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The welfare state, its institutions and the labor market are subject to constant change in Germany. At all times, their current state is an outcome of an ongoing process of adjustment. First elements of insurance against labor market risks were implemented as early as 1260 by miners' associations (Bingener et al, 2009). The evolution of welfare state and according legislation until today was heavily influenced by regime changes, wars, the zeitgeist, as well as social and political necessities. This cumulative dissertation comprises of four chapters and focusses on the development of employees' working careers under Germany's current regime, which emerged following World War 2. Since then, working careers are strongly influenced by major political changes like the German reunification but also by smaller changes in regulatory framework and socioeconomic environment. The first two chapters deal with labor market earnings, which Barr (2012) lists as the most important source of welfare aside from governmental activities. Both chapters show how working lives and earnings trajectories of current West German employees differ from those of previous generations. The main contribution is an intragenerational comparison of cohorts' earnings inequality and volatility to scrutinize long-term differences and the evolution of labor market outcomes. An example is the increase in unemployment over the time frame considered, which in turn affects distinct cohorts at different ages and, therefore, in different ways. The analyses reflect challenges that German workers face through labor market adjustments caused by e.g. deregulation, deunionization, globalization, and skill biased technological change. The underlying data enables the comparison of complete working life cycles of older cohorts to early and middle stages of younger cohorts' careers. By taking this cohort perspective both studies show how different generations fared at identical ages, uncovering long-term trends and impacts of various labor market developments. ...

'Forschungen zu Krieg und Geschlecht werden oftmals von Begrifflichkeiten wie 'Subjektivität', 'Identität', 'Konstruktion' und 'symbolische Repräsentation' angeleitet (Seifert 1996; 2003; Cockburn 1998). Strukturen, Institutionen, sozioökonomische Verhältnisse - kurzum: die materiellen Grundlagen von Gesellschaft - werden kaum systematisch in die Analyse einbezogen. Dieser Beitrag überprüft die Hypothese, dass der Wandel militärischer Geschlechterideologien auf materielle Faktoren zurückzuführen ist, insbesondere auf Veränderungen geschlechtsspezifischer Arbeitsteilung im militärischen und zivilen Bereich, die Folgen von Technologisierung und Spezialisierung von Ökonomie und Kriegsführung sind. Dies geschieht anhand einer theoriegeleiteten, exemplarischen Untersuchung der Darstellung von US-Soldatinnen in The New York Times in den Jahren 1990 bis 2005.' (Autorenreferat)

This publication deals with current labor market issues in Japan, Germany and the European Union. In the book, the ""labor market"" serves as central focus point, yet the methodology of addressing this focus point is very broad. It includes the analysis of the general labor market development and its conditions in the European Union and in Japan as well as more specific investigations, such as the impact of fiscal policies, exchange rates or information technology on the demand for labor.

The main questions addressed in this paper are, firstly, how labor markets in the Visegard countries reacted to the breakdown of a command economy and the transformation to a market economy. Secondly, it is analyzed which way ahead is likely, or to put it differently, what should be done now to improve conditions in the labor market in these countries. A comprehensive survey of labor market developments in each country under consideration is offered at some length. A special emphasis is then put on the dynamics of employment and unemployment in order to identify key issues for the sources of the malfunctioning of these labor markets. Issues dealt with are then the wage formation process including institutional settings and income policies, active and passive labor market policies, and the structure of employment and output.

This third report on Western Balkan labor market trends presents a descriptive analysis of key labor market indicators for the six Western Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of North Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Serbia) and selected European Union (EU) countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Hungary) between the second quarter of 2017 and the second quarter of 2018. The report begins with an overview of labor market developments drawn from the Jobs Gateway in South Eastern Europe database and is followed by a special topic on labor costs, labor taxation, and low wages in the Western Balkans.