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Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1991 primarily to modify numerous Supreme Court opinions of the 1988 Term that jeopardized the rights of minorities and women. Particularly striking about those Supreme Court cases was the number which involved procedural questions and process values. These included the timing of litigation, both when employment discrimination victims must commence actions and when non-parties can reopen civil rights cases resolved through consent decrees; litigant responsibility for the expense of lawsuits; and proof requirements. Most of the procedural developments in civil rights and employment discrimination litigation of the 1988 Term, however, were only recent manifestations of judicial decisionmaking that has disadvantaged civil rights and employment discrimination plaintiffs over the past fifteen years. Moreover, the determinations encompass restrictive interpretations by the Supreme Court and lower federal courts of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, fee-shifting legislation, and procedural provisions in civil rights and employment discrimination statutes. In short, the whole picture for civil rights and employment discrimination litigation has been more than the sum of the procedural parts. The federal judiciary's decisionmaking has adversely affected civil rights and employment discrimination plaintiffs, who Congress intended to serve as private attorneys general, but whose lack of resources for litigating often makes them risk averse. Because these judicial determinations threatened the progress that minorities and women have achieved through litigation, Congress enacted the new civil rights and employment discrimination legislation which rectifies or ameliorates certain procedural difficulties faced by civil rights and employment discrimination plaintiffs. Unfortunately, Congress did not treat a number of important procedural problems that significantly disadvantage civil rights plaintiffs. This essay addresses those omissions. The article initially examines procedural developments that have detrimentally affected civil rights plaintiffs over the last decade and a half. The piece then analyzes the Civil Rights Act of 1991, emphasizing how that measure fails to remedy numerous procedural complications which confront these plaintiffs. Accordingly, the essay affords suggestions for additional change that would respond to the procedural difficulties which remain.

"Defining Documents in American History: Civil Rights offers in-depth analysis of a broad range of historical documents and historic events that shaped civil rights struggles in American history. This text closely studies more than forty primary source documents to deliver a thorough examination of civil rights movements in the U.S. from 1954 to 2015. Defining Documents in American History: Civil Rights provides detailed, thought-provoking analysis of: Controversies and actions at the Dawn of the Civil Rights Movement; Legal Challenges to Segregation; The Civil Rights Act and Its Consequences; Organizations and Leaders in the Movement; Gay Rights, Criminal Justice, and the Movement for Social Justice. An historical timeline and bibliography of important supplemental readings will support readers in understanding the broader historical events and subjects in the period. An introduction for each of the major subjects covered in the title considers the significance of document analysis for students and educators. Each in-depth chapter guides readers with historical insight and comprehension. The documents included represent the diversity of ideas and contexts that defined social, political, and cultural subjects throughout this period in American history."--Publisher website

For a variety of reasons, Australians possess a curious lack of understanding about the gaining of civil rights by indigenous people. These reasons include the lack of a clear civil rights "moment" in Australian history & the negative connotations now associated with civil rights when compared to the more radical indigenous rights. This article explores the reasons for Australia's public amnesia about indigenous people's acquisition of civil rights & makes a case for repositioning this occurrence as a key time in Australian political history. Adapted from the source document.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- Segregation -- Truman and Civil Rights -- Brown v. Board of Education -- White Reaction -- Montgomery Bus Boycott -- Martin Luther King Jr. -- Civil Rights Organizations -- Little Rock School Crisis -- Nonviolent Protest -- The Freedom Rides -- Violence in Birmingham -- The March on Washington -- Trouble in Mississippi -- Civil Rights and the White House -- The Civil Rights Act -- March in Selma -- Race Riots -- Radical Organizations -- The Assassination of Martin Luther King -- Timeline -- Glossary -- Further Information -- Index -- Backcover

1. Miles' Law and the challenge of civil rights in the United States -- 2. From the heritage of African American slavery to modern civil rights protection -- 3. From Plessy to Brown : momentous years in the struggle -- 4. Beyond Brown v. Board of Education : politics, policy, and problems -- 5. The Native American perspective : toward civil rights from conquest, but a long way from that goal -- 6. Continuing challenges for Native Americans : problems persist despite civil rights gains for others -- 7. Natural resources and native spirituality : a different kind of civil rights claim -- 8. Civil rights from a Latino perspective -- 9. Critical contemporary issues in Latino civil rights -- 10. Gender discrimination : the rise of the so-called middle standard -- 11. Civil rights and sexual orientation and identity -- 12. Civil rights and disabilities in America : paternalism, discrimination, or equality? -- 13. Now the work begins : the agenda for policy and practice going forward.