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AbstractAs an object of philosophical study, language is typically considered as an abstract object rather than a lived phenomenon that comes with rich and varied phenomenology. And yet our modes of engaging with language are complex and many. The first goal of this paper is to illustrate this variety by looking at some of the linguistic modalities and forms of communication. The second goal is to suggest that at least in some specific philosophical debates, language and communication should be investigated in the context of the various linguistic modalities and forms of communication. This will be done by considering how attention to some of the linguistic modalities and forms of communication may affect philosophical debates concerning: the nature of words, language and linguistic understanding, as well as the relation between linguistic utterances and their sources.

Purpose
This paper aims to focus on how value is generated as part of co-creative modalities in service transactions. The progression of value creation ranges from utilitarian to hedonic and experiential value over repeated transactions that entail crossing specific thresholds that enhance deeper trust when the customer consumes the same product/service bundle over time.


Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the authors synthesize various theoretical narratives and advance propositions for understanding the modalities and processes underlying the repeated transformation of co-creation values in repeated transactions over time.


Findings
The propositions provide a basis to investigate how the firm is able to engage with the customers to move from basic forms of value creation to more advanced forms such that the firm is able to manage the value creation modalities leading to superior value generation.


Research limitations/implications
This paper provides a basis for firms to understand how value is co-created and transformed. Specifically, the evolution of customer values is assessed from value-in-exchange and value-in-use to value-in-experience. The role of thresholds in the evolution of value is integral in the progression from utilitarian, hedonic, to experiential value. Moreover, in repeated transactions, the role of trust underpins the processes underlying different thresholds. In practice, firms should seek to engage the customer at a higher level in the creation of co-creative modalities of value creation.


Originality/value
This paper provides a theoretical context of the evolution and transformation of such value in co-creation. Extant research has yet to delve into such value creation accounts from the perspective of the firm (service provider) and its customers.

'Criminalisation' has attracted considerable scholarly attention in recent years, much of it concerned with identifying the normative limits of criminal law-making. Starting from the position that effective theorisation of the legitimate uses of criminalisation as a public policy tool requires a robust empirical foundation, this article introduces a novel conceptual and methodological approach, focused on recognising a variety of modalities of criminalisation. The first part of this article introduces and explains the modalities approach we have developed. The second part seeks to demonstrate the utility of a modalities approach by presenting and discussing the findings of a pilot study of more than 100 criminal law statutes enacted in three Australian jurisdictions (New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria) between 2012 and 2016. We conclude that a modalities approach can support nuanced examination of the multiple ways in which adjustments to the parameters of criminalisation are effected. We draw attention to the complexity of the phenomenon of criminalisation, and highlight the need for further quantitative and qualitative work that includes longer-term historical analysis.