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Establishing the links between food and human health was a top research priority for Europe. EU legislation, as advised by EFSA, now demands proper scientific data in nutrition and health claims. There is a lot of data being generated on the link between the food digestion and human health and a significant effort continues to be expended separately in each EU country on optimizing food for preventing the development of food-related diseases. The main objective of the COST Action "Improving health properties of food by sharing our knowledge on the digestive process (INFOGEST)" is to spread and improve current basic knowledge on food digestion, on the release during digestion of protein beneficial food components known to have a potential effect on human health and to promote harmonization of currently used digestion models. It will also assess the relationship between protein domain resistance to digestion and allergenicity, determine the influence of the kinetics of protein digestion on satiety, and assess the impact of protein metabolism on the human gut microbiota. The Action will be focused on dairy and egg products, fruits and vegetables. INFOGEST will gradually build a European network that will spread and improve current basic knowledge on food digestion. A multidisciplinary scientific community gathering scientists from different disciplines (food science, nutrition, physiology, immunology, cell biology…) will be created. The Action will facilitate the transfer of new scientific advances to European food companies (large groups as well as SMEs) for developing new functional foods and reinforcing their competitiveness in a growing world market. The duration of the Action is four years (April 2011 – March 2015) and is fully open to academic and industry partners that would like to join the network. For more information, see the actual webpage http://www.cost-infogest.eu or contact the Action coordinator Didier DUPONT (didier.dupont@rennes.inra.fr).

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the protozoan of the order Coccidia, the family Eimeriidae of the genus Eimeria which breeds rapidly in the digestive tract and is the most difficult disease to be controlled on cattle farms. Eimeria spp. in cattle can cause high economic losses and increase susceptibility against infectious diseases. Therefore, coccidiosis in cattle needs attention from the government. This paper reviews a number of diagnostic methods that can be used in the detection of Eimeria spp. in cattle based on the goals and objectives of the examination. The coccidiosis cases often do not show any clinical symptoms but can cause sudden death in livestock. The diagnostic method that still used at present is based on its morphology that should not be used in identifying Eimeria species because the morphological characteristics Eimeria spp. have similar shape and size structures between species (resembling morphology). An appropriate diagnostic method for Eimeria is needed in the context of controlling coccidiosis strategically.

Xiuhe Lv,* Zhen Chen,* Shaohua Li, Huahong XieState Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University/Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this work Background & aims: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is proved to play important roles in the development and progression of various human tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the antitumor effect of RNA interference (RNAi) technology targeting COX-2 in HCC has not yet been verified.Methods: We silenced COX-2 expression using a lentivirus-mediated RNAi and further investigated the effects of COX-2 knockdown on cell growth and cell cycle in Huh7 and SMMC-7721 cells. COX-2 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR while COX-2 protein was detected by Western blotting. The cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. The cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. The tumorigenicity of HCC cells was evaluated using soft-agar clonogenic assay in vitro and nude mouse xenograft model in vivo.Results: The down-regulation of COX-2 expression significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, and led to cell cycle arrest in vitro, and reduced the potential of tumorigenicity in vivo in both Huh7 and SMMC-7721 cells. Furthermore, PGE2 production was also decreased after COX-2 expression was suppressed. Finally, knockdown of COX-2 also induced the down-regulation of cell cycle-related protein, cyclinD1.Conclusions: The abrogation of COX-2 expression can lead to potent antitumor activity and knockdown of COX-2 may be served as a prospective therapeutic strategy against HCC.Keywords: COX-2, RNA interference, hepatocellular carcinoma

Shuao Xiao,1,* Fan Feng,1,* Ni Liu,2,* Zhen Liu,1 Yinghao Guo,3 Xiao Lian,1 Hongwei Zhang1 1Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Anesthesiology, Weinan Central Hospital, Weinan 714000, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; 3Health Company, 92667 Army of PLA, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Hongwei Zhang; Fan FengDivision of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, People's Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86-029-84771531Email Zhanghwfmmu@126.com; surgeonfengfan@163.comObjective: The preoperative value of albumin level and albumin/globulin ratio (AGR) has been discovered to be a possibility for predicting gastric cancer. However, their predictive accuracy remains unknown. This study's objective is to evaluate the predictive value of albumin, globulin and AGR in gastric cancer.Methods: A total of 3266 gastric cancer patients in our institution who underwent radical gastrectomy during the period from September 2008 to April 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Levels of preoperative serum albumin and globulin were recorded. The optimal cut off points of albumin, globulin and AGR were calculated using X-tile software. The association of albumin and AGR with clinicopathological features and eventual prognosis was analyzed. The survival predictive accuracy and prognostic discriminatory ability among different variables were analyzed.Results: This study consisted of 2531 males (77.5%) and 735 females (22.5%). Ages ranged from 20 to 90, with a median age of 58.0 years. The optimal cut off values of albumin, globulin and AGR were set at 42.0, 28.2 and 1.80, respectively. Patients in the high albumin group and high AGR group were both associated with younger age, smaller tumor size, as well as earlier T and N stages. Univariate and multivariate analysis demonstrated that albumin level and AGR value were both significant prognostic factors, while globulin level was not. Furthermore, albumin level displayed a prognostic discriminatory ability and a predictive accuracy superior to that of AGR. The multivariate model based on albumin also revealed a superior predictive accuracy than that based on AGR.Conclusion: Preoperative albumin level is superior to AGR value in the prediction of prognosis of gastric cancer.Keywords: albumin-globulin ratio, albumin, gastric cancer, prognosis

Rodrigo Galhardi Gasparini,1 Ligia Yukie Sassaki,2 Rogerio Saad-Hossne3 1Department of Digestive Surgery and Gastroenterology, Sete Specialized Medical Center, Marília, Brazil; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School at Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil; 3Department of Surgery, Botucatu Medical School at Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil Purpose: This study aimed to estimate the incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in São Paulo, Brazil, for 2012–2015. Patients and methods: This observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study included 22,638 IBD patients out of 43,046,555 inhabitants, who had initiated their treatment through the Governmental Program of the Brazilian Unified National Health System between the years of 2012 and 2015. The onset of the disease (used to determine incidence) was established as the date of the patient's initial registration in the Governmental Program with a diagnosis for Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC). Every patient registered in the system as of December 2015 was included in determining the prevalence. The demographic and clinical data, such as age and sex, were collected for each patient. Statistical analysis included mean and SD, absolute and percentage frequencies, and Pearson's chi-squared test (X²). The incidence and prevalence rates were calculated based on the estimated annual population of the State of São Paulo. Results: The study population consisted of 10,451 (46.16%) CD patients and 12,187 (53.84%) UC patients. The mean age was 42.66 (SD±16.2) years for the CD group and 47.87 (SD±16.6) years for the UC group. There was a predominance of females corresponding to 59.70% of the study population (female:male =1.48:1.00; P<0.0001). The incidence of IBD was 13.30 new cases/100,000 inhabitants per year, while the overall prevalence was 52.6 cases/100,000 inhabitants. Conclusion: This population-based study demonstrated a stability in IBD incidence rates and an increase in IBD prevalence rates in São Paulo state between 2012 and 2015. The IBD incidence and prevalence rates were comparable to European countries, with a higher occurrence in the female participants. Keywords: inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, epidemiology, incidence, prevalence

Bo Lian,* Jie Chen,* Zhengyan Li, Gang Ji, Shiqi Wang, Qingchuan Zhao, Mengbin Li Department of Digestive Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Mengbin Li Email limbin@fmmu.edu.cnBackground: Laparoscopy has been increasingly used for the surgery of gastric cancer. However, the postoperative complications are still under-investigated and the short-term results of laparoscopic gastrectomy remain controversial. This study aimed to explore the differences of postoperative complications between laparoscopic and open radical gastrectomies in patients with gastric cancer through the large sample size, retrospective cohort study, and evaluate the safety of laparoscopy in patients who underwent radical gastrectomy.Patients and Methods: A total of 2,966 patients with gastric cancer (TNM I∼III) who underwent laparoscopy or open gastrectomy from February 2009 to March 2016 were enrolled in this study. Complications were categorized according to the Clavien–Dindo classification. The incidence and severity of complications between laparoscopic and open gastrectomy were compared using one-to-three propensity score matching (PSM) analysis. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors related to postoperative complications.Results: A total of 2,966 patients were included in the study, including 687 (23.2%) in the LG (Laparoscopy gastrectomies) group and 2,279 (76.8%) in the OG (open gastrectomies) group. After PSM, a well-balanced cohort of 2,373 patients (676 cases in the LG group and 1,697 cases in the OG group) was further analyzed. The results showed that the incidence of overall complications in the LG group was significantly less than the OG group (15.4% vs 20.8%, P=0.003). However, the severe complications of the LG group showed no difference towards the OG group (5.8% vs 5.8%, P=0.952). Multivariate analysis revealed that laparoscopic surgery is a protective factor for the reduction of postoperative complications. Age ≥ 60 years, ASA classification IIIc and estimated blood loss ≥ 200 mL were confirmed as independent risk factors of overall complications.Conclusion: Compared with traditional open gastrectomy, LG is safe and feasible with less trauma and fewer complications for patients with gastric cancer.Keywords: gastric cancer, laparoscopy, gastric resection, postoperative complication, Clavien–Dindo classification

Wanli Yang,1,* Jiaojiao Ma,1,* Wei Zhou,1,* Zichao Li,2 Xin Zhou,2 Bo Cao,2 Yujie Zhang,1 Jinqiang Liu,1 Zhiping Yang,1 Hongwei Zhang,3 Qingchuan Zhao,3 Liu Hong,1 Daiming Fan1 1State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; 2The First Brigade of Student, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; 3Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Colon cancer is one of the leading malignant neoplasms worldwide. Until now, the concrete mechanisms of colonic cancerogenesis are largely unknown; identification of driven genes and pathways is, therefore, of great importance for monitoring and conquering this disease. This study aims to explore the potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for colon cancer treatment. Methods: The gene expression profile of GSE44076 from Gene Expression Omnibus database, including 98 primary colon cancers and 98 normal distant colon mucosa, was deeply analyzed. GEO2R tool was used to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between colon cancer tissues and normal samples. Gene Ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were performed for screening DEGs using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery database and Panther database. Moreover, Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes, Cytoscape software, and Molecular Complex Detection plug-in were used to visualize the protein–protein interaction of these DEGs. Results: A total of 497 DEGs were obtained, including 129 upregulated genes mainly enriched in Hippo signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, and cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction and 368 downregulated genes enriched in retinol metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and chemical carcinogenesis. Using Molecular Complex Detection software, three important modules were selected from the protein–protein interaction network. Moreover, 20 hub genes with high degree of connectivity were selected, including COL1A1, CXCL5, GNG4, TIMP1, and so on. The Kaplan–Meier analysis for overall survival and correlation analysis were applied among the hub genes. Conclusion: Taken together, DEGs, especially the hub genes such as COL1A1, might be the driven genes in colon cancer progression. More importantly, they might be the novel biomarkers for diagnosis and guiding therapeutic strategies of colon cancer. Keywords: colon cancer, protein–protein interaction, bioinformatics analysis, diagnosis, prognosis

Aim: Although working life issues are subject to European health monitoring schemes, not many routine data sources include information on occupations or working conditions. Additional in-depth analysis is therefore necessary for diseases with high public health impact. The aim of this paper is to introduce a multidimensional ranking procedure for priority setting of diseases based on European and national data. Subject and methods: Multidimensional ranking was carried out on ten disease-specific indicators. First, suitable data sources were identified and information on indicators was retrieved. Second, the diseases were sorted by their ranks according to each indicator. Third, all ranks were added to a rank sum. Finally, the diseases were sorted by their rank sum. Results: Diseases of the circulatory system account for the highest rank sum. The high public health impact is visible in regard to most criteria, particularly to mortality, hospital discharges, and costs. Diseases of the digestive system rank second mainly because of high ranks for hospital discharges and costs. The third place is assigned to diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Conclusion: A multidimensional ranking procedure has advantages when used for priority setting of diseases. The procedure leads to an overall rank as a summary measure for the public health impact but information for each indicator is still retrieved. Furthermore, the procedure uses ranks and is therefore scale invariant. However, ranking procedures do not lead to a selection of diseases but a rank order. So, there is still a decision rule required to determine which diseases are selected e.g. for in-depth health reporting.

Tian Lan,1,2,* Yan-Hui Liao,3,* Jian Zhang,2 Zhi-Ping Yang,4 Gao-Si Xu,5 Liang Zhu,1 Dai-Ming Fan4 1Department of Health Care Management and Medical Education, The School of Military Preventive Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Health Care Management, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China; 3Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China; 4State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; 5Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Liang Zhu; Dai-Ming Fan Email liangjulia0317@163.com; li20201226@163.comObjective: The current work aimed to examine the rates of and risk factors for mortality and readmission after heart failure (HF).Setting: A systematic search was carried out in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and EMBASE to identify eligible reports. The random-effects model was utilized to evaluate the pooled results.Participants: A total of 27 studies with 515,238 participants were finally meta-analysed. The HF patients had an average age of 76.3 years, with 51% of the sample being male, in the pooled analysis.Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: The outcome measures were 30-day and 1-year readmission rates, mortality, and risk factors for readmission and mortality.Results: The effect sizes for readmission and mortality were estimated as the mean and 95% confidence interval (CI). The estimated 30-day and 1-year all-cause readmission rates were 0.19 (95% CI 0.14– 0.23) and 0.53 (95% CI 0.46– 0.59), respectively, while the all-cause mortality rates were 0.14 (95% CI 0.10– 0.18) and 0.29 (95% CI 0.25– 0.33), respectively. Comorbidities were highly prevalent in individuals with HF.Conclusion: Heart failure hospitalization is followed by high readmission and mortality rates.Keywords: heart failure, meta-analysis, prevalence, readmission, mortality, hospitalization

1 Mortality and the Evolution of Society -- 2 Identification and Classification of Diseases -- 3 Measurement of Mortality -- 4 Dynamics of Population Growth -- 5 Infectious Diseases -- 6 Intestinal Infectious Diseases -- 7 Tuberculosis -- 8 Zoonotic Bacterial Diseases -- 9 Other Bacterial Diseases -- 10 Diseases due to Viruses and Chlamydias -- 11 Viral Diseases Accompanied by Exanthem -- 12 Arthropod-borne Viral Diseases -- 13 Miscellaneous Diseases due to Viruses and Chlamydias -- 14 Rickettsioses -- 15 Malaria -- 16 Other Arthropod-borne Diseases -- 17 Syphilis and Other Venereal Diseases -- 18 Other Spirochetal Diseases and the Mycoses -- 19 Helminthiases -- 20 Neoplastic Diseases -- 21 Endocrine Diseases -- 22 Food, Malnutrition, Avitaminoses, and Famine -- 23 Diseases of the Blood and Blood-forming Organs -- 24 Disorders and Diseases of the Nervous System -- 25 Cardiovascular Diseases -- 26 Respiratory Diseases -- 27 Digestive Diseases -- 28 Genitourinary Diseases -- 29 Pregnancy, Childbirth, and the Puerperium -- 30 Diseases of the Skin and Supporting Tissue -- 31 Congenital Anomalies and Human Genetics -- 32 Perinatal and Infant Mortality -- 33 War -- 34 Injury and Poisoning -- 35 Child and Early Adult Mortality -- 36 Mortality by Age and Sex: The Adult Ages -- 37 The British Isles -- 38 Continental Europe -- 39 Norden -- 40 Asia -- 41 Oceania -- 42 America: Beginnings and Development -- 43 Latin America -- 44 Africa -- 45 The Role of Therapy in the Decline of Mortality -- 46 Hygiene and Ecology -- 47 Subpopulations and Classes -- 48 Changes in Mortality by Disease -- Epilogue -- Indices.

Background: Physical comorbidities and substance use are commonly reported in patients with mental disorders. Aim: To examine somatic comorbidity in patients with substance use disorders (SUD) compared to patients with mental disorders but no SUD. Methods: Lifetime prevalence data on mental and physical health status were collected from inpatients in 12 mental health care facilities in five different countries. Differences in somatic comorbidity were examined by means of logistic regression analysis controlling for age and gender. Results: Of 2,338 patients, 447 (19%) had a primary or secondary SUD diagnosis. In comparison to patients with other mental disorders, patients with SUD had a higher prevalence of infectious and digestive diseases but a lower prevalence of endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disorders. Patterns of physical comorbidities differed according to type of substance used (alcohol use – cardiovascular; tobacco use – respiratory, neoplasms; cannabinoid use – injuries; opioid use – infectious, digestive; benzodiazepine use – endocrine, nutritional, metabolic; stimulants – urogenital). Conclusions: SUD are related to specific somatic health risks while some of our findings point to potentially protective effects. The widespread prescription of benzodiazepines requires research on physical health effects. Early detection of SUD and their integration into programmes targeting physical comorbidity should be a priority in organizing mental health care.

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, an optimistic belief prevailed worldwide that the protracted struggle against infectious diseases had ended. However, COVID-19 later emerged as a truly global phenomenon with a considerably higher fatality rate than that of other infectious diseases. To date, no country has been unaffected by this virus. COVID-19 has tested the resilience of healthcare systems and the deployment of response forces globally. This circumstance underscores the relevance of assessing past experiences in combating infectious diseases and eradicating certain dangerous infections. This article attempts to uncover the challenges encountered in implementing imperial and Soviet government policies related to epidemic control in Kazakhstan. It analyses the major epidemics in Kazakhstan, measures taken against them, and initial steps toward vaccinating the population. In pre-revolutionary Kazakhstan, infectious disease control was episodic owing to limited resources and insufficient well-trained and experienced doctors, paramedics, and nurses. Despite the post-civil war complexities of rebuilding the economy, the Soviet Union has prioritised the prevention of epidemics. Infectious diseases, such as typhus, typhoid fever, cholera, smallpox, and dysentery that spread via the digestive tract have presented the greatest challenge. The government has funded vaccination programs and adopted sanitation measures to prevent the transmission of these diseases.

The Health of Former Prisoners of War -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Summary -- BACKGROUND -- PURPOSE -- SELECTION OF STUDY GROUPS -- RESEARCH QUESTIONS -- THE IMPORTANCE OF A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE -- RESPONSE RATES AND THE REPRESENTATIVENESS OF THE SAMPLE -- METHODS -- FINDINGS -- 1 Background -- ORIGIN AND HISTORY -- ASSEMBLY OF STUDY ROSTERS -- EARLIER RESULTS -- REFERENCES -- 2 Data Collection Procedures -- DETAILS OF THE DATA COLLECTION PROCESS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Final Status of Data Collection -- REFERENCES -- 4 General Results -- REFERENCES -- 5 Examination of Basic Research Questions -- QUESTION A -- QUESTION B -- QUESTION C -- QUESTION D -- QUESTION E -- REFERENCES -- 6 Further Analyses of Examination Data -- REFERENCE -- 7 Review of Data Quality and Study Findings -- DATA QUALITY -- CHAPTER-BY-CHAPTER REVIEW OF RESULTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Literature Review and Further Discussion of Findings -- INFECTIOUS DISEASES -- MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS -- DIABETES -- OTHER ENDOCRINE DISEASES -- BLOOD DISEASES -- PSYCHIATRIC ILLNESSES (PSYCHOSES AND NEUROSES) -- DISEASE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (INCLUDING PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASE) -- DISEASES OF THE SENSE ORGANS -- CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (INCLUDING HEART DISEASE, CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE, HYPERTENSION, AND OTHER CIRCULATORY DISEASES … -- ACUTE AND CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE -- DIGESTIVE DISEASES -- UROGENITAL DISEASES -- SKIN DISEASE -- ARTHRITIS AND OTHER MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES -- CONGENITAL CONDITIONS, SYMPTOMS AND ILL-DEFINED CONDITIONS, INJURY AND POISONING, AND FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTH STATUS … -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 9 Future Work -- Appendixes -- A VA Circulars -- B List of Site Visits to VA Medical Facilities (with Map) -- C Detailed Diagnostic Data from the Medical Examination.

Carcinoma hepatocel·lular; Regeneració hepàtica; Nanocèria ; Carcinoma hepatocelular; Regeneración hepática; Nanoceria ; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver regeneration; Nanoceria ; Oxidative stress induced by the overproduction of free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been considered as a key pathogenic mechanism contributing to the initiation and progression of injury in liver diseases. Consequently, during the last few years antioxidant substances, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), resveratrol, colchicine, eugenol, and vitamins E and C have received increasing interest as potential therapeutic agents in chronic liver diseases. These substances have demonstrated their efficacy in equilibrating hepatic ROS metabolism and thereby improving liver functionality. However, many of these agents have not successfully passed the scrutiny of clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, mainly due to their unspecificity and consequent uncontrolled side effects, since a minimal level of ROS is needed for normal functioning. Recently, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) have emerged as a new powerful antioxidant agent with therapeutic properties in experimental liver disease. CeO2NPs have been reported to act as a ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenger and to have multi-enzyme mimetic activity, including SOD activity (deprotionation of superoxide anion into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide), catalase activity (conversion of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water), and peroxidase activity (reducing hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl radicals). Consequently, the beneficial effects of CeO2NPs treatment have been reported in many different medical fields other than hepatology, including neurology, ophthalmology, cardiology, and oncology. Unlike other antioxidants, CeO2NPs are only active at pathogenic levels of ROS, being inert and innocuous in healthy cells. In the current article, we review the potential of CeO2NPs in several experimental models of liver disease and their safety as a therapeutic agent in humans as well. ; Researches referred by the authors were funded by Fundació La Marató de TV3 (grant Marató 120930), Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica (SAF15-64126-R and RTI2018-094734-B-C21, PID2019-105502RB, and BES-2017-08023), Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (SGR 2017/2019), and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FIS PI15-00077 and FIS PI19-00774) co-financed by FEDER, European Union, "A way of making Europe" and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31950410536). The Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III.

Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a neurocristopathy defined by intestinal aganglionosis due to alterations during the development of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS). A wide spectrum of molecules involved in different signaling pathways and mechanisms have been described in HSCR onset. Among them, epigenetic mechanisms are gaining increasing relevance. In an effort to better understand the epigenetic basis of HSCR, we have performed an analysis for the identification of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) by qRT-PCR in enteric precursor cells (EPCs) from controls and HSCR patients. We aimed to test the presence of a set lncRNAs among 84 lncRNAs in human EPCs, which were previously related with crucial cellular processes for ENS development, as well as to identify the possible differences between HSCR patients and controls. As a result, we have determined a set of lncRNAs with positive expression in human EPCs that were screened for mutations using the exome data from our cohort of HSCR patients to identify possible variants related to this pathology. Interestingly, we identified three lncRNAs with different levels of their transcripts (SOCS2-AS, MEG3 and NEAT1) between HSCR patients and controls. We propose such lncRNAs as possible regulatory elements implicated in the onset of HSCR as well as potential biomarkers of this pathology. ; This research was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the projects "PI16/0142" and "PI19/ 01550" (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund "A way to make Europe"/"Investing in your future"), as well as, by the Regional Ministry of Health and Family of the Regional Government of Andalusia trough the project PEER-0470-2019. ; Yes