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Given that online platforms disrupt established industries and challenge existing institutions, they can only be successful if their innovation becomes both legal and legitimate. This requires 'institutional work' that changes perceptions and regulations within society. Rather than only focussing on the online platform as the sole agent engaging in institutional work, our study analyses institutional work as a collective process. We investigate the case of home-sharing platform Airbnb and the process of institutional change its introduction prompted regarding short-term rental in Amsterdam, London and New York. We find, contrary to the popular view of online platforms as disruptive entrepreneurs, that the platform mainly focusses on creating new institutions rather than disrupting existing ones, and that users and non-users undertake most of the institutional work activities. We also show that different types of actors carry out different types of institutional work suggesting that the process of institutional work is highly distributed.

Two forms of accounting are used at an enterprise, namely, a financial accounting and a management accounting. The purpose of a financial accounting is a presentation of information on the property and financial position of the enterprise. Financial accounting is regulated by laws, standards, other normative acts. The main product of this accounting is a financial statement. It is most frequently used by external users.Because of different economical, historical and other conditions three main models of accounting were formed: the British-American, the Continent and the South American. However, a globalization of economy and an appearance of international corporations dictated a necessity to harmonize a financial accounting. So, regional and world bookkeeping organizations appeared. International Accounting Stan· dards and Directives of European Union were developed. The requirement of bookkeeping laws and other normative acts of various states are coordinated with these Standards and Directives.The purpose of management accounting is a provision of information necessary for a management of an enterprise. It is not or almost is not regulated, so it is more individualized and adapted to the specified enterprise. Within last decades management accounting professionals developed and introduced many innovations which considerably extended its possibilities. They include a calculation according to ABC conception, an acquisition of raw and other materials according to Just-in-time systems, methodics of an estimation of the activities of the enterprise upon conditions of an inflation.On an application of ABC conception the indirect expenses are calculated OD the base of various criteria, on which these expenses depend. This enables to calculate more exactly the cost price of the product and to determine its structure.The basic principle of the Just-in-time system is a supply of all the component, necessary for the production, just on the moment, when they are necessary. This allows to avoid large stocks and storehouses.An application of management accounting methods allows to calculate more precisely the results of the activities of an enterprise and simultaneously protect property rights of the proprietor.More attention should be paid to an improvement of accounting in Lithuania. A comprehensive law on bookkeeping and national accounting standards are necessary. It would be purposeful to establish a management accounting institute - a professional organization, financed by the state and private enterprises and engaged in a development of management accounting. ; Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais visame pasaulyje daug dirbama tobulinant ir harmonizuojant apskaitą. Pasiekti rezultatai iš esmės pakeitė apskaitos reikšmę įmonei valdyti. Lietuvoje tik prieš dešimt metų pradėta diegti apskaitą, atitinkančią rinkos ekonomikos sąlygas. Nors pasiekta nemažai, apskaitos galimybės iki galo neišnaudojamos, ypač priimant strateginius valdymo sprendimus. Į apskaitą vis dar žiūrima kaip į faktų techninio registravimo priemonę. Iš dalies taip yra dėl to, kad vadybininkai neišmano visų apskaitos galimybių, o buhalteriai nežino vadybininkų poreikių. Kartais ir pačių buhalterių kvalifikacija nepasiekė tokio lygio, kad jie galėtų pateikti originalių pasiūlymų.Straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti apskaitos galimybes ir naujausių jos laimėjimų reikšmę racionalizuojant ir tobulinant įmonės veiklą.

"Packed with step-by-step examples and illustrative case studies, and updated to reflect the latest changes in economic policy and the financial landscape, Finance and Accounting for Nonfinancial Managers is a nuts-and-bolts guide for managers, entrepreneurs, seasoned executives, teachers, and students alike. William G. Droms and Jay O. Wright's definitive guide to financial analysis and management is now revised throughout and features a new chapter on the Dodd-Frank Act and JOBS Act, bringing the book up to date for the post-recession economy while still covering all major aspects of financial management, including: Reading a Balance Sheet ; Mastering the Accounting Cycle ; Making Long-term Investment Decisions ; Conducting Breakeven Analysis for Profit Planning ; Calculating the Cost of Capital ; Evaluating Closely Held Companies and much more."-- From back cover

The article introduces the theoretical foundations of the author's original concept of accounting engineering. We assume a theoretical premise whereby accounting engineering is understood as a system of accounting practice utilising differences in economic events resultant from the use of divergent accounting methods. Unlike, for instance, creative or praxeological accounting, accounting engineering is composed only, and under all circumstances, of lawful activities and adheres to the current regulations of the balance sheet law. The aim of the article is to construct a model of accounting engineering exploiting taking into account differences inherently present in variant accounting. These differences result in disparate financial results of identical economic events. Given the fact that regardless of which variant is used in accounting, all settlements are eventually equal to one another, a new class of differences emerges - the accounting engineering potential. It is transferred to subsequent reporting (balance sheet) periods. In the end, the profit 'made' in a given period reduces the financial result of future periods. This effect is due to the 'transfer' of costs from one period to another. Such actions may have sundry consequences and are especially dangerous whenever many individuals are concerned with the profit of a given company, e.g. on a stock exchange. The reverse may be observed when a company is privatised and its value is being intentionally reduced by a controlled recording of accounting provisions, depending on the degree to which they are justified. The reduction of a company's goodwill in Balcerowicz's model of no-tender privatisation allows to justify the low value of the purchased company. These are only some of many manifestations of variant accounting which accounting engineering employs. A theoretical model of the latter is presented in this article.

Institutions have a decisive impact on the prevalence and nature of entrepreneurship. To date, the impact of institutions on (productive) entrepreneurship and the effects of entrepreneurship on economic growth have largely been investigated in isolation. In this paper, we bring together institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth using a parsimonious growth model in a 3SLS specification. In our first stage, we regress multiple measures of entrepreneurial activity on institutional proxies that are known to correlate with more productive forms of entrepreneurial activity. Using the fitted values of this first-stage regression as our proxy for productive entrepreneurship, we can then estimate a panel growth regression following Islam (1995) in a second stage. The third stage then optimizes the estimation of the two equations simultaneously. Our results show that productive entrepreneurship contributes to economic growth. In our set of proxies for institutional quality, financial stability, small government, and perceived start-up skills are the most important predictors of such productive entrepreneurship.

Contributed articles; in the Indian context

We investigate the unemployment impact of the 2008 crisis to study the relationship between economic and technological resilience in 248 European Union regions. For economic resilience we measure the difference between the level of unemployment rate before crisis and the level of unemployment rate at its peak after the crisis — i.e. the unemployment resistance. Using European Patent Office patents, we look at all technological crises in each region since 1978 and build a variable of technological resilience measuring the historical ability of a region to maintain its level of knowledge creation in the face of adverse shocks — i.e. the technological resistance. We find that technological resistance is a good predictor of unemployment resistance. In particular, our results show that (1) important interaction effects exist between technological resistance and human capital, (2) technological resistance and the level of human capital are less effective in protecting female and elder adult workers during an economic crisis and (3) important country level effects are present.

With the increased number of environmental problems in the global scope, the application of environmental management accounting (EMA) in enterprises had attracted constant attention all over the world. Even though EMA has become in the world a new and hot research direction, China's application of EMA research was relatively small. With the strengthening of environmental protection work in China, the Chinese government and enterprises had tried to accept the use of EMA and gradually caught up with the pace of international environment requirements. Previous studies showed the level of adoption and implementation of EMA was still weak, especially in developing countries. A current paper showed results of a pilot research on manufacturing companies conducted in China. Although some studies questioned the extent of the use of EMA, the findings of the research suggested that the use of EMA had potential for further development in China. However, this study is a pilot study, thus the sample size was considered insufficient but a future study had been suggested to produce more accurate results and findings.

"The careful management of costs and operations are two of the most essential elements for successful operation of any organization - public, private, or nonprofit. This book demonstrates that a good grounding in cost basics, especially those related to cost accounting, operations management, and quality control can help all organizations, in particular government, increase efficiency, improve performance, and, in the end, do a better job of running its everyday operation. The book is divided into three parts: Part I offers thorough coverage of cost fundamentals, with an emphasis on basic cost concepts, cost behavior, cost analysis, cost assignment, cost allocation and cost control. Part II deals with optimization in government. Included in this part are traditional or classical optimization with applications in inventory management and queuing, followed by mathematical programming, network analysis, productivity measurement, and games and decisions. Finally, Part III deals with a special case in cost and optimization that has become important in recent years - quality control. Simple, accessible language and explanations are integrated throughout, and examples have been drawn from government so that readers can easily relate to them. Cost and Optimization is required reading for practicing public managers and students of public administration in need of a clear, concise guide to maximizing public resource efficiency"--

The careful management of costs and operations are two of the most essential elements for successful operation of any organization - public, private, or nonprofit. This book demonstrates that a good grounding in cost basics, especially those related to cost accounting, operations management, and quality control can help all organizations, in particular government, increase efficiency, improve performance, and, in the end, do a better job of running its everyday operation. The book is divided into three parts: Part I offers thorough coverage of cost fundamentals, with an emphasis on basic cost concepts, cost behavior, cost analysis, cost assignment, cost allocation, and cost control. Part II deals with optimization in government. Included in this part are traditional or classical optimization with applications in inventory management and queuing, followed by mathematical programming, network analysis, productivity measurement, and games and decisions. Finally, Part III deals with a special case in cost and optimization that has become important in recent years - quality control. Simple, accessible language and explanations are integrated throughout, and examples have been drawn from government so that readers can easily relate to them. Cost and Optimization is required reading for practicing public managers and students of public administration in need of a clear, concise guide to efficient use of public resources.

The careful management of costs and operations are two of the most essential elements for successful operation of any organization - public, private, or nonprofit. This book demonstrates that a good grounding in cost basics, especially those related to cost accounting, operations management, and quality control can help all organizations, in particular government, increase efficiency, improve performance, and, in the end, do a better job of running its everyday operation. The book is divided into three parts: Part I offers thorough coverage of cost fundamentals, with an emphasis on basic cost concepts, cost behavior, cost analysis, cost assignment, cost allocation, and cost control. Part II deals with optimization in government. Included in this part are traditional or classical optimization with applications in inventory management and queuing, followed by mathematical programming, network analysis, productivity measurement, and games and decisions. Finally, Part III deals with a special case in cost and optimization that has become important in recent years - quality control. Simple, accessible language and explanations are integrated throughout, and examples have been drawn from government so that readers can easily relate to them. Cost and Optimization is required reading for practicing public managers and students of public administration in need of a clear, concise guide to efficient use of public resources.