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The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2017.1389726 ; Why do rebels kill each other? When confronting a formidable regime, rebels often descend into warring factionalism rather than forge unity across their ranks to reap the advantages of cooperation. This article tackles the puzzle of inter-rebel fratricide. It explores power and resource competition arguments, and contrasts them with ideological mechanisms that can drive inter-rebel violence. It argues that ideological extremity is central to rebel fratricide. Rebel organizations with common ideological origins can still compete with each other based on their degree of centrism and extremism, making them ideologically distant. This proximity-distance paradox makes their cohabitation mutually threatening. Ideological challengers from the same family tree are particularly threatening to one's group cohesion, and if successful, guarantee one's political marginalization within the broader movement. Extremist groups are likely to respond to these threats with fratricide, while ideologically centrist ones will rely on other strategies such as balancing, outbidding, or defecting to manage their rivalries. Algeria's civil war, 1992–2002, is a plausibility probe case study that illustrates these causal mechanisms. The study contributes to a burgeoning literature on the role of ideology in armed civil conflicts.

Background: Extremity vascular injury (EVI) causes significant disability in Veterans of the Afghanistan/Iraq conflicts. Advancements in acute trauma care improved survival and decreased amputations. The study of wartime EVI has relied on successful limb salvage as a surrogate for vascular repair. We used imaging studies as a specific measure of arterial repair durability. Methods: Service members with EVI were identified using the Department of Defense Trauma Registry and validated by chart abstraction. Inclusion criteria for the arterial patency subgroup included an initial repair attempt with subsequent imaging reports (duplex ultrasound, CT angiography, and angiogram) documenting initial patency. Results: The cohort of 527 included 140 Veterans with available imaging studies for 143 arterial repairs; median follow-up from injury time to last available imaging study was 19 months (Q1-Q3: 3-58; range: 1-175). Injury mechanism was predominantly explosions (52%) and gunshot wounds (42%). Of the 143 arterial repairs, 81% were vein grafts. Eight repairs were occluded, replaced or included in extremity amputations. One upper extremity and three transtibial late amputations were performed for chronic pain and poor function averaging 27 months (SD: 4; range: 24-32). Kaplan-Meier analysis estimated patency rates of 99%, 97%, 95%, 91% and 91% at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months, respectively, with similar results for upper and lower extremity repairs. Explosive and gunshot wound injury mechanisms had similar patency rates and upper extremity injuries repaired with vein grafts had increased patency. Conclusions: Arterial repair mid-term patency in combat-related extremity injuries is excellent based on imaging studies for 143 repairs. Assertive attempts at acute limb salvage and vascular repair are justified with decisions for amputation versus limb salvage based on the overall condition of the patient and degree of concomitant nerve, orthopedic and soft tissue injuries rather than the presence of arterial injuries. Level of evidence: Therapeutic/care management, level IV.

Abstract
In recent years there has been an increasing interest in whether populism is related to opinion extremity. Yet, research on the topic offers little direct evidence on whether and under which conditions populist ideas at the individual level are related to policy extremity and inter-party dislike. This article aims to fill this gap by focusing on the reasons populist individuals hold more or less extreme opinions. Using data from the 2016 American National Electoral Study, I find that populist attitudes are a strong correlate of both ideological extremity and affective polarization, yet this association is conditional on respondent's party affiliation. Populism is related to higher levels of ideological extremity among Democrats and stronger negative leader evaluations among Republicans. This finding indicates that the relationship between populism and citizens' political judgements varies depending on the ability of populist leaders to make certain dimensions of the competition salient (i.e., ideological or affective) and exploit pre-existing ideological and partisan rivalries (i.e., party identity).

An examination of the extent to which 2 different types of scales--a bipolar reversal scale & an agreement scale--are susceptible to an extremity response set in the context of advertising copy research among F consumers. The results suggest that rating scales can differ in terms of their susceptibility to extremity response bias, & reaffirm the notion that response bias is a function of an interaction between R, scale, & rating object. Specifically, it was found that greater exclusive use of the extremes of the scale occurred with a Bipolar Reversal scale than with an Agreement scale, & with new brands rather than established brands. In addition, it was found that extreme rating level was related to education, with those R's who attended Coll being less likely than those with a lesser education to be extreme raters. 3 Tables. Modified AA.

Abstract Collectives adapt their network structure to the challenges they face. It has been hypothesized that collectives experiencing a real or imagined threat from an outgroup tend to consolidate behind a few group members, and that network structures in which a few members attract most of the attention are more likely in politically extreme groups. These hypotheses have not been tested in large-scale real-world settings. We reconstruct networks of tens of thousands of commenters participating in comment sections of high-profile U.S. political news websites spanning the political spectrum from left to right, including Mother Jones, The Atlantic, The Hill, and Breitbart. We investigate the relationship between different indices of inequality of attention in commenters' networks and perceived group threat associated with significant societal events, from elections and political rallies to mass shootings. Our findings support the hypotheses that groups facing a real or imagined outgroup threat and groups that are more politically extreme are more likely to attend to a few high-profile members. These results provide an extensive real-world test of theoretical accounts of collective adaptation to outgroup threats.

Free body diagrams of arm segments show what forces are involved in planar motions. To represent equilibrium D'Alembert's principle is applied in graphical vector diagrams. From these diagrams are derived equations for determining joint force and torque reactions to weight and inertia. The equations make it clear that accelerations and physical constants are needed. A graphical vector acceleration diagram shows how linear accelerations can be determined from angular accelerations, derived in turn by finite differences from displacement time data. Experimental methods of determining kinematic data and constants are described. The analysis rationale is then used to establish an algorithm for programmed computation by digital computer. The output information is presented in a sample set of curves for one of the several types of motions treated.

Personalized advertising is widely believed to be an effective persuasion strategy. A typical personalized advertising process consists of two phases: The message sender first "learns" the message receiver's preferences, and then "matches" the message to that person according to his or her preferences. The present study argues that this process may be problematic because it assumes that an individual's preferences are always stable (i.e., preferences remain the same over time) and extreme (i.e., preferences are highly polarized). Through a 2 (message type: personalized vs. nonpersonalized) × 2 (preference stability: high vs. low) × 2 (preference extremity: high vs. low) between-participants experiment ( N = 227), it is shown that the effectiveness of personalized advertising is moderated by preference stability and extremity. A new conceptualization of personalization is proposed based on the study results, and how the two phases of personalized advertising may be refined is highlighted.

PURPOSE: The use of tourniquet (TQ) is today a well-documented and lifesaving adjunct to control bleeding from extremity trauma in the military setting. Since August 2015, the ambulance services in Stockholm, Sweden are equipped with TQs. The implementation and potential complications related to TQ use have so far not been evaluated. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the prehospital use of TQ for haemorrhage control in extremity trauma. Possible complications following the use of TQ were analysed. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive cohort study of extremity haemorrhage for all patients (n = 56) with a documented prehospital use of TQ admitted to the trauma centre at Karolinska University Hospital from 1st August 2015 to 31st December 2017 was conducted. Data regarding TQ use including indication, duration, bleeding volume, complications and definitive injury were analysed. RESULTS: Out of 63 placements of TQ in 56 patients, TQ stopped the bleeding effectively in 98.2% of the cases and the TQ time varied from 15 to 100 min. The overall complication rate was 30.1%; however, complications possibly related to TQ use were 3.6%. In 16 (28.6%) cases, the TQ were used for a non-life-threating haemorrhage which may have been stopped with direct pressure only. CONCLUSION: This study shows TQs to be an effective but overused tool in haemorrhage control. The use of TQ was not associated with any severe complications, implying the safety and effectiveness of the device in the civilian setting if TQ time is kept under 100 min.

Regression models were developed to predict linear isokinetic pull strength of the upper extremity from rotary isokinetic strengths about the elbow and shoulder and other related factors. Data on linear pull strength were gathered and analyzed to determine levels of factors appropriate for measuring isolated joint rotary strengths—elbow flexion and shoulder extension. Data on these rotary strengths were then gathered and used to develop predictive models for peak elbow flexion and peak shoulder extension forces. Using these models and the pull-strength data, other models were finally developed for predicting peak linear pull force. The data from seven subjects were used to develop the models, which were validated by data from three other subjects. All contractions were maximal voluntary ones, and only peak torques were analyzed. Subjects were always seated during strength testing.

We examined risk factors for combat-related extremity wound infections (CEWI) among U.S. military patients injured in Iraq and Afghanistan (2009–2012). Patients with ≥1 combat-related, open extremity wound admitted to a participating U.S. hospital (≤7 days postinjury) were retrospectively assessed. The population was classified based upon most severe injury (amputation, open fracture without amputation, or open soft-tissue injury defined as non-fracture/non-amputation wounds). Among 1271 eligible patients, 395 (31%) patients had ≥1 amputation, 457 (36%) had open fractures, and 419 (33%) had open soft-tissue wounds as their most severe injury, respectively. Among patients with traumatic amputations, 100 (47%) developed a CEWI compared to 66 (14%) and 12 (3%) patients with open fractures and open soft-tissue wounds, respectively. In a Cox proportional hazard analysis restricted to CEWIs ≤30 days postinjury among the traumatic amputation and open fracture groups, sustaining an amputation (hazard ratio: 1.79; 95% confidence interval: 1.25–2.56), blood transfusion ≤24 hours postinjury, improvised explosive device blast, first documented shock index ≥0.80, and >4 injury sites were independently associated with CEWI risk. The presence of a non-extremity infection at least 4 days prior to a CEWI diagnosis was associated with lower CEWI risk, suggesting impact of recent exposure to directed antimicrobial therapy. Further assessment of early clinical management will help to elucidate risk factor contribution. The wound classification system provides a comprehensive approach in assessment of injury and clinical factors for the risk and outcomes of an extremity wound infection.