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This contribution deals with one of the less-known aspects of Indonesian historiography: the Chinese minority under Japanese occupation. Due to the administrative division during wartime Indonesia, the geographical subject is limited to Java island. Three major questions are addressed by the author: (1) the Chinese adaptation process in the new political system (from Dutch to Japanese regime), (2) Japanese policies towards the Chinese minority during the occupation, (3) the impact of Japanese occupation on the Chinese, with special reference to their political stance towards the Indonesian revolution. In conclusion, the author describes the political situation of the Chinese in Indonesia fifty years after the occupation (in Soeharto's New Order), which retains certain patterns similar to the Japanese occupation days.

Protected areas play important roles for protecting many endangered species in Indonesia. However, very limited information regarding roles of protected areas and non-protected areas for supporting the habitat of less-concerned carnivores in Java, leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis). We aim to assess the relative roles of non-protected areas for the habitat of this cat on the highly fragmented and populated island of Java. We develop species distribution modelling, using Maxent by integrating various sources of presence data of this species and environmental data. Our finding confirms that leopard cat can life in various habitat types but mainly patchy forest areas. While most of the protected areas are suitable for the habitat of this smallest cat on Java, the non-protected areas provide much larger areas for its habitat (66.8 %). Our findings highlighted the importance of maintaining connectivity among habitat patches in non-protected areas, habitat protection using current government policy on high conservation value forest and essential ecosystems areas. Pentingnya Kawasan Non Lindung sebagai Habitat Kucing Hutan (Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis Desmarest, 1816) di Jawa, IndonesiaIntisariKawasan lindung memainkan peran penting dalam melindungi banyak spesies yang terancam punah di Indonesia. Walaupun demikian, informasi mengenai peran kawasan lindung dan kawasan non lindung untuk mendukung habitat karnivora yang kurang mendapat perhatian di Jawa, kucing hutan (Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis), sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai peran kawasan non lindung sebagai habitat kucing hutan di Pulau Jawa, pulau yang sangat terfragmentasi dan padat penduduk. Kami mengembangkan pemodelan distribusi spesies, menggunakan Maxent dengan mengintegrasikan berbagai sumber data kehadiran spesies kucing hutan dan data lingkungan. Temuan kami menegaskan bahwa kucing hutan dapat hidup di berbagai jenis habitat tetapi habitat utamanya adalah kawasan hutan yang agak terbuka. Meskipun sebagian besar kawasan lindung sesuai untuk habitat kucing terkecil di Jawa ini, kawasan non lindung justru menyediakan area yang jauh lebih besar untuk habitat kucing hutan (66,8 %). Temuan kami juga menyoroti pentingnya menjaga konektivitas antar habitat di kawasan non lindung dan perlindungan habitat dengan menggunakan kebijakan pemerintah saat ini tentang hutan Bernilai Konservasi Tinggi dan Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial.

Before the American Revolution, the economic life of Rhode Island was largely dependent on the Caribbean and African trade. But the acquisition of political independence meant also the closing of these highly profitable channels of trade. Just as the need to find means by which to purchase British manufactures had led Rhode Island to join in the famous triangular trade (between New England, the West Indies and Africa); so now the closing of this trade necessitated the search for an alternative commercial avenue. This alternative was found in the establishment of trade with the Mediterranean, the Baltic and most important of all, with the Far East and the East Indies.

Java islands as one of the colonies on the European nations in Asia, had several changes since the Dutch Government liquidated the operation. This condition was caused by the change of the political constellation in Europe since the end of this century. As we knew that since 1795 till 1813, the Netherland was dominated by the French. From the year 1795, in January, the Bataafsche Republic was established in Netherland, supported by French after the governor (Staathouder) escaped by leaving his country to London. The result of this fact, the changes were happened in all provinces in Netherland and in almost of its colonies, included in Java. The form of the government was changed because of the implementation of the French Revolutionary ideas. How to overlook the colonies were different compared by the VOC era. In VOC era, East India had been looked as the economical point of view. In the other hand, in Bataafsche Republic era, it had been considered as the integrated territory of French. So, there was a different management of both. During the VOC era, East India was placed under the Ministry of trade and colony regions. Then, in the Bataafsche Republic era, it was located under the Ministry of Maritime Army and the Colonies.The status of this colony was totally changed. The consequence of this change, there were a reformation of the social, politic and economic. The influences of the liberation idea, the main idea of French Revolution, was applied in almost all the regulations of its colony regions. Human rights guaranteed the rights not only as individual but also as a member of society. The Governor General deliberated all slaves in Java and others several islands to be trained as the soldiers.From the French point of view, Java would be set as centre of the French strategy in the effort to reoccupy India as before. According to Napoleon Bonaparte, India had natural resources more than the riches of all European kingdoms. So, the position of Java island geographically was very important because of his location was directly in front of India Ocean, and the military troupes could directly attack India. Java which was very rich of the natural resources as wood as the basic materials of ship industry, potassium nitrate, as the materials of ammunition and the Javanese who had the very special endurance were considered by the Emperor as a very ideal island. The Javanese could compete the Sepoy soldiers, the Indian indigenous soldiers formed by the British. So, Napoleon Bonaparte considered that the Javanese would be prepared to realize the Napoleonic strategy. Java had to be saved from the British attack.

Java, one out of 13.000 islands in Indonesia, is the most densely populated island . Compared to those of outer islands, the soil of Java Island is the most fertile one . It is due to the availability of mountains which provide ash to the soil and the avilability of rivers which spread all over the island . This geographical condition is associated with the fact that Java was and is the centre of human activities or socio-economics . a s well as political and cultural dynamics not only in Indonesia but also in Southeast-Asia (The description of this chapter is based on the account of Ricklefs, 1981 ; Anwar Harjono, 1997 ; Aqib Suminto, 1985 ; Kuntowijoyo, 1991 ; Usman Tampubolon, 1991 : Deliar Noer, 1988 ; Korver, 1985 except exclusively stated) . The Dutch who come to Indonesia during trse period from the 17th until 18th century. did not make any significant change because they were basically to follow the activities of local traders, namely the Javanese . Madurese, Bugenese, as well as other Sumatranese who were actively sailing traditional sea-route connecting towns and cities located along coastal areas of the islands of Sumatra, Java, Smaller Islands (Sunda Kecil), South Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Maluku (Sartono Kartodirdjo, 1987 see also van Leur, 1955 ; Meilink-Roelotsz, 1962 ; Day, 1966 ; Furnivall, 1939) . In this period, Java seems to be the centre of not only political activities to the traditional rulers in Indonesia, although there were also traditional rulers in other Humaniora Volume Xll. No . 2/2000 islands such as in Makasar and East Sumatra, but also to the European powers namely the Dutch and British . s The degradation of local rulers in Java was marked by the penetration of interfOrence of military units of the Dutch . Through the implementation of the policy the so called to divide and rule (devide et i1nperaj, the Javanese people were exploited and impoverished . In the process of mobilization and exploitation of any resourdes available in the colony, local rulers were also used as mediators . Consequently the backwardness and poverty occuring in the colony was caused by the exploitation carried out by the colonizers as well by the condition of traditional socio-economic tructure. Apart from the basic human right based on Islamic teaching, the backwardness and the poverty existing in the majority of the people in Indonesia was the main issue raised by the innitiators of nationalist movement in the early period. In the process of the development of national awareness among many sectarian organizations there were many factors that could be associated with, namely the common suffering shouldered by the majority of the Indonesian people for so long period of time, the common interest namely the ultimate goal ©f obtaining independence from the colonizers, and the same in common in the territory as a basis in building a nation (Abdullah, 1966).

This study aims to find the relationship between compliance with HDI in East Java. With case study on Surabaya, Sidoarjo and Gresik. Where is expected to recover low HDI East Java in Java Island that year. The method to be used in this research is descriptive Quantitative research method. The first result, success in controlling the population both from the side of birth control and in-migration, will enable the achievement of a relatively low population density. As the population density diminishes, the government's education budget and health budget will have a more significant impact on improving education and public health. This will ultimately increase HDI, as education and health levels are a dimension in HDI measurement. Second, population control will increase income per capita. the income per capita (GRDP per capita) of GRDP is divided by the total population. With fewer populations, GDP per capita will tend to be higher. High income per capita will increase HDI growth.

The geographical conditions of Indonesia which are on the Pacific Ring of Fire and are crossed by three world plates, the Eurasian plate, the Indo-Australian plate and the Pacific plate make Indonesia the most disaster-prone country, especially earthquakes. The large number of population in Indonesia contributes to the risk of life and social loss, physical loss, and economic loss. Based on this, the government seems to need more attention to disaster management efforts, which are multidimensional. On the other hand, disaster management in Indonesia have not yet become a national strategic issue and development goals so that resulting in disaster management in Indonesia are still not optimal due to the collaborative management processes that are not comprehensive and sustainable between the various levels of actors involved.The purpose of this study is to analyze collaborative governance in the prevention of earthquake reconstruction rehabilitation in the Western Island of Java. This study uses a post positivism approach with qualitative research methods through in-depth interviews and documentation studies.The results of this study indicate that it is needed: the objectives in post earthquake disaste management must consider providing solutions that can reach ordinary people, community independence and participation, human resources, technology, finance and legal as well as derivative rules, leader support, and collaboration between governments, non-governmental institutions, private sector, donor agencies, international agencies, universities and the community

Sugar had become, by the eighteenth century, a global commodity. Originating in East Asia, plantations in the Americas fed the growing taste for its use in Europe, with its consumption increasingly popularised. The 1791 Revolution in Saint Domingue (Haiti) and the 1807 British abolition of the slave trade prompted shifts in the epicentres of sugar, the most important of these being arguably to Cuba and Java. These two fertile islands saw the burgeoning development of sugar-plantation systems with major inputs of foreign capital and forced labour. In the process the two islands each, respectively, became central to the very much truncated Spanish and Dutch colonial empires left after the Napoleonic wars and the Latin American wars of liberation; and by the mid-nineteenth century in the case of Cuba, and by the late nineteenth century in the case of Java, they had been catapulted to global sugar pre-eminence. There has been an abundance of study on the two islands each in their own right, but none systematically examines their parallel trajectories. Yet the question arises as to how sugar came to dominate the agriculture, industry and trade of these two islands; and how these two islands in particular, in two different colonial systems and parts of the world, should rise to sugar pre-eminence in the way they did and when they did. Are there connections and similarities between the two that help explain this phenomenon? This article analyses the conditions that led Java and Cuba to become the prime cane-sugar exporters of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Initiative for this came from the linkages between their dominant elites and the transnational, transimperial networks of trade and capital. This furthered the stimulation of technological and scientific innovation in both, enabled not only through the introduction of the latest advances in machinery and method, but also the immigration of technical skilled workers from Europe and North America. New sugar frontiers were opened that offered room for expansion at a time of rapidly growing demand for sugar in Europe; but for this to occur, radical changes needed to be made to the system of land ownership and use. At the same solutions were needed for how to mobilise and control sufficient labour without jeopardising the colonial order. This question eventually came to dominate the political system through which social control could be ensured – particularly, because Cuba and Java came to be ever more closely tied to global capital and trade; and both islands become dominated by sugar while at the same time coming to dominate global sugar production.

Human resources have a pivotal role in a country because it determines the growth and development of an economy. In economic terms, factor of production can be defined as labor, land, and capital, thereforethe quality of human resources does matter to determine the growth and development in a country. Since ASEAN Economic Community has already started in 2015 and it put forward competitive conditions among countries, human development has been attracting a lot of interest. Furthermore, poverty is also considered as an interesting topic in Indonesia because it has been 74 years after Indonesian independence, and poverty is still a difficult problem to alleviate. In 2016, Indonesia is recorded as having the second largest number of poor people in ASEAN. Various programs have been implemented by the regional governments including fiscal decentralization. This paper aims to find the impact of fiscal decentralization on welfare. In this article, we focused on human development and poverty to reflect welfare. We use regional government expenditure, regional government revenue, and balancing funds to measure fiscal decentralization in selected provinces in Indonesia-West Java, Central Java, East Java, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Special Region of Yogyakarta, and Banten. We found decentralization policy statistically significant affects human development and poverty alleviation. Hence, this information can be used to develop targeted interventions aimed on increasing the regional government revenue and reducing unnecessary regional government expenditure to escalate fiscal space. The fiscal space can be used to fund programs that encourage human development and poverty alleviation.

On October 26th 2010, the Merapi volcano, the most populated and active volcano on the Java Island in Indonesia, began erupting. During several months, the volcano's activity grew exponentially and scientists were expecting an exceptional eruption. Their predictions got confirmed as a blast ran through a distance of 8 km, partially destructed two villages (that got evacuated) and killed mbah Marijan, the « Volcano's keys guardian » and his entourage. As a consequence, the cultural balance of the region got disrupted for a while. In the following days, the volcano's activity kept increasing and mass evacuations were organized. The paroxysmal eruption of Merapi occurred in the night of November 4th to 5th 2010, while tens of thousands of villagers were running away from the volcano. Powerful pyroclastic flows ran down its flanks, killing and destroying everything on their way over a maximum distance of 17 km. During that night, over 250 people were killed and thousands were injured. The agricultural sector suffered from heavy losses as many crops and livestock were lost. The tourism industry in the region experienced a chain reaction of impacts generated by the closure of Yogyakarta airport. The thesis offers to make a transversal and systemic study of these impacts by analyzing how the government and people recovered from the eruption and how they are to face a future crisis caused by the Merapi. ; Le 26 octobre 2010, le Merapi, volcan le plus peuplé et le plus actif de l'île de Java en Indonésie, est entré en éruption. Depuis plusieurs mois, l'activité du volcan avait crû de manière exponentielle et les scientifiques s'attendaient à une éruption exceptionnelle. Leurs pronostics furent confirmés puisqu'un blast parcourut une distance de 8 km, rasa en partie deux villages évacués, et tua mbah Marijan, le « gardien des clés du volcan » et son entourage, ce qui perturba l'équilibre culturel de la région. Dans les jours suivants, l'activité du volcan continua de s'intensifier et des évacuations massives furent ...

Fishing conditions on the North Coast of Java are known to experience overfishing; This then has an impact on low fisheries productivity which then triggers conflicts between fishermen, increases the poverty of fishermen, and threatens the food security of coastal communities whose livelihoods are very dependent on fish resources in the sea. Therefore, this study examines potential conflicts among small-scale fishermen in the use of fish resources and its impact on food security also the resolution of these conflicts. The method used is a qualitative approach supported by quantitative data. Data analysis refers to the structural-functional theory and conflict theory. The study results show that conflicts for livelihood mostly occur among small-scale fishermen. The forms of conflict that small-scale fishermen often perpetrate are vandalism and petty theft, with protests or sanctions that are given only to be silenced because coastal fishermen on North coast of Java still uphold Javanese culture, which prefers to live in peace and harmony. Some of the actions taken to secure food when conflict inevitably occurs are diversifying livelihoods, utilizing locally available food sources, maintaining applicable Javanese norms and customs as well as high utilization of social capital among small-scale fishermen. Conflict resolution among small-scale fishermen is usually carried out by simply being silent and forgotten over time or through deliberations mediated through religious leaders, rich fishermen (upper layer), and wise old fishermen. The dynamics of conflicts that occur among small-scale fishermen do not appear much because the existing conflicts are more latent.