Suchergebnisse

Existing studies that question the role of planning as a state institution, whose interests it serves together with those disputing the merits of collaborative planning are all essentially concerned with the broader issue of power in society. Although there have been various attempts to highlight the distorting effects of power, the research emphasis to date has been focused on the operation of power within the formal structures that constitute the planning system. As a result, relatively little attention has been attributed to the informal strategies or tactics that can be utilised by powerful actors to further their own interests. This article seeks to address this gap by identifying the informal strategies used by the holders of power to bypass the formal structures of the planning system and highlight how these procedures are to a large extent systematic and (almost) institutionalised in a shadow planning system. The methodology consists of a series of semi-structured qualitative interviews with 20 urban planners working across four planning authorities within the Greater Dublin Area, Ireland. Empirical findings are offered that highlight the importance of economic power in the emergence of what essentially constitutes a shadow planning system. More broadly, the findings suggest that much more cognisance of the structural relations that govern how power is distributed in society is required and that 'light touch' approaches that focus exclusively on participation and deliberation need to be replaced with more radical solutions that look towards the redistribution of economic power between stakeholders.

During the 12 years that the formal system of public participation in town and country planning has been in operation, two views of the likely outcome of its introduction have been consistently advanced. On the one hand participation has been seen as a device to achieve consensus which would in tum lead to public support for planning proposals and reduce administrative delays.
Reference to official government publications such as the Town and Country Planning (Development Plans) Direction 1965; the Report of the Planning Advisory Group 1965; the Town and Country Planning Acts of 1968 and 1971 and associated circulars, e.g. 44/71; 52/72; 55/77, and 4/79, and the Skeffington Report would seem to confirm that consensus is implicit in the planner's perception of public participation.
The other view of the implications of introducing participation into the town and country planning process is that it inevitably leads to conflicts of interest and results in a change in the balance of power insofar as the taking of decisions on local issues is concerned.

Landscape has acquired great importance in the urban and territorial policies of European countries after the European Landscape Convention. Italy has a long tradition in the protection of landscape and cultural heritage, characterised by a particular attention to the history and the identity culture of the communities. The main rule in this field, the Code of Cultural Heritage and Landscape of 2004 (Urbani Code), refers to a mix of environmental, cultural, and social factors belonging to different types of natural and urban landscapes that Regional Landscape Plans have to identify, sharing with local communities. The most important innovation concerns the attempt to overcome the binding and regulatory approach, only focused on protection constraints, in order to generate high awareness about the identity value of landscape and to encourage a more democratic community participation in the landscape policies. The ineffectiveness of landscape policies is often due to the lack of sharing of the landscape vision and planning approaches established at regional level, with local authorities and settled communities. This paper reflects on the topic of inter-institutional collaboration between national, regional, and local authorities, by focusing on the process of adaptation of urban local plans to the regional landscape plans and comparing different regional contexts. The article highlights a strong delay in the approval of regional landscape plans and a relevant inter-institutional conflict in the co-planning phase with the national authority, leading to the ineffectiveness of landscape plans in the transfer of regional landscape planning guidelines to the local landscape scale, with relevant consequences on territorial government, between conservative measures and transformation drivers.

© 2008 Elsevier Ltd ; International audience ; The development of wind energy in France presents an exemplary case of contrast between the policy instrument and its effectiveness in terms of installed wind power capacity. After 7 years of one of the highest feed-in tariffs in the world, the installed capacity in France is still very low. This is notably due to a diffuse pattern of administrative landscape protection which impacts on the construction of wind power potential. In turn, the pace of wind power development can be understood only by looking in more detail at the way in which landscape is dealt with in local planning processes. This paper examines the question using the case of Aveyron in southern France. We follow the shifting ways in which landscape is enrolled in wind power planning, in a context where new planning instruments favor an incipient decentralization in wind power policy. The case points to a change in both the networks and the concepts involved in the design of landscape representations that underlie the construction of wind power potential. We show that this change has been forced by the far-reaching and decentralized visual impacts of wind power technology, suggesting that technology is recomposing the social as part of its development process and questioning the very meaning and perception that is given to landscape. ; Le développement de l'énergie éolienne en France illustre de façon exemplaire l'écart qui peut survenir entre l'instrument d'une politique publique et son efficacité. Malgré sept années de soutien à la filière éolienne par un tarif d'achat parmi les plus élevés au monde, les capacités installées restent très faibles dans l'hexagone. Cela est notamment du à une tradition administrative de protection du paysage dont l'influence est significative sur la définition des potentiels éoliens. Aussi, il est important d'examiner comment les enjeux de paysage sont intégrés aux processus de production des planifications éoliennes ; ce que nous proposons d'étudier à partir du cas de ...

© 2008 Elsevier Ltd ; International audience ; The development of wind energy in France presents an exemplary case of contrast between the policy instrument and its effectiveness in terms of installed wind power capacity. After 7 years of one of the highest feed-in tariffs in the world, the installed capacity in France is still very low. This is notably due to a diffuse pattern of administrative landscape protection which impacts on the construction of wind power potential. In turn, the pace of wind power development can be understood only by looking in more detail at the way in which landscape is dealt with in local planning processes. This paper examines the question using the case of Aveyron in southern France. We follow the shifting ways in which landscape is enrolled in wind power planning, in a context where new planning instruments favor an incipient decentralization in wind power policy. The case points to a change in both the networks and the concepts involved in the design of landscape representations that underlie the construction of wind power potential. We show that this change has been forced by the far-reaching and decentralized visual impacts of wind power technology, suggesting that technology is recomposing the social as part of its development process and questioning the very meaning and perception that is given to landscape. ; Le développement de l'énergie éolienne en France illustre de façon exemplaire l'écart qui peut survenir entre l'instrument d'une politique publique et son efficacité. Malgré sept années de soutien à la filière éolienne par un tarif d'achat parmi les plus élevés au monde, les capacités installées restent très faibles dans l'hexagone. Cela est notamment du à une tradition administrative de protection du paysage dont l'influence est significative sur la définition des potentiels éoliens. Aussi, il est important d'examiner comment les enjeux de paysage sont intégrés aux processus de production des planifications éoliennes ; ce que nous proposons d'étudier à partir du cas de l'Aveyron, dans le sud de la France. L'analyse porte en particulier sur les étapes de conception et les jeux d'acteurs qui sous-tendent la planification éolienne aveyronnaise. Elle s'intéresse aussi à la façon dont celle-ci s'ouvre progressivement à une approche davantage décentralisée via de nouveaux outils, comme les zones de développement éolien. Ce cas montre combien les concepts et les réseaux qui sous-tendent les représentations paysagères mobilisées pour définir un potentiel éolien sont cruciaux ainsi que la nature des enjeux qui accompagne l'évolution de celles-ci. In fine, cet article insiste sur le fait que l'éolien, en tant que technologie décentralisée ayant une forte présence dans le paysage, soulève des processus de recomposition du social qui sont inhérents au développement de la technologie elle-même ; ce qui interroge quant aux moyens permettant de tenir compte des perceptions et des usages attachés au paysage.

© 2008 Elsevier Ltd ; International audience ; The development of wind energy in France presents an exemplary case of contrast between the policy instrument and its effectiveness in terms of installed wind power capacity. After 7 years of one of the highest feed-in tariffs in the world, the installed capacity in France is still very low. This is notably due to a diffuse pattern of administrative landscape protection which impacts on the construction of wind power potential. In turn, the pace of wind power development can be understood only by looking in more detail at the way in which landscape is dealt with in local planning processes. This paper examines the question using the case of Aveyron in southern France. We follow the shifting ways in which landscape is enrolled in wind power planning, in a context where new planning instruments favor an incipient decentralization in wind power policy. The case points to a change in both the networks and the concepts involved in the design of landscape representations that underlie the construction of wind power potential. We show that this change has been forced by the far-reaching and decentralized visual impacts of wind power technology, suggesting that technology is recomposing the social as part of its development process and questioning the very meaning and perception that is given to landscape. ; Le développement de l'énergie éolienne en France illustre de façon exemplaire l'écart qui peut survenir entre l'instrument d'une politique publique et son efficacité. Malgré sept années de soutien à la filière éolienne par un tarif d'achat parmi les plus élevés au monde, les capacités installées restent très faibles dans l'hexagone. Cela est notamment du à une tradition administrative de protection du paysage dont l'influence est significative sur la définition des potentiels éoliens. Aussi, il est important d'examiner comment les enjeux de paysage sont intégrés aux processus de production des planifications éoliennes ; ce que nous proposons d'étudier à partir du cas de l'Aveyron, dans le sud de la France. L'analyse porte en particulier sur les étapes de conception et les jeux d'acteurs qui sous-tendent la planification éolienne aveyronnaise. Elle s'intéresse aussi à la façon dont celle-ci s'ouvre progressivement à une approche davantage décentralisée via de nouveaux outils, comme les zones de développement éolien. Ce cas montre combien les concepts et les réseaux qui sous-tendent les représentations paysagères mobilisées pour définir un potentiel éolien sont cruciaux ainsi que la nature des enjeux qui accompagne l'évolution de celles-ci. In fine, cet article insiste sur le fait que l'éolien, en tant que technologie décentralisée ayant une forte présence dans le paysage, soulève des processus de recomposition du social qui sont inhérents au développement de la technologie elle-même ; ce qui interroge quant aux moyens permettant de tenir compte des perceptions et des usages attachés au paysage.

© 2008 Elsevier Ltd ; International audience ; The development of wind energy in France presents an exemplary case of contrast between the policy instrument and its effectiveness in terms of installed wind power capacity. After 7 years of one of the highest feed-in tariffs in the world, the installed capacity in France is still very low. This is notably due to a diffuse pattern of administrative landscape protection which impacts on the construction of wind power potential. In turn, the pace of wind power development can be understood only by looking in more detail at the way in which landscape is dealt with in local planning processes. This paper examines the question using the case of Aveyron in southern France. We follow the shifting ways in which landscape is enrolled in wind power planning, in a context where new planning instruments favor an incipient decentralization in wind power policy. The case points to a change in both the networks and the concepts involved in the design of landscape representations that underlie the construction of wind power potential. We show that this change has been forced by the far-reaching and decentralized visual impacts of wind power technology, suggesting that technology is recomposing the social as part of its development process and questioning the very meaning and perception that is given to landscape. ; Le développement de l'énergie éolienne en France illustre de façon exemplaire l'écart qui peut survenir entre l'instrument d'une politique publique et son efficacité. Malgré sept années de soutien à la filière éolienne par un tarif d'achat parmi les plus élevés au monde, les capacités installées restent très faibles dans l'hexagone. Cela est notamment du à une tradition administrative de protection du paysage dont l'influence est significative sur la définition des potentiels éoliens. Aussi, il est important d'examiner comment les enjeux de paysage sont intégrés aux processus de production des planifications éoliennes ; ce que nous proposons d'étudier à partir du cas de l'Aveyron, dans le sud de la France. L'analyse porte en particulier sur les étapes de conception et les jeux d'acteurs qui sous-tendent la planification éolienne aveyronnaise. Elle s'intéresse aussi à la façon dont celle-ci s'ouvre progressivement à une approche davantage décentralisée via de nouveaux outils, comme les zones de développement éolien. Ce cas montre combien les concepts et les réseaux qui sous-tendent les représentations paysagères mobilisées pour définir un potentiel éolien sont cruciaux ainsi que la nature des enjeux qui accompagne l'évolution de celles-ci. In fine, cet article insiste sur le fait que l'éolien, en tant que technologie décentralisée ayant une forte présence dans le paysage, soulève des processus de recomposition du social qui sont inhérents au développement de la technologie elle-même ; ce qui interroge quant aux moyens permettant de tenir compte des perceptions et des usages attachés au paysage.

© 2008 Elsevier Ltd ; International audience ; The development of wind energy in France presents an exemplary case of contrast between the policy instrument and its effectiveness in terms of installed wind power capacity. After 7 years of one of the highest feed-in tariffs in the world, the installed capacity in France is still very low. This is notably due to a diffuse pattern of administrative landscape protection which impacts on the construction of wind power potential. In turn, the pace of wind power development can be understood only by looking in more detail at the way in which landscape is dealt with in local planning processes. This paper examines the question using the case of Aveyron in southern France. We follow the shifting ways in which landscape is enrolled in wind power planning, in a context where new planning instruments favor an incipient decentralization in wind power policy. The case points to a change in both the networks and the concepts involved in the design of landscape representations that underlie the construction of wind power potential. We show that this change has been forced by the far-reaching and decentralized visual impacts of wind power technology, suggesting that technology is recomposing the social as part of its development process and questioning the very meaning and perception that is given to landscape. ; Le développement de l'énergie éolienne en France illustre de façon exemplaire l'écart qui peut survenir entre l'instrument d'une politique publique et son efficacité. Malgré sept années de soutien à la filière éolienne par un tarif d'achat parmi les plus élevés au monde, les capacités installées restent très faibles dans l'hexagone. Cela est notamment du à une tradition administrative de protection du paysage dont l'influence est significative sur la définition des potentiels éoliens. Aussi, il est important d'examiner comment les enjeux de paysage sont intégrés aux processus de production des planifications éoliennes ; ce que nous proposons d'étudier à partir du cas de l'Aveyron, dans le sud de la France. L'analyse porte en particulier sur les étapes de conception et les jeux d'acteurs qui sous-tendent la planification éolienne aveyronnaise. Elle s'intéresse aussi à la façon dont celle-ci s'ouvre progressivement à une approche davantage décentralisée via de nouveaux outils, comme les zones de développement éolien. Ce cas montre combien les concepts et les réseaux qui sous-tendent les représentations paysagères mobilisées pour définir un potentiel éolien sont cruciaux ainsi que la nature des enjeux qui accompagne l'évolution de celles-ci. In fine, cet article insiste sur le fait que l'éolien, en tant que technologie décentralisée ayant une forte présence dans le paysage, soulève des processus de recomposition du social qui sont inhérents au développement de la technologie elle-même ; ce qui interroge quant aux moyens permettant de tenir compte des perceptions et des usages attachés au paysage.

Our objective in this paper is to argue for a new use of geographic information systems—GIS in local planning as an auxiliary tool for decision-making. We review the use of the GIS technique in earlier research studies and represent the empirical findings from using GIS in a quality-of-life study in conjunction with an urban renewal project of a residential area in Stockholm County, Sweden. Special attention is given to the potential of GIS for mapping qualitative data representing people's needs and judgments about their residential areas. We conclude with a discussion of future challenges in using GIS techniques in combination with the Internet for social analysis in renewal planning. One of the arguments proposed is that the tool can be used to promote the involvement of urban residents.