Suchergebnisse

This study examines Soviet national policy towards nomadic peoples during the 1920s1930s, a period when the foundations of national-state building in the USSR were being laid and developed. The research focuses on a specific region — Southern Russia, one of the most multiethnic macro-regions of the country. The study investigates the implementation of socio-economic and national policies of the Soviet state in the territory of ethnic minorities such as the Kalmyks, Nogais, and Stavropol Turkmen. Common specific characteristics of the nomadic population are noted: religious fanaticism, social isolation, innate closedness. Eradicating these negative qualities among the Kalmyks, Nogais, Stavropol Turkmen, and integrating them into the all-Russian space required authorities to adopt a differentiated approach to working with each ethnic group. It is proven that by implementing the national policy of the Soviet state through solving urgent socio-economic problems of the Kalmyks, Nogais, and Stavropol Turkmen, the authorities were able to achieve at least two main objectives to some extent. The first objective was to lift the mentioned nomadic peoples out of socio-economic crisis, mainly through stimulating and developing agriculture, despite the challenging natural-climatic conditions of the region. The second objective was to ensure the transition of nomads to a settled way of life.

The climate changes had been recognized as one of the major factors responsible for land degradation, which has a significant impact on diverse aspects. The present study aims to estimate how the climate change can influence land degradation in the south areas of Baghdad province (Al-Rasheed, Al-Mahmudiyah, Al-Yusufiyah, Al-Madaen, and Al-Latifiyah). The Satellite Landsat-8 OLI and satellite Landsat-5 TM sensor imagery were used to extent land degradation for the period (2010-2019). ArcGIS V.10.4 was applied to manage and analysis the satellite image dataset, including the use of climate factors data from the European Center for Climate Forecasts (ECMWF) by reanalyzes and extraction datasets. To achieve work objectives, many ground data were collected, including the temperature, rain precipitation, evaporation, and relative humidity from 30 meteorological monitoring stations. These data help us to utilize the interpolation methods for the extraction process of contour lines maps, to be scientific indicators of the relationship between climatic factors and satellite images classifications, involving the spectral indicators of the vegetation cover and water bodies. The results showed the agriculture degradation through the decreasing of vegetation cover rate from 56.57% in (2010) to 43.43% in )2019 (. This deterioration is thought to be related to climate changes with other factors such as water shortage that was 0.52 and 0.44, respectively, the greatest temperature reading was (24.57), the greatest precipitation was (0.21), the greatest relative humidity was (60.73), and vapor rate (-0.2) for the studied period.

Abstract
The effect of climatic factors on tree-ring width (TRW) of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) with healthy and damaged crowns growing in the central and eastern part of Latvia was assessed by dendrochronological techniques. Pointer year indices were calculated to assess the variability of TRW. Positive pointer years were more frequent than negative, similarly for damaged and healthy trees, suggesting similar limiting factors. The relationships between TRW and climatic factors differed regionally and locally. In the eastern part of Latvia, TRW was affected by temperature in spring of current and preceding years. In the central part of Latvia, weather conditions in current and preceding summer mainly affected TRW; temperature and precipitation had positive effect suggesting occurrence of water deficit, but the daily range of temperature had a negative effect. Hence, regional diversification of radial growth patterns might be expected. Some differences in sensitivity to climate were observed between the damaged and healthy trees. In the central part of Latvia, the damaged trees appeared additionally sensitive to temperature in summer. In the eastern part of Latvia, damaged trees were additionally sensitive to temperature in May. Nevertheless, some additional factors were significant for the healthy trees.

Climate change affects the metabolism of grape plants, quality and biological value of wine, necessitating the search for new territories to establish vineyards. The purpose of research is to assess the impact of agro-ecological conditions (2016–2021, Crimea) on the formation of a complex of phenolic antioxidants and quality of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapes and wine. The methods used are: geoinformational (SRTM-3, ASTER GDEM, Worldclim ver. 2.0) and mathematical modeling, high performance liquid chromatography method (HPLC), enochemistry appropriate practices and statistical analysis. Following differences (Wilks L. ≤ 0.27; α < 0.00001) are determined in territories of grape growing in terms of heat supply – Uglovoe < Vilino < Yalta < Privetnoe, Solnechnaya Dolina < Morskoe; in terms of moisture supply – Solnechnaya Dolina, Morskoe, Privetnoe < Vilino, Uglovoe < Yalta. Increase in heat supply of territories was accompanied by the accumulation of sugars in grapes; easily extracted anthocyanins, flavonols, (–)-epicatechin in berry seeds and skins, and pH increasing, on the one hand; and on the other hand, intensification of transformation and polymerization processes in phenolic components during grape ripening and processing, leading to increase in the content of procyanidins (B2, B4), the proportion of malvidin, and decrease in the proportion of cyanidin and petunidin in berries; decrease in the concentration of monoand dimeric phenolic antioxidants, increase in the hints of spices and milk cream in aroma, as well as development of a velvety-tannic flavor in wine. Increase in the moisture supply of territories holds the process of accumulation and transformation of phenolic antioxidants in berries. Wine from grapes of Uglovoe, Vilino and Yalta vineyards contained a biologically significant amount of hydroxycinnamic acids; from Privetnoe, Yalta and Vilino vineyards – flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins. Wine from Morskoe and Solnechnaya Dolina vineyards contained an average of 1.6 times less phenolic antioxidants. The research results are significant for an object-oriented assessment of climatic conditions of grape growing territories.

In this article, geographical locationof the city of Tashkent, the structure of the surrounding land surface, relief, geological structure, climate, geographical location of the city and the structure of the land surface, and hydrography of Tashkent is formed from a number of artificial canals and ditches.