Suchergebnisse

Abstract: We investigated the relationship between living in a household that receives the Brazilian Income Transfer Program (Bolsa Família, in Portuguese - BF), a Brazilian conditional cash transfer program, and aspects of health and whether these relationships are heterogeneous across the 27 Brazilian states. According to data from the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey, 18% of households participated in BF. Among households with household per capita income below BRL 500, many aspects of health differed between people living in BF and non-BF houses. For example, BF households were less likely to have medical coverage but more likely to have visited the doctor in the last 12 months as well as being more likely to smoke and less likely to do exercise. They ate nearly one less serving of fruits and vegetables a week but were less likely to substitute junk food for a meal. They reported worse self-rated health but did not differ importantly on reporting illnesses. Moderate amounts of heterogeneity in the difference in health characteristics were found for some variables. For instance, medical coverage had an I2 value of 40.7% and the difference in coverage between BF and non-BF households ranged from -0.09 to -0.03. Some illnesses differed qualitatively across states such as high cholesterol, asthma and arthritis. This paper is the first to outline the health profile of people living in households receiving payments from a cash transfer program. It is also the first to find geographic heterogeneity in the relationship between a cash transfer program and health variables. These results suggest the possibility that the effect of cash transfer programs may differ based on the population on which it is implemented.

Abstract Schmoker, Rachael, BS, May 2015 Community Health Ancillary Challenges Within The Health System Faculty Mentor: Peter Koehn, Political Science. This paper outlines the research conducted and the project implementation for the Davidson Honors College Senior Thesis in a joint project with the Global Leadership Initiative Senior Capstone. This project describes the ancillary challenges of healthcare in Missoula, Montana and Khayelitsha, South Africa. Under the Montana branch of this project it is called the UM Volunteers for Global Health Access (UMVGHA). Within Missoula we are associated with Partnership Health Center; a health clinic that caters to the low-income population of Missoula. Through our Khayelitsha branch, we are associated with Treatment Action Campaign and Medicines Sans Frontiers, local health oriented organizations. Throughout the academic year of 2014-2015, research was conducted regarding ease of access to health literacy and transportation within Missoula, this research is the basis of the project UMVGHA. Additionally, conversations and support from Treatment Action Campaign has provided a background of health challenges in the townships of Cape Town. Low-income people often suffer the brunt of health challenges, most specific to access and resources. There are many local organizations that attempt to affect change in this area, however most organizations are unable to appeal to all low-income people simply due to the scope of challenges. UMVGHA is a project developed by university students in order to alleviate strains on the health system and provide greater access for low-income people. These university students, along with myself, brought specific skills to the drawing table regarding this Global Leadership Initiative program. Each of us were tasked with a specific portion of the project, the area of my focus was health literacy and the application in South Africa which I will outline further in this paper.

Main objective of this impact study is to highlight (i) major benefits experienced by VBSP clients and group leader in the long run; (ii) impact case studies; and (iii) indicative cost benefit analysis. This exercise aims to conduct a qualitative study of the outcomes and impacts of the SMS notification services (using case studies as a primary approach) to provide the Foundation, VBSP, as well as the donor Australian DFAT with an in-depth understanding of the benefits that the SMS notification services in Phase I have brought or/and will potentially bring to both VBSP and its clients and group leaders in the long-run, particularly seen from the perspective of financial inclusion and digital age. A special focus is placed on whether and how the SMS notification services have contributed to economic empowerment of female clients of VBSP. It is also expected that the study would capture some impact stories among VBSP's clients and group leaders, document them for lessons learnt and distribute them through the communication channels of the Foundation and VBSP. In addition to this, the study will also perform a cost and benefit analysis, using the data available from VBSP Head Quarter (HQ) and some selected branches as well as empirical materials collected from the short field visits (see below), to further support the estimated benefits from the project management.

BACKGROUND: The Korean government has established community health centers (CHC) since the end of the 20th century to improve community public health and access to healthcare. In this study, we investigated the reasons for unmet healthcare needs and the reasons/purposes for using CHC based on income level. METHODS: We used data from the 2012 Community Health Survey, which was administered by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n=208,399). We performed the ��(2) test to examine differences between unmet healthcare needs and utilization of CHC based on various patient characteristics. Survey logistic regression models were used to examine unmet healthcare needs and utilization of CHC by income level. We also analyzed subgroup models to explain the reasons for the outcome variables. RESULTS: A total of 22,901 (11.0%) individuals experienced unmet healthcare needs and 75,137 (36.1%) utilized CHC. Results of the survey logistic regression analysis revealed that the lowest-income population had a higher odds ratio (OR) for experiencing unmet healthcare needs (OR=1.61) and utilized CHC more frequently (OR=1.66). Their main reasons for unmet healthcare needs were economic (OR=5.75) and difficulties in transportation (OR=2.17). The lowest-income population visited CHC because of lower costs (OR=1.76) and close proximity to home (OR=1.56). The lowest-income population visited CHC for primary care (OR=1.22) and vaccinations (OR=1.23). In contrast, the highest-income group visited CHC primarily to obtain government-issued documents (OR=0.82). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate different reasons/purposes for unmet healthcare needs and utilization of CHC based on income level. The government should use a management strategy to reduce unmet healthcare needs among the low-income population and redefine the roles of CHC. ; restriction

To date, the majority of studies which consider transport from a social exlusion perspective have been conducted in the context of the developed world where both income poverty and lack of transport are relative rather absolute states. In a unique departure from these previous studies, this paper explores the relationship between transport and social disadvantage in the development context, the key difference being that income poverty is absolute and where there is much lower access to both private and public transportation generally. Thus, it seeks to explore whether the concept of social exclusion remains valid, when it is the majority of the population that is experiencing transport and income poverty compared with the minority who do so in advanced economies.The paper is based on a scoping study for the Republic of South Africa Department of Transport (RSA DOT), which primarily involved focus group discussions with a range of socially deprived urban and peri-urban population groups living in the Tshwane region of South Africa. In a second departure from previous studies which consider transport and social disadvantage in the development context, the study takes a primarily urban focus. The rationale for this is that theoretically low income urban settlements do not sufffer from the lack of transport infrastructure and motorised transport services in the way that more remote rural areas do. The policy issue is therefore less a question of addressing a deficit in supply and more one of addressing particular aspects of public transit service failure, which are more readily amenable to relatively low cost, manageable, small-scale national and local policy interventions.A primary aim for the study was to reinvigorate cross-government debate of these issues in the hope of breaking South African government's long-standing and persistent policy inertia in the delivery of equitable and socially sustainable urban transport systems.

There is broad consensus among family and child development researchers that variations in parenting styles and practices contribute to individual differences along a range of child outcomes. Although the literature implies a continuum of parenting styles, research on ethnic minority and low-income families has often implied that these groups are homogeneous with respect to parenting practices and has compared them to standard samples (usually ethnic majority and middle class). In rejecting these assumptions, we examined the diversity of parenting styles in a sample of a low-income, African American families served by Head Start. Analyses revealed a range of child-rearing beliefs yielding discrete patterns of parenting that were distinguished in terms of beliefs about desirable child attributes and community-level attributes, and were associated with children's social competence. Findings suggest that crude group comparisons are inadequate to describe or explain the effects of parenting values and parent-child interactions in low-income, minority ethnic status samples.

El presente artículo estudia la percepción de inseguridad y las prácticas de seguridad en los sectores de menores recursos en la ciudad de Lima. Los estudios definen el miedo como el componente emocional de la percepción de in-seguridad. Bajo una aproximación cualitativa, se llevaron a cabo 30 entrevistas en profundidad a hombres y mujeres. Nuestros hallazgos destacan la relevancia de ser testigo de un hecho delictivo como parte de la percepción de inseguridad y el sentimiento de ira como un aspecto emocional que se vincula a las prácticas de seguridad colectivas. Adicionalmente, las prácticas de seguridad guardan relación con los grados de progreso en el barrio.