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TYPICAL STATEMENTS ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIVIL servants and ministers include the following which I have come across myselc 'it is the Civil Service mandarins who really run the country', 'a strong minister must frequently reject his department's advice to prove he is master'; 'all decisions by government are based not on the merits of the case but whether they are likely to attract votes at the next election'. The first of these implies that a minister is powerless in the grip of his department and the last that a minister ignores all departmental advice unless it suits his short-term political objectives. The actual relationship between politician and civil servant cannot be explained in such simple and extreme terms. It is also in most cases a relationship which develops and improves as those concerned get used to working together. This is fortunate because if any of the above statements was entirely true, it would be difficult to have much confidence in the future of our particular democratic system.

In this article I shall argue that a fundamental and often overlooked trait of ideas and opinions is their controversial or, if you prefer, dialectical character. This means that an idea or an opinion—the words here being used in a general sense—must be seen in connection with its opposite, especially if we are concerned to find its social roots and meaning. To express an idea, to state one's view about something, is a certain kind of action. The purpose of this action is not only to establish a fact but also to exclude other opinions about this fact and, directly or indirectly, to argue against competing opinions, ideologies, theories, and groups. The local or temporal dominance of any particular opinion prompts the question, Why was this position so emphatically maintained? Which were the competing opinions to be excluded?

AbstractMalaysian Mandarin is a unique variation of Mandarin that exhibits certain degrees of variation as opposed to Putonghua, the standardized Mandarin spoken in Mainland China. Following the spread of Putonghua under the Mandarin globalization trend, the issue of language standardization has become a central concern among the Chinese Malaysian community. This article examines the central principles of language standardization and thus gives suggestions to the proper and workable strategies needed for managing the Malaysian Mandarin variations. By these principles, in addition to an analysis of issues within Malaysian Mandarin standardization, this article proposes, through illustration of lexical standardization, a flexible and dynamic approach to setting strategies for standardization of Malaysian Mandarin with regard to the Mandarin globalization trend.

Intro -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- CHAPTER 1 Modernization Theory and American Modernism -- CHAPTER 2 From the European Past to the American Present -- CHAPTER 3 The Harvard Department of Social Relations and the Intellectual Origins of Modernization Theory -- CHAPTER 4 The Rise of Modernization Theory in Political Science -- CHAPTER 5 Modernization Theory as a Foreign Policy Doctrine -- CHAPTER 6 The Collapse of Modernization Theory -- C H A P T E R 7 The Postmodern Turn and the Aftermath of Modernization Theory -- Notes -- Essay on Sources -- Index.

This study investigates ostensible refusals in response to four types of stimulus speech acts (request, suggestion, invitation and offer). Based on the collected data, the study aims to make an overall analysis of ostensible refusal speech acts in Chinese language and explores the basic guiding principle that underlies the interactional process of ostensible refusing. Consequently, it briefly revisits the ostensible refusals in Chinese context. The results show that ostensible refusals can exist in all four types of initiating speech acts, among which the ostensible refusals to request and suggestion are rarely investigated. Overall, ostensible refusals rely on both linguistic and non-linguistic (prosodic and paralinguistic features) devices. In terms of manner and pragmatic efforts of ostensible refusing, they vary slightly from type to type. Underlying the ostensible refusal-negotiation is the dynamic balance principle which guides interactants to employ different pragmatic strategies in ostensible refusing.

La philosophie de Habermas est un contrepoint à une certaine tradition « platonico-allemande », faite d'élitisme intellectuel ou de chantage à l'anarchie démocratique. Pour lui, outre sa dimension conservatrice et ses compromissions avec le fascisme (Carl Schmitt, Heidegger), cette tradition ne peut rendre compte de la physionomie des sociétés modernes.