Suchergebnisse

The agricultural biotechnology industry is approaching a genuine crossroads in the area of commercialization. If the government cannot come up with protective, credible regulatory programs soon, transgenic products will not reach the marketplace and agricultural biotechnology will suffer a major setback. And, there should be a focus on low-input sustainable agriculture, not the course of a particular technology. Biotechnology should be in second place after sustainable agriculture.

"This book emphasizes the toxic hazardous substances and their mode of action in environment. It compiles the latest information related to xenobiotic biodegradation strategies. It provides detailed information for the cleanup of every type of hazardous pollutants through microbial and other biological technology"--

Crude oil contamination is known to cause unwholesome damage to man, his environment comprising of soil, air and water bodies as well as other forms of life. This study determined the effect of crude oil polluted soils on the composition of different microorganisms and plants and the growth of Pleurotus tuberregium. Oil polluted soils in bowls were amended with sawdust from Brachystegia nigerica as substrate. Fruiting bodies and the diameter of the mushroom cap were found to increase with increasing weeks of exposure to oil as against the control which had no fruiting bodies throughout the experiment. Pepperomia pellucida was found to be the predominant weed (n = 20), followed by Asystasia gangetica (n = 11). The bacterial and fungal counts were higher at the oil polluted soil attached to sclerotia than the control. The growth of Pleurotus tuberregium in the polluted soil samples showed its ability to degrade and utilize hydrocarbon as the source of carbon and energy, thereby remediating the contaminated soil environment. This work has shown that the fungus has bioremediation and pollution control capacity.

This book provides the technical background and a historical perspective of biotechnology. It examines scientific questions on the assessment of risk for the release of genetically engineered organisms into the environment and describes the role of individuals to foster industrial growth.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Part IV: Bioenergy -- 1: Algal Biofuel: A Sustainable Approach for Fuel of Future Generation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Interest in Sustainable Development of Algal Biofuel -- 1.2 Algae: Promising Future Feedstock for Biofuels -- 1.3 Process of Algal Biomass Into Biofuels -- 1.3.1 Cultivation of Algae -- 1.3.1.1 Open Pond Systems -- 1.3.1.2 Closed Systems -- 1.3.2 Harvesting Methods -- 1.3.2.1 Flocculation -- 1.3.2.2 Flotation -- 1.3.2.3 Centrifugal Sedimentation -- 1.3.2.4 Filtration -- 1.3.3 Extraction of Algal Oil -- 1.4 Algal Biofuel Production Technologies -- 1.4.1 Transesterification -- 1.4.2 Reactive Distillation Technique -- 1.4.3 Supercritical Fluid Technique -- 1.4.4 Microemulsion Technique -- 1.4.5 Biochemical Fermentation/Anaerobic Digestion -- 1.4.6 Thermochemical Conversion -- 1.4.6.1 Combustion -- 1.4.6.2 Gasification -- 1.4.6.3 Thermochemical Liquefaction -- 1.4.6.4 Pyrolysis (Thermal Cracking) -- 1.5 Use of Natural Resources -- 1.5.1 Climate -- 1.5.2 Water -- 1.5.3 Land -- 1.5.4 Nutrients -- 1.5.5 Carbon Dioxide -- 1.6 Potential Environmental Effect During Production of Algal Biofuel -- 1.6.1 Change in Anthropogenic Activity on Land -- 1.6.2 Water Quality -- 1.6.3 Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emission -- 1.6.4 Aquatic and Terrestrial Biodiversity -- 1.6.5 Effect of Genetically Modified Organisms -- 1.6.6 Waste Products -- 1.6.7 Diseases, Pathogens, and Toxins -- 1.7 Applications, Process Constraints, and Future Needs -- 1.7.1 Sustainability of Algae for Biofuel -- 1.7.2 Socioeconomic Considerations -- 1.7.3 Environmental Considerations -- 1.7.4 Future Opportunities for Algal Biofuel to Improve Sustainability -- 1.8 Conclusion -- References.

Chapter 1. Environmental Biotechnology: Towards a Sustainable Future -- Chapter 2. THE MYSTERY OF METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENT -- Chapter 3. Chitosan Coatings Biotechnology for Sustainable Environment -- Chapter 4. Bacterial Biodegradation of Bisphenol-A (BPA) -- Chapter 5. Microbial Degradation of Marine Plastics: Current State and Future Prospects -- Chapter 6. Mechanism and Pretreatment Effect of Fungal Biomass on the Removal of Heavy Metals -- Chapter 7. Metal bioremediation, mechanisms, kinetics and role of marine bacteria in the bioremediation technology -- Chapter 8. Biofilm Associated Metal Bioremediation -- Chapter 9. Phytoremediation of mine waste disposal sites – current state of knowledge and examples of good practice -- Chapter 10. Metallicolous plants associated to amendments and selected bacterial consortia, to stabilize highly polymetallic contaminated mine deposits -- Chapter 11. Bioindication of heavy metals contamination by mushrooms and mosses in highly industrialized environment -- Chapter 12. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Toxicity and Bioremediation Approaches -- Chapter 13. Biogenic Nanoparticles and Strategies of Nano-Bioremediation to Remediate PAHs for a Sustainable Future -- Chapter 14. Value-Added Products from Agroindustry By-Product: Bagasse -- Chapter 15. Bio-prospecting of fruits waste for exopolysaccharide production by bacteria -- Chapter 16. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as bioinoculants for plant growth -- Chapter 17. Microbial and enzymatic bioconversion of tannery wastes: progress toward a circular economy in the leather industry.-.

Pulp and paper production has increased globally and will continue to increase in the near future. Approximately 155 million tons of wood pulp is produced worldwide and about 260 million is projected for the year 2010. To be able to cope with increasing demand, an increase in productivity and improved environmental performance is needed as the industry is also under constant pressure to reduce and modify environmental emissions to air and water. The authors give updated information on various biotechnological processes useful in the pulp and paper industry which could help in reducing the environmental pollution problem, in addition to other benefits. Various chapters deal with the latest developments in such areas as raw material preparation, pulping, bleaching, water management, waste treatment and utilization. The book also covers the environmental regulations in various parts of the world as well as the role of biotechnology in reducing environmental problems