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Agriculture is the backbone of West African economies, providing employment and income to about 70% of the population. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is cognizant of the important role that the sector plays for its member states and the challenges posed by climate change. Therefore, ECOWAS decided to promote Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) within its regional agriculture promotion policy, and developed a CSA implementation framework. The CSA implementation framework aims to increase productivity and farm incomes sustainably and equitably, enhance adaptation and resilience to climate variability and change, and to control and/or reduce greenhouse gas emissions wherever possible and appropriate. In order to translate the aims of the CSA implementation framework into action, ECOWAS, together with partners including CCAFS launched a West African Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture. The Alliance is the consultation, coordination, convergence, funding and monitoring framework of the CSA implementation framework. The Alliance brings together Government agencies, Non-Governmental Organizations, farmer organizations, private sector, international organizations and other agencies in a voluntary and inclusive multi-stakeholder partnership. CCAFS was a scientific partner in the development of the CSA implementation framework and the Alliance. CCAFS produced a paper on the Scientific, Political and Financial Landscape of Climate-Smart Agriculture in West Africa, with inputs from scientists at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development (CORAF), and Ibadan University. This paper was used as the background document of the high-level forum to develop climate-smart agriculture, where the Alliance and CSA implementation framework was announced. CCAFS staff members were also on the technical team of the high-level forum and backstopped the development of different background documents which enabled key decisions at the forum.

Chapter 1: Two way association between agriculture and climate change -- Chapter 2: Prioritizing climate smart interventions across various agro-climatic region -- Chapter 3: Adoption of climate smart technologies in Indo-Gangetic Plain in South Asia -- Chapter 4: Role of Women in adoption of climate smart technologies and practices in drought prone zone -- Chapter 5: Were the past government policies climate smart? A review for South Asia -- Chapter 6: Insurance, compensation and institutions for climate smart agriculture -- Chapter 7: Prioritizing investment for climate smart agriculture – A Bio-Economic model -- Chapter 8: Climate smart agriculture – a need indeed for future agricultural development in South Asia

This paper documents the testimonials of those who implemented the Myanmar Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy (MCSAS) and accounts of those who experienced its application on the ground. Success stories and challenges in implementing MCSAS were documented. Based on the stakeholder interviews conducted, MCSAS is proven to be a valuable document in guiding the implementation of context-specific climate actions in Myanmar. Nineteen government and NGO programs, four policy documents, and an estimate of one billion USD investments were influenced by MCSAS. Following the MCSAS, the National Climate-Smart Agriculture Center of Yezin Agricultural University was established in 2018. Several projects focusing on farmers, particularly the Climate-Smart Village in the Dry Zone and the Farmer Field School in the Delta Zone, were also studied to understand the depth of the influence of MCSAS. In these cases, climate-smart practices adopted have helped farmers coped with climate change and increased their household incomes. Nevertheless, suggestions were made to further improve the Strategy with more specific actions that could be implemented and the funding options that implementers could pursue. The Strategy also needs to be integrated into the current programs of the government and its contents translated in the local language in a format that local people can understand.

Funders and governments are promoting climate-smart agriculture (CSA) as key to agricultural adaptation under climate change in Africa. However, with its progressions still at the policy level and framework description, there is a need to understand the current developments and activities conducted within the CSA research field. We conducted a scientific mapping and analyses of CSA research studies in Africa to understand the (i) thematic trends, (ii) developments, (iii) nature of collaboration networks, and (iv) general narratives supporting the adoption and application of CSA in Africa. Results show that several African countries had endorsed CSA as an approach to addressing agricultural productivity challenges, supporting adaptation strategies, and building resilience to climate change. However, a majority do not have national Climate-Smart Agriculture Investment Plans (CSAIPs). Additionally, CSA research in Africa is still developing, with only a few countries dominating the research outputs. For a successful implementation of CSA, a framework provided by the CSAIPs must be established to guide the processes. This will provide a framework to guide the integration of government programs, policies, and strategic plans by combining other inputs from stakeholders to support decision making and implementation of CSA. ; https://www.mdpi.com/journal/agronomy ; pm2021 ; Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology

South and Southeast Asian regions are home to more than 30 per cent of the world's population; half the world's poor and malnourished. Agriculture plays a critical role in terms of employment and livelihood security for a large majority of people in most countries of the region. The region is prone to climatic extremes, which regularly impact agricultural production and farmers' livelihood. In the last decade, these regions have witnessed considerable increase in the number of floods, droughts, some of the most devastating cyclones in recorded history; and water, soil and land resources continue to decline. Climate change is further projected to cause 10-40 per cent loss in crop production in the region by the end of the century. The increased climatic variability in future would further increase production variability. Agriculture, forestry and land use change account for 30 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions. Producing enough food for the increasing population in a background of reducing resources in a changing climate scenario, while minimizing environmental degradation, is a challenging task. A few regional conferences were held during the last few years to identify the priorities for adaptation and mitigation to climate change. Several options were identified and are being implemented to build climate-smart agriculture but there are still considerable technology and knowledge gaps and much more scope for partnering and policy reform. APAARI, CCAFS, WMO and UNDP jointly organized a meeting in Bangkok on 11-12 April, 2012 to review best practices and technologies being used to make agriculture climate smart, to identify gaps in solutions available and prioritize research and development needed to fill the gaps, and to agree on a plan to address gaps and link knowledge with policy actions at the local/ national/regional level to make agriculture climate smart. The workshop was attended by Asia's leading climate specialists, agricultural scientists, government representatives and development organizations, and several global experts. This publication contains the proceedings and key recommendations of the workshop. It is our expectation that climate-smart agriculture will receive high priority in future research and development agenda. We are, therefore, sure that the stakeholders of agriculture including National Agricultural Research and Extension Systems in South and Southeast Asia will take full advantage of these recommendations. It is also expected that this publication will be of immense use to the planners, administrators, scientists, farmers, and other stakeholders for ensuring climate-smart agriculture in Asia.

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is increasingly seen as a promising approach to feed the growing world population under climate change. The review explored how institutional perspectives are reflected in the CSA literature. In total, 137 publications were analyzed using institutional analysis framework, of which 55.5% make specific reference to institutional dimensions. While the CSA concept encompasses three pillars (productivity, adaptation, and mitigation), the literature has hardly addressed them in an integrated way. The development status of study sites also seems to influence which pillars are promoted. Mitigation was predominantly addressed in high-income countries, while productivity and adaptation were priorities for middle and low-income countries. Interest in institutional aspects has been gradual in the CSA literature. It has largely focused on knowledge infrastructure, market structure, and hard institutional aspects. There has been less attention to understand whether investments in physical infrastructure and actors&rsquo ; interaction, or how historical, political, and social context may influence the uptake of CSA options. Rethinking the approach to promoting CSA technologies by integrating technology packages and institutional enabling factors can provide potential opportunities for effective scaling of CSA options.

The 5th Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture brought together over 410 participants, from more than 200 institutions, based in over 60 countries. This included participants from research institutions, governments, private sector and civil society, to catalyze action oriented partnerships for a transformation in our food systems, under a changing climate. Detailed summaries of thematic discussions are captured in this document.

International audience ; Adaptation to climate change and its mitigation are some of the biggest challenges facing agriculture. In the global South, these challenges are associated with the need for food security. The arrival of climate change on the international agenda has prompted the recycling of a multitude of initiatives to address this problem, leading inevitably to the emergence of numerous controversies. However, although the scales and actors targeted may differ, all of these initiatives are trying in one way or another to provide technical, social, economic and political options to increase the climate resilience of agriculture. There is heated debate about three approaches, which focus on these relationships between agriculture and climate: climate-smart agriculture, agroecology and the 4 per 1000 Initiative on soil carbon. Beyond the conceptual differences and the sometimes partisan interpretations of these three approaches, agriculture in the Southern countries needs to take advantage of their potential synergies.

International audience ; Adaptation to climate change and its mitigation are some of the biggest challenges facing agriculture. In the global South, these challenges are associated with the need for food security. The arrival of climate change on the international agenda has prompted the recycling of a multitude of initiatives to address this problem, leading inevitably to the emergence of numerous controversies. However, although the scales and actors targeted may differ, all of these initiatives are trying in one way or another to provide technical, social, economic and political options to increase the climate resilience of agriculture. There is heated debate about three approaches, which focus on these relationships between agriculture and climate: climate-smart agriculture, agroecology and the 4 per 1000 Initiative on soil carbon. Beyond the conceptual differences and the sometimes partisan interpretations of these three approaches, agriculture in the Southern countries needs to take advantage of their potential synergies.

International audience ; Adaptation to climate change and its mitigation are some of the biggest challenges facing agriculture. In the global South, these challenges are associated with the need for food security. The arrival of climate change on the international agenda has prompted the recycling of a multitude of initiatives to address this problem, leading inevitably to the emergence of numerous controversies. However, although the scales and actors targeted may differ, all of these initiatives are trying in one way or another to provide technical, social, economic and political options to increase the climate resilience of agriculture. There is heated debate about three approaches, which focus on these relationships between agriculture and climate: climate-smart agriculture, agroecology and the 4 per 1000 Initiative on soil carbon. Beyond the conceptual differences and the sometimes partisan interpretations of these three approaches, agriculture in the Southern countries needs to take advantage of their potential synergies.

The importance of adopting modern technology in agriculture, especially in a changing climate, cannot be underestimated in Africa. The aim of this review was to highlight the past and the status quo with regard to the adoption of current farming practices in relation to climate-smart agriculture (CSA) by communal livestock farmers in South Africa. The impact of animal agriculture on climate change was also deliberated. Different internet search engines and databases, like Google Scholar, EBSCO Host, Science Direct, etc., and peer-reviewed articles, books, and government and academic reports were employed to provide information to adequately address the aim. Keywords like "the impact of climate smart agriculture on communal livestock farmers", "communal livestock in South Africa", "communal farming and technology adoption", etc. were used for the search. Various issues pertaining to the impact of animal agriculture on climate change, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and implementing CSA in livestock farming were extensively discussed. The findings indicated that there is limited research on the adoption of CSA by communal livestock farmers in South Africa. The review concluded that strategies to adopt modern technology in communal areas should address the issues to enhance knowledge of farmers and all stakeholders, through increasing awareness, trainings, and skills programs. The government should build local capacity in innovative and affordable water and agricultural solutions, and reliable financial mechanisms should be in place to implement innovative sound technologies in communal areas.