Suchergebnisse

1. Introduction: First Principles and the Scope of Sea-surface Studies -- 1. Introduction: First Principles and the Scope of Sea-surface Studies -- One: Sea-Surface (Sea-level) Changes: What Are They? -- 2. Ocean Volume Change and the History of Sea Water -- 3. Mechanisms of Relative Sea-level Change and the Geophysical Responses to Ice-Water Loading -- 4. Glaciation and Sea Level: A Case Study -- 5. Tectonic Processes and their Impact on the Recording of Relative Sea-level Changes -- Two: The Evidence and Interpretation of Sea-Surface (Sea-level) Movements -- 6. Dating and Associated Methodological Problems in the Study of Quaternary Sea-level Changes -- 7. Global Analysis and Correlation of Sea-level Data -- Three: The State of Current Knowledge: Regional and Global Views -- 8a. Pre-Quaternary Long-Term Changes in Sea Level -- 8b. Quaternary Sea-level Changes: Northern Hemisphere Data -- 9. Quaternary Sea-level Changes: Southern Hemisphere Data -- 10. Sea-level Changes During the Holocene: The North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans -- 11. Sea-level Changes During the Holocene: The Northwest Pacific -- 12. Holocene Sea-level Changes in Australasia and the Southern Pacific -- The Impact and Application of Sea-surface Changes: An Introduction to Parts Four and Five -- The Impact and Application of Sea-surface Changes: An Introduction to Parts Four and Five -- Four: The Coastline: Processes, Planning and Management -- 13. Coastal Processes: The Coastal Response to Sea-level Variation -- 14. Man's Response to Sea-level Change -- 15. The Greenhouse Effect, Rising Sea Level and Society's Response -- Five: Sea-surface (Sea-level) Changes: Some Wider Implications -- 16. Hydrocarbon Exploration and Biostratigraphy: The Application of Sea-level Studies -- 17. Placer Deposits of the Nearshore and Coastal Zones: The Role of Littoral Processes and Sea-level Changes in their Formation -- 18. Sea-surface Variations and Energy: Tidal and Wave Power -- Six: Conclusions -- 19. Sea-surface Changes: Where Do We Go From Here? -- Appendix I -- Appendix II.

Women occupy 18.5 percent of the seats in national parliaments around the world (Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2009). While this is a small minority of all representatives, the degree of women's exclusion from political office varies enormously across the globe. However, most countries have registered increases in recent years in the numbers of women elected. In many cases, a crucial drive for change has been the adoption of quota policies to facilitate the selection of female candidates. All the same, not all quotas are equally successful in increasing women's political representation: some countries experience dramatic increases following the adoption of new quota regulations, while others see more modest changes or even setbacks in the proportion of women elected.Further, quotas appear to have mixed results for women as a group: some have positive consequences for public policy, while others appear to undermine women as political actors.

In this systematic review, a total of 45,143 publications on block copolymers, issued between 1952 and 2019, are analyzed in terms of number, source, language, institution, country, keywords, and block copolymer type, to find out their evolution and predict research trends. The number of publications devoted to block copolymers has been growing for over six decades, maintaining a consistent level throughout the last few years. In their majority, documents came out of the United States, although more recently, Chinese institutions are those displaying the largest production. Keywords analysis indicated that one-third of the publications concerned synthesis, around 20% explored self-assembly and morphological aspects, and another 20% referred to block copolymer applications in solution. In particular, 2019 confirmed the expansion of studies related to drug delivery, and in minor extent, to a deeper view of self-assembling. Styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer was the most popular in studies covering both basic and industrially oriented aspects. Other highly investigated copolymers are PEO-b–PPO-b–PEO (Pluronic©) and amphiphilic block copolymers based on polycaprolactone or poly(lactic acid), which owed their success to their potential as delivery vehicles. Future trending topics will concern nanomedicine challenges and technology-related applications, with a special attention toward the orientation and ordering of mesophase-separated morphologies ; This research was funded by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (PGC2018-101047). M.L. also acknowledges the Xunta de Galicia (Grupo con Potencial de Crecemento ED431B 2018/1 and Centro singular de investigación de Galicia accreditation 2019-2022, ED431G 2019/03) and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund-ERDF) ; SI

On free trade and economic development; with specific reference to deliberations of Fourth Ministerial Meeting of World Trade Organization, at Dawḥah, Qatar; contributed articles

In a world where citizens desire to have their preferences reflected in public policy and, for instrumental reasons, policy makers share that desire, the linkage of opinion to policy still faces formidable problems. Chief among these is this: policy making is highly specific, detailed, and informed, while mass electorates choose not to attend closely enough to politics and policy to have preferences that are similarly specific, detailed, and informed. We now believe that many citizens have meaningful preferences over the general contours of government activity. At the level of whether "government should do more to …" deal with any number of problems, we now see individual citizen preferences in a somewhat more favorable light than we once did. More important, we now view change in aggregate preferences over time as expressive of real beliefs and values about public choices.But this is not enough. Policy makers face no choices as simple as "do more" or "do less." They deal at a wholly different level. They deal at a level of specificity where public attitudes are only infrequently measured, and for good reason; mass publics in the main do not have (real) attitudes over details they cannot reasonably be expected to attend to. And yet each of those choices, complicated and specific though they are, will reflect some measure of movement at the more general level where citizen preferences are engaged. The daily choices of the C-SPAN world are obscure and arcane to typical citizens. And yet the actors in that world feel bound by citizen preferences.