Suchergebnisse

The construction of the Panama Canal at the beginning of the twentieth century created an enclave that ran parallel to the interoceanic waterway, controlled by the US government: the Canal Zone. This book aims to understand the implications that Panama Canal Zone urban planning had on human health, natural resources, and biodiversity through the study case of Fort Clayton, highlighting how the sanitary concerns shaped building regulations and the urban landscape of towns. This book highlights the role of North American entomologists and health workers in developing control strategies for diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and how mosquitos ecology determined building regulations that shaped the image of the Canal Zone towns. On the other hand, the book determines the environmental assessment of Fort Clayton, determined by the two fundamental aspects that set on the environmental impact of an urban settlement. The first one is the suitability of the site's location. The second is the urban structure of the adopted city model and its impact on the connectivity of the surrounding forests during the twentieth century. This text is aimed at both undergraduate and postgraduate students, architects, urban planners, historians, and environmental science professionals.

Historical background. Transformed landscapes and the impact of Human-Nature interaction in the interoceanic region (6000 BC-1950) -- Approximation of the urbanism and architecture of Fort Clayton -- The construction of sanitary urban and anti-mosquito landscaping in the canal zone -- Mosquito control influence on Fort Clayton urban landscape -- Historical, cultural, and urban analysis of the landscaping of the Canal Zone. Case of Fort Clayton.-Cultural landscapes values -- Are canal zone towns adapted to tropical environments?- Epilogue.

Abstract During World War II, when Axis theories of racial supremacy became purported antonyms to Allied values, leaders of "non-white" countries gained a new framework for challenging a global order grounded in racialized notions of fitness for self-government. But the story is more complex than a sole focus on the international sphere allows, as those leaders who adopted anti-racist rhetoric to challenge their disadvantaged position in international politics were sometimes architects of racial hierarchy at home. This article examines how anti-racist struggles within Panama and the Canal Zone mapped onto the anti-imperialist project of a racist Panamanian state. Scholars of race and international relations have highlighted the challenges that anti-imperialist struggles posed to racialized criteria for international legitimacy, on the one hand, and the impact of geopolitical conflict on domestic struggles for racial equality, on the other. The view from the Canal Zone reveals the interplay between those two phenomena. Foregrounding Latin America in a history of the global politics of anti-racism precludes escape into binary visions of a world divided between colonizers and colonized, a racist Global North and an anti-racist Global South, or a tidy color line that splits humanity in two.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Authors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Historical Background: Transformed Landscapes and the Impact of Human-Nature Interaction in the Interoceanic Region (6000 BC-1950) -- 1.1 Environmental Description of the Pacific Transisthmian Region -- 1.2 Background: The Cultural Landscape and Environmental Changes in the Interoceanic Region -- 1.2.1 Pre-Hispanic Stage -- 1.2.2 Impact of Interoceanic Transit During the Colony -- 1.2.3 The Interoceanic Railway Metabolism Landscape -- 1.2.4 Impact of French Canal Construction -- 1.3 United States Canal Construction (1904-1914) -- 1.3.1 Environmental Transformations of the US Canal Construction -- 1.4 The Defenses of the Panama Canal in the Early Twentieth Century -- 1.4.1 The Canal Defense Plan and Cronkhite Commission -- 1.4.2 Before Clayton: Environmental Historic Approach -- 1.4.3 Livestock as a Defense Strategy for the Canal and Its Impact in the Repopulation of the Forests (1916-1950) -- References -- 2 Fort Clayton's Urbanism and Architecture -- 2.1 Brief Background of Early Twentieth-Century Urban Planning -- 2.1.1 Urban Planning, Zoning, and Racial Segregation in the Canal Zone -- 2.2 Historical Stages of Urban Growth of Fort Clayton -- 2.2.1 Period of Urban Military Development -- 2.2.2 Stages of Suburb Expansions of Fort Clayton and Their Formal Background -- 2.3 The Architecture of Fort Clayton Through the Twentieth Century -- 2.3.1 Architecture from 1919 to 1922 -- 2.3.2 Architecture from 1923 to 1932 -- 2.3.3 Architecture from 1933 to 1939 -- 2.3.4 Architecture from 1932 to 1939 -- 2.3.5 Architecture from 1940 to 1943 -- 2.3.6 Architecture from 1948 to 1949 -- 2.3.7 Architecture from 1950 to 1960 -- 2.3.8 Architecture from 1960 to 1969 -- 2.4 Fort Clayton Urban Housing Final Review -- References.

Borderland on the Isthmus: the changing boundaries and frontiers of the Panama Canal Zone -- Race and identity in the Zone-Panama borderland: Zonians Uber Alles -- Race and identity in the zone-Panama borderland: West Indians contra todos -- Desire, sexuality, and gender in the Zone-Panama borderland -- The U.S. Military: armed guardians of the borderland -- "Injuring the power system": crime and resistance in the borderland -- The Zone-Panama borderland and the complexity of U.S. Empire.

AbstractThis article follows the "convict clause" in the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution – the exception for slavery and involuntary servitude to continue as punishment for crime – to the Panamá Canal Zone. It argues that US officials used the prison system not only to extract labor, but to structure racial hierarchy and justify expansionist claims to jurisdiction and sovereignty. It reveals how despite the purported "usefulness" of the Black bodies conscripted in this brutal labor regime, the prison system's operational modality was racial and gendered violence which exceeded the registers of political economy, penology, and state-building in which that usefulness was framed. The Canal Zone convict road building scheme then became a cornerstone from which Good Roads Movement boosters, who claimed the convict was a slave of the state, could push for the Pan-American Highway across the hemisphere. Afro-Panamanian and Caribbean workers, who were the majority of those forced into Canal Zone chain gangs, protested the racism and imperialism of the prison system by blending anti-colonial and anti-racist strategies and deploying a positive notion of blackness as solidarity and race pride. Their efforts and insight offer an understanding of the US carceral state's imperial dimensions as well as enduring lessons for movements struggling to broaden the meaning and experience of freedom in the face of slavery's recurrent afterlives.

The cover of Maid in Panama depicts a West Indian higgler as a "mammy." Her skin is an exaggerated ink-black, her body is large, her face round, and she wears a servant's uniform, including headscarf and apron. The higgler walks across an open field carrying a tray of tropical fruits on her head, with a background of palm trees, a placid river, and fluffy clouds.