also that people are working for themselves. Lots of micro-entrepreneurs are working in the society and serving the country and other people as well. It has a huge contribution in the economic development also. Everything was going smooth and lots of people were getting their employment also. But the covid situation cause the problem in the path of success of the micro-entrepreneurs. Pandemic situation created huge problem in the work culture of industries. With the help of this present set of research work researcher tends to find out the problems faced by the entrepreneurs due to pandemic. It was found that entrepreneurs failed to maintain their financial position as they had to pay their all the fixed costs like, instalments of loans, salary, electricity bills, etc. without having constant earnings. Despite of having regular work they had to take care of all their employees' family also. As lots of people have lost their jobs, entrepreneurs also suffer from lots of consequences. After reviewing all the factors affecting the industry due to covid pandemic and analysing the situations researcher suggested that entrepreneurs should add more attractive factors and benefits in their products, so that they can attract more new customers towards their products. Also, they should change their mode of advertisement and marketing to reach their customers with more precisely.

In the sociological literature on social mobility, the long-standing convention has been to assume that intergenerational reproduction takes one of two forms, either a categorical form that has parents passing on a big-class position to their children, or a gradational form that has parents passing on their socioeconomic standing to their children. These conventional approaches ignore in their own ways the important role that occupations play in transferring advantage and disadvantage from one generation to the next. In log-linear analyses of nationally representative data from the United States, Sweden, Germany, and Japan, we show that (a) occupations are an important conduit for reproduction, (b) the most extreme rigidities in the mobility regime are only revealed when analyses are carried out at the detailed occupational level, and (c) much of what shows up as big-class reproduction in conventional mobility analyses is in fact occupational reproduction in disguise. Although the four countries studied here differ in the extent to which the occupational form has been institutionalized, we show that it is too prominent to ignore in any of these countries. Even in Japan, which has long been regarded as distinctively 'deoccupationalized,' we find evidence of extreme occupational rigidities. These results suggest that an occupational mechanism for reproduction may be a fundamental feature of all contemporary mobility regimes. [author's abstract]

This paper uses micro data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) to generate structural information for the euro area on the incidence of household indebtedness and the debt service burden. It breaks down incidence by characteristics such as income, age and employment status, all features that can be cross-referenced in the light of theories such as the life-cycle hypothesis. Overall, income appears to be the dominant feature determining the debt status of a household. The paper also examines the evolution of indebtedness and debt service burdens over time and compares the situation in the euro area with that in the United States. In general, the results suggest that the macroeconomic implications of indebtedness for monetary transmission and financial stability are not associated with the mean but with the tails of the distribution.

This project investigates how the actors in a transportation chain are expected to act when different types of governmental control policies are applied. A simulation-based tool is being developed for use in analyzing the effects of different control policies. The simulator is based on agent technology and include some intelligence with respect to how the transport operators act in different situations. The simulator will be used for analyzing the total costs and environmental effects and in this way provide guidance in decision making regarding control policies. Also, cost-effective strategies for companies can be determined with the simulator.

Abstract Regional development is fundamental to equally develop countries. This paper focus on the micro-regional aspect of engineering education and its spillovers to understand the current impact in macro regional Human Development Indexes of Education (HDI_E) and Revenue (HDI_R). A complete analysis of official government data in all micro-regions, the number of Engineering institutions, total graduates and total enabled engineers is cross-referenced with bibliographical review. This paper reaches the conclusion that not only the scenario is challenging but changes are needed to reverse the unequal situation found in the country as the presence of Engineering Universities is directly related to better results in Revenue (HDI_R) and General Education (HDI_E).

Small and micro businesses are the key elements of market economy and most dynamic, flexible business sales form. Establishment and development of micro enterprises are a necessary condition for forming normal economic environment, what promotes manufacturing goods and competition between service companies. Micro enterprises are important source of work-places, create spirit of entrepreneurship and innovation in European Union and therefor are essential for strenghtening empoyment and competition. Lately there are heard a lot of speeches in media about importance of small and medium enterprises in the European Union and national level, but rarely are mentioned that most of these enterprises are exacly micro enterprises. Micro-enterprise is not a small version of a large company! Their legal condition, situation in market, opportunities of attracting financial means fundamentally differs from large companies. So approach in fostering development of micro enterprises has to be tailor-made for exact needs of micro entrepreneurs. Practice shows that micro enterprise managers often deal with problems, rather than foresees problems and plans solutions in advance. They lack knowledge (its world-wide problem of micro entrepreneurs!), skills and funding. State initiatives are formal, not connected to real micro entrepreneur`s needs and focused on the supply of financial resources, but part of knowledge and skills sometimes are of greater importance as it determines correct and effective use of money. Taking into account specific details of micro enterprises management, probably the best solution for getting knowledge is a partnership, openness to information from other micro-entrepreneurs and the power of cooperation. The article aims to analyze the specific features of micro-enterprises, their importance and resources fostering competitiveness, particularly highlighting two emerging trends in the world: focus on knowledge and openness in context of micro entrepreneurs and possibilities to adjust these tendencies to the ...