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Intro -- United Arab Emirates 1975/76-2018 -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acronyms -- Map -- Introduction -- 1975/76 -- Diplomatic Troubles - Federal Cabinet - Abu Dhabi and Dubai, Rivals United? - Oil, 100 per cent Nationalisation - Development Spending - Port Zayed - Port Rashid -- 1977 -- Constitution - Supreme Council - Aid Programme - Qawasimi Legacy - Industrialisation - Jebel Ali Plans - Currency Board - One Market? -- 1978 -- Minor Hiccoughs - Federalisation - UAE Mediation in Gulf war - Banks Galore Competitive Rivalry - Capital Expenditure Reduced - ADNOC Dominance - Taweelah - Renewed Investment Confidence -- 1979 -- Rumours of Discontent - Provisional Constitution - Secession? - Metres, not Kilometres - Sharjah's Status - OPEC Alignments - Omani Discontent - Common Economic Trends - Dirham Revalued - TEPCO - Social Infrastructure - Recession - Gas Engineering Concerns - Banking Reforms - Agriculture's Future -- 1980 -- Government Crisis - Abu Dhabi-Dubai Rivalry - Questioning the Sheikhly System - Currency Board - Ruwais - GASCO - Das Island Disappointment - Industry - Economic Slowdown -- 1981 -- Cabinet Reshuffle - Economic Imbalance - UAE University - Hospital Growth - Desalination - Business, not Boom - Dubai: Efficiency and Profit - Over-banking -- 1982 -- Federation, not Unity - Imbalance, Over-dependence on Oil - After-effects of Construction Boom - Economics Override Politics - Hospitals, and a University - Economic Duplication - Abu Dhabi Calls the Shots - Dubai's Mercantile Expertise - Stately Sharjah - Rocky Ras al-Khaimah - Ajman's Marbles - Umm al-Quwain: More than a Dormitory - Fujairah: Natural Advantages -- 1983 -- Memorandum Movement - Five-Year Plan 1981-85 - Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) - Sharjah-Dubai Border Dispute - Economic Re-thinking - OPEC - Budget Deficit - Tourism -- 1984.

The role of spinal dorsal horn propriospinal connections in nociceptive processing is not yet established. Recently described, rostrocaudally oriented axon collaterals of lamina I projection and local-circuit neurons (PNs and LCNs) running in the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) may serve as the anatomical substrate for intersegmental processing. Putative targets of these axons include lateral dendrites of superficial dorsal horn neurons, including PNs, and also neurons in the lateral spinal nucleus (LSN) that are thought to be important integrator units receiving, among others, visceral sensory information. Here we used an intact spinal cord preparation to study intersegmental connections within the lateral part of the superficial dorsal horn. We detected brief monosynaptic and prolonged polysynaptic excitation of lamina I and LSN neurons when stimulating individual dorsal horn neurons located caudally, even in neighboring spinal cord segments. These connections, however, were infrequent. We also revealed that some projection neurons outside the dorsal grey matter and in the LSN have distinct, previously undescribed course of their projection axon. Our findings indicate that axon collaterals of lamina I PNs and LCNs in the DLF rarely form functional connections with other lamina I and LSN neurons and that the majority of their targets are on other elements of the dorsal horn. The unique axon trajectories of neurons in the dorsolateral aspect of the spinal cord, including the LSN do not fit our present understanding of midline axon guidance and suggest that their function and development differ from the neurons inside lamina I. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the connectivity matrix of the superficial dorsal horn in order to decipher spinal sensory information processing. ; This work was supported by FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Programme-COMPETE and by national funds through FCT-Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia under the project FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-029632 (PTDC/NEU-SCC/0347/2012 to BS), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA-TKI 242 to MA), the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (PSz), the Hungarian Brain Research Program (KTIA_NAP_13-2-2014-0005 to PSz and KTIA_NAP_13-1-2013-0001 to MA) and TAMOP-4.2.4.A/2-11/1-2012-0001 'National Excellence Program' supported by the Sate of Hungary and the European Union, co-financed by the European Social Fund (ZsA). The authors are grateful to Raquel Pinho for her excellent help with the histological processing and reconstruction.

The first of a new series, the Contemporary Archive of the Islamic World, this title draws on the resources of World of Information, a British publisher that since 1975 has published analyses of the politics and economics of all the Middle East countries. For decades Syria lay at the heart of Middle Eastern affairs. Under Assad rulers, and sharing a border with Israel, Syria's fortunes have been complex. Strategic alliances were formed and fell apart. Domestic rebellions were quelled, often violently. Since 2011, Syria has been in the world's headlines every day, riven by a civil war that has risked bringing the world's major powers into open conflict. The CAIW provides an essential background to a complex international problem.--

13 páginas, 9 figuras.-- et al. ; Vav3 is a phosphorylation-dependent activator of Rho/Rac GTPases that has been implicated in hematopoietic, bone, cerebellar, and cardiovascular roles. Consistent with the latter function, Vav3-deficient mice develop hypertension, tachycardia, and renocardiovascular dysfunctions. The cause of those defects remains unknown as yet. Here, we show that Vav3 is expressed in GABAegic neurons of the ventrolateral medulla (VLM), a brainstem area that modulates respiratory rates and, via sympathetic efferents, a large number of physiological circuits controlling blood pressure. On Vav3 loss, GABAergic cells of the caudal VLM cannot innervate properly their postsynaptic targets in the rostral VLM, leading to reduced GABAergic transmission between these two areas. This results in an abnormal regulation of catecholamine blood levels and in improper control of blood pressure and respiration rates to GABAergic signals. By contrast, the reaction of the rostral VLM to excitatory signals is not impaired. Consistent with those observations, we also demonstrate that Vav3 plays important roles in axon branching and growth cone morphology in primary GABAergic cells. Our study discloses an essential and nonredundant role for this Vav family member in axon guidance events in brainstem neurons that control blood pressure and respiratory rates. ; X.R.B. is supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01CA073735), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (SMSI, SAF2009-07172, and RD06/0020/0001), the Castilla y León Autonomous Government (GR97), and the Asociacion Española contra el Cancer. B.R. is supported by SMSI (SAF2007-61904 and CSD2007-00023) and "La Caixa" Foundation grants. ; Peer reviewed

There are growing concerns that despite the availability of government subsidies and enabling policies, many cost effective and profitable technological and behavioural solutions are not being rapidly adopted across a range of key sectors to meet climate change goals. This contradicts rational economic theoretical expectations of what should be occurring and further demonstrates the energy efficiency paradox. The historically poor adoption rates of viable solutions suggest that a gap continues to exist between the availability of technically feasible, cost effective, and energy efficient products and what is actually implemented and required behavioural approaches. It is clear that no single intervention alone will suffice; rather a portfolio of actions and choices, and behavioural changes will be necessary across all sectors of society to reduce carbon dioxide emissions effectively. This deliverable addresses questions of why some interventions are overlooked whilst others are not; and evaluates the potentials and scope for greater deployment of some well-established solutions, their saving potentials, and net benefits (economic and environmental), and considers how policy could better support those initiatives. The deliverable specifically examines the extent to which individual behaviour change influences need to be catalysed and the role they can play alongside technology adoption and their overall contributions to a low carbon energy transition. Importantly, this deliverable provides a sociotechnical perspective on energy transitions, by moving analysis beyond technology alone to integrate considerations of user behavioural dimensions and considerations of the interplay between behaviour, practices and technology and how these interactions may then influence low- carbon goals. This Deliverable examines the extent to which alignment between technological and behavioural elements may occur in practice in the deployment of specific carbon reduction solutions. It examines whether there are gaps in this process ...

Pain affects over 20% of United States adults, and less than 50% of United States adults participate in frequent physical exercise. This cross-sectional database study included 13,758 United States adults aged >18 years from the 2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) and analyzed the association between severity of pain (independent variable) and frequent physical exercise (dependent variable), adjusting for demographic, economic, limitation, and health variables using multivariable logistic regression. The study showed 50.3% of adults report frequently exercising. Only 37.1% of adults reported experiencing pain of any degree, with a majority of them experiencing little pain. In the adjusted model, extreme pain vs. none, quite a bit of pain vs. none, Hispanic vs. non-Hispanic ethnicity, having a functional limitation vs. no limitation, and being overweight/obese vs. not being obese/overweight were associated with lower odds of reporting doing frequent physical exercise. Meanwhile, being ≥65 or 40–64 vs. 18–39 years of age, male vs. female, white vs. not white race, private or public vs. no health coverage, and good vs. poor general health were associated with greater odds of reporting doing frequent physical exercise. These variables associated with frequent physical exercise should be considered in future work when designing health interventions.

Contemporary estimates of the association between functional impairment and health costs among United States (US) older adults who documented having pain are unavailable. We used a retrospective database design and developed unadjusted and adjusted linear regression models to assess total, office, outpatient, emergency department, inpatient, and prescribed drug costs between older US adults with and without functional impairment. We included US adults aged ≥ 50 in the 2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey dataset who documented having pain in the past month. We also included only those who had positive health costs. Among the 40,092,210 US adults aged ≥ 50 who documented having pain in the past month, we found 37% had functional impairment. In adjusted linear regression models, we found adults with functional impairment (versus adults without functional impairment) had 57.2% higher total health costs and 54.1% higher prescribed drug costs. We did not observe any statistical differences between groups for office, outpatient, emergency department, or inpatient costs. In conclusion, the higher total and prescribed drug costs we found among US older adults with pain and a functional impairment draws attention to the financial burden of functional impairment among these individuals, which needs to be addressed.

Axon guidance is a key process during nervous system development and regeneration. One of the best established paradigms to study the mechanisms underlying this process is the axon decision of whether or not to cross the midline in the Drosophila CNS. An essential regulator of that decision is the well conserved Slit-Robo signaling pathway. Slit guidance cues act through Robo receptors to repel axons from the midline. Despite good progress in our knowledge about these proteins, the intracellular mechanisms associated with Robo function remain poorly defined. In this work, we found that the scaffolding protein Canoe (Cno), the Drosophila orthologue of AF-6/Afadin, is essential for Slit-Robo signaling. Cno is expressed along longitudinal axonal pioneer tracts, and longitudinal Robo/Fasciclin2-positive axons aberrantly cross the midline in cno mutant embryos. cno mutant primary neurons show a significant reduction of Robo localized in growth cone filopodia and Cno forms a complex with Robo in vivo. Moreover, the commissureless (comm) phenotype (i.e., lack of commissures due to constitutive surface presentation of Robo in all neurons) is suppressed in comm, cno double-mutant embryos. Specific genetic interactions between cno, slit, robo, and genes encoding other components of the Robo pathway, such as Neurexin-IV, Syndecan, and Rac GTPases, further confirm that Cno functionally interacts with the Slit-Robo pathway. Our data argue that Cno is a novel regulator of the Slit-Robo signaling pathway, crucial for regulating the subcellular localization of Robo and for transducing its signaling to the actin cytoskeleton during axon guidance at the midline. © 2012 the authors. ; This work was supported by grants from the British Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/I002448/1) to A.P. and from the Spanish government (BFU2006-09130, BFU2009-08833, and CONSOLIDER INGENIO 2010 CSD2007-00023) to A.C. The Fly Facility in Manchester is supported by funds from The University of Manchester and the Wellcome Trust (087742/Z/08/Z).Wethank Greg Bashaw, Guy Tear, the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center at Indiana University, and the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank at the University of Iowa for kindly providing fly strains and antibodies. We also thank Raquel Pérez-Gómez for helping with the statistic analyses. J. S. holds a JAE (Junta de Ampliación de Estudios) predoctoral fellowship from the Spanish Research Council, cofinanced by the European Social Fund. ; Peer Reviewed

AbstractThis tutorial focuses on multiarm studies. We will explain what multiarm studies are and how to include data from them in a meta‐analysis.