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AbstractEven though there is a substantive body of research on the emergence of sexual science and the overall scientification of sexuality that in Europe took place around 1900, we lack studies that focus on Roman-Catholic responses. This article addresses this gap by analyzing the Roman-Catholic discourse on sexuality between the 1870s and 1930s in the German-speaking area. Investigating papal encyclicals, pastoral letters, prayer, devotion, and instruction booklets, this paper argues that Roman-Catholic authors adopted scientific rhetoric and argumentation patterns in order to justify the Catholic sexual morality anew under the conditions of a society that became increasingly secularized. This adoption changed the Catholic evaluation of sexuality itself as well: Originally seen as a phenomenon of personal moral conduct, sexuality's societal and political importance in terms of a nation's health was increasingly acknowledged since the outbreak of World War I. Scientific concepts of health and disease increasingly replaced the formerly all-pervading theological notion of sinfulness. Furthermore, the Catholic sexual discourse was markedly gendered. By primarily discussing female sexuality, Catholic authors hoped to support the traditional Catholic family ideal that had come under pressure due to the increased secularization of society.

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- Francis I and the Just War Doctrine -- War in the Old Testament -- Deuteronomy -- Holy Wars not Just Wars -- When Men Wage Just War -- Hebrew Wars and God's Intentions -- War and Legal Authority -- Wartime Atrocities -- Canon Lawyers -- Gratian -- Saint Raymond of Peñafort -- St. Augustine: Father of the Just War Doctrine -- Just War in the Early Middle Ages -- Innocent I -- Urban II -- Bernard of Clairvaux -- John of Salisbury -- Thomas Á Becket -- Bologna School of Jurisprudence -- Innocent III -- Bartolus de Saxoferrato -- John of Legnano -- Pierino Belli -- Saint Thomas Aquinas -- St. Thomas and St. Augustine -- Jus ad Bellum -- Jus in Bello -- Legacy -- Later Medieval Philosophers -- Marsilius of Padua -- Alberico Gentili -- Conclusion -- Vitoria and International Law -- Spanish Just War Thinking of the 16th Century -- Francisco Suarez -- Domingo de Soto -- Luis de Molina -- Balthasar de Ayala -- Gregory de Valentia -- Juan de Mariana -- Saint Robert Bellarmine -- Alphonsus Liguori -- In Conclusion -- What Is Just War Doctrine -- The New Theory of Warfare -- Catholic Revisionism -- References -- About the Authors -- Index -- Blank Page.

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"This title was first published in 2003. Fields traces the origins of recent economic growth in Ireland over a long period of development. In doing so, he opens up an old debate with new data, interpretations and evidence that will force many to question existing truths about the role of religion in economic growth. The work is founded on an innovative methodology and unique primary and secondary resource material that has never been used in a study of this kind. This is timely as the area has a growing international market and addresses some recently ignored themes in the Social Sciences, in particular religion. Whilst concerned with global issues this text also focuses on one country which economists and sociologists as well as those in other Social Sciences areas will find of great interest."--Provided by publisher