Suchergebnisse

The Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty covers 30 countries across the Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains (ATTU). This paper analyzes the armed forces in CFE and makes a comparison and relative ranking of CFE countries armaments using factor analysis. The results suggest that there are three different factors that explain the whole data set, and the military based comparison of countries is obtained by these factors. A general military power factor is also calculated for a general comparison.

15 pages, 3 tables, 9 figures ; Since the Industrial Revolution, the North Atlantic Ocean has been accumulating anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) and experiencing ocean acidification1, that is, an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions (a reduction in pH) and a reduction in the concentration of carbonate ions. The latter causes the 'aragonite saturation horizon'—below which waters are undersaturated with respect to a particular calcium carbonate, aragonite—to move to shallower depths (to shoal), exposing corals to corrosive waters2,3. Here we use a database analysis to show that the present rate of supply of acidified waters to the deep Atlantic could cause the aragonite saturation horizon to shoal by 1,000–1,700 metres in the subpolar North Atlantic within the next three decades. We find that, during 1991–2016, a decrease in the concentration of carbonate ions in the Irminger Sea caused the aragonite saturation horizon to shoal by about 10–15 metres per year, and the volume of aragonite-saturated waters to reduce concomitantly. Our determination of the transport of the excess of carbonate over aragonite saturation (xc[CO32−])—an indicator of the availability of aragonite to organisms—by the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation shows that the present-day transport of carbonate ions towards the deep ocean is about 44 per cent lower than it was in preindustrial times. We infer that a doubling of atmospheric anthropogenic CO2 levels—which could occur within three decades according to a 'business-as-usual scenario' for climate change4—could reduce the transport of xc[CO32−] by 64–79 per cent of that in preindustrial times, which could severely endanger cold-water coral habitats. The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation would also export this acidified deep water southwards, spreading corrosive waters to the world ocean ; The OVIDE research project was co-funded by the Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER) and CNRS/Institut National des Sciences de l'Univers (INSU)/Les Enveloppes Fluides et l'Environnement (LEFE). H.M. was supported by CNRS. This is a contribution to the AtlantOS project funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement 633211. This study is also a contribution to the BOCATS project (CTM2013-41048-P) supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional 2014–2020 (FEDER) ; Peer reviewed

AD acknowledges the Spanish Government and FEDER through the support of the SETH project (CGL2014-60849-JIN). BR received funding from the EU FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement no. 603521. ; Peer reviewed ; Peer Reviewed

AbstractBy investigating the hitherto unstudied trans-colonial migration between Mauritius and the Caribbean in the nineteenth century, this article complicates liberal Eurocentric perceptions of global labor force formation under the auspices of colonial capital. Indeed, coercion, as depicted in liberal historiography, was a crucial component of indentured migration but indentured workers themselves sometimes availed of the opportunity of the global demand for their labor by engaging in trans-colonial migration. The dialectic of the formation of globalized indentured labor regime was such that while capital sought to confine workers to specific plantations, the very nature of the demand for labor enabled workers to defy the dictates of capital and further enabled them to move from one colony to another in search of better livelihoods and thus made them globally mobile. These migrations did not follow the so-called boundaries between the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. Rather such migrations reflected workers' search for jobs through trans-colonial networks within the framework of imperial domination.

IV Encuentro Oceanografía Física Española, celebrado del 20 al 22 de julio de 2016 en Alicante,España.-- 1 page, 1 figure ; Maps of velocity vectors and streamlines, calculated after integration from some reference contour, can be very useful to illustrate the gross characteristics of the changing velocities. Nevertheless, they are only snapshots of the velocity field that cannot be used to directly infer exchange between different oceanic regions. In order to do so, we must use of a Lagrangian approach, where we actually track water parcels as they move under the influence of the spatially and temporally changing velocity fields. Here we present a simple model that integrates monthly velocity fields in time, either forward or backward, in order to track the origin or fate of water parcels. In our case, the velocity fields are inferred from the positions of Argo floats. We illustrate the model by examining the recirculation of intermediate waters in the southern South Atlantic Ocean. The model allows us tracking whether and how the water parcels at these intermediate depths recirculate zonally or drift meridionally. In this application, we carefully explore the important role of the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence and the Agulhas Leakage. We estimate that most of the intermediate waters recirculate across the ocean in time periods between about 15 and 30 years, eventually meeting at the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence region. Our results show no water transfer from the Indian Ocean, i.e. they show no Agulhas Leakage, although this may be an artefact caused by the absence of rings in the mean fields. A remarkable feature is the presence of a meridionally pulsating behaviour in the transoceanic trajectories, best visible in an accompanying video ; This research has been supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of the Spanish Government through project VA-DE-RETRO (CTM2014-56987-P) ; Peer Reviewed