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This article examines the SACP and its role in contesting the hegemonic project of neoliberalism in the post-apartheid period (1994-2004). I discuss the Party's written attacks on neoliberalism, support for the Congress of South African Trade Union's (Cosatu's) campaigns against privatisation, the formation of the Young Communist League (YCL), and the current campaigns surrounding cooperatives and financial sector reform. As the SACP is embedded within the ruling African National Congress (ANC), the Party's attempts to critique and fight neoliberalism have remained rhetorical and ineffective. Rather than directly confronting the neoliberal policies of the ANC, the SACP has instead cooperated with the ANC, hoping to pull it more to the 'left'. The SACP's dedication to influencing the ANC has come at the expense of building a mass base of support that opposes neoliberalism. This approach has ultimately resulted in an accommodation to neoliberalism, and exposes many difficult contradictions for the SACP.

The new GEMAPI competence, part of the Environmental policy, states the coherence of actions aimed at reducing the risk of flooding and the management of aquatic environments in the sense of the EWFD. It opens a new perspective on the management of spaces including terrestrial. This is due to the fact that aquatic environments are the receivers of actions undertaken on the hillslopes. In response to a question from the government, end of 2017, on the "implementation of the transfer of water and sanitation skills to the groups of districts", the home affairs Ministry has stressed that the management of runoff and erosion sanitation came under the application of the GEMAPI law. In this article we look at how flood prevention and soil erosion by runoff can be organized in the space of a small and rapidly changing watershed. ; La nouvelle compétence GEMAPI du code de l'Environnement instaure la mise en cohérence des actions visant à réduire le risque d'inondation et la gestion des milieux aquatiques. Elle ouvre une nouvelle perspective sur la gestion des espaces y compris terrestres. Cela tient au fait que les milieux aquatiques sont les récepteurs finaux des conséquences de l'activité humaine sur les écoulements en en versant. En réponse à une question du gouvernement fin 2017 sur la « mise en oeuvre du transfert des compétences eau et assainissement aux communautés de communes », le Ministère de l'intérieur a précisé que la gestion du ruissellement et de l'érosion hors réseaux d'assainissement relevait bien de la compétence GEMAPI. Dans cet article nous regardons comment la prévention contre les inondations et l'érosion des sols par ruissellement peut être organisée dans l'espace d'un petit bassin versant en mutation rapide, au travers des zones humides de tête de bassin.

International audience ; Cet article s'inscrit dans la lignée du dernier numéro de Zones Humides Infos sur le suivi des services éducatifs et récréatifs rendus par les zones humides méditerranéennes basé sur l'étude préparatoire de neuf zones humides aménagées en Algérie, en France, au Maroc et en Tunisie. Suite à cela, l'Observatoire des zones humides méditerranéennes (OZHM), en partenariat avec l'Institut agronomique de Méditerranée de Montpellier, a développé et testé un premier indicateur d'impact sur cette question pour aider les décideurs à aménager et développer leurs zones humides.

International audience ; Cet article s'inscrit dans la lignée du dernier numéro de Zones Humides Infos sur le suivi des services éducatifs et récréatifs rendus par les zones humides méditerranéennes basé sur l'étude préparatoire de neuf zones humides aménagées en Algérie, en France, au Maroc et en Tunisie. Suite à cela, l'Observatoire des zones humides méditerranéennes (OZHM), en partenariat avec l'Institut agronomique de Méditerranée de Montpellier, a développé et testé un premier indicateur d'impact sur cette question pour aider les décideurs à aménager et développer leurs zones humides.

International audience ; Cet article s'inscrit dans la lignée du dernier numéro de Zones Humides Infos sur le suivi des services éducatifs et récréatifs rendus par les zones humides méditerranéennes basé sur l'étude préparatoire de neuf zones humides aménagées en Algérie, en France, au Maroc et en Tunisie. Suite à cela, l'Observatoire des zones humides méditerranéennes (OZHM), en partenariat avec l'Institut agronomique de Méditerranée de Montpellier, a développé et testé un premier indicateur d'impact sur cette question pour aider les décideurs à aménager et développer leurs zones humides.

Abstract. Probable maximum precipitation (PMP)
estimation is one of the most important components for designing hydraulic
structures. The aim of this study was the estimation of 24 h PMP
(PMP24) using statistical and hydro-meteorological (physical) approaches
in the humid climate of the Qareh-Su basin, which is located in the northern
part of Iran. Firstly, for the statistical estimate of PMP, the equations of
empirical curves of the Hershfield method were extracted and the Hershfield
standard and modified methods were written in Java programming language, as a
user-friendly and multi-platform application called the PMP Calculator.
Secondly, a hydro-meteorological approach, which is called the convergence
model, was used to calculate PMP24. The results of both approaches were
evaluated based on statistical criteria, such as the mean absolute error
(MAE), mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), mean
absolute percentage error (MAPE), correlation coefficient (r), and
coefficient of determination (R2). The maximum values of PMP24 for
the Hershfield standard and modified methods were estimated to be 448 and
201 mm, respectively, while the PMP obtained by the physical approach was
143 mm. Comparison of PMP24 values with the maximum 24 h precipitation
demonstrated that based on performance criteria including the MAE, MSE, RMSE,
MAPE, r, and R2, the physical approach performed better than the
statistical approach and it provided the most reliable estimates for PMP.
Also, the accuracy of the Hershfield modified method was better than the
standard method using modified Km values, and the standard method
gives excessively large PMP for construction costs.

47 páginas, 2 tablas, 6 figuras ; A multiproxy study of sediments cores from Zoñar Lake (37º29'00''N, 4º41'22'' W, 300 m a.s.l.) supported by 11 14C AMS dates provides the first high-resolution centennial-scale reconstruction of past humidity changes in southern Spain during the last 4000 years. Arid periods occurred prior to 2.9 cal. kyr BP and during 1.3-0.6 cal. kyr BP (Medieval Climate Anomaly). The most humid period occurred during 2.6-1.6 cal. kyr BP encompassing the late Iron Age-Iberian and Roman epochs. Two humid periods of lower intensity occurred between 0.8 – 0.6 cal kyr BP (1200 – 1400 AD) and about 400 cal. yr BP (around 1600 AD) coinciding with the onset of the Little Ice Age. Humid conditions are synchronous with a decline in solar output and seem to correspond to atmospheric patterns similar to negative NAO phases. Arid conditions show better correlation with northern Africa climate evolution suggesting a possible link to subtropical dynamics. The geographic location of Zoñar Lake and the robust chronology provides an opportunity to improve our understanding of the climate evolution in mid latitudes during the Late Holocene and to evaluate subtropical and high latitude factors in Mediterranean climate evolution. ; Financial support for this study was provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education (projects LIMNOCLIBER REN 2003-09130-CO2-02, IBERLIMNO CGL2004-20236-E, CALIBRE CGL2006-13327-C04/CLI and CGL-2006-2956-BOS) and Andalusian Government (PAI group RNM-328). A. Moreno acknowledges the funding from the European Commission's Sixth Framework Program (Marie Curie Outgoing International Fellowships, proposal 021673-IBERABRUPT).We thank comments and suggestions from Herb Wright, who helped with a previous version of the manuscript, Francisco Mezquita and Javier Marco for their advice on ostracod identification and José.S. Carrión and Noemí Fuentes for pollen samples preparation. We also thank Achim Brauer for his support and dedication during the varve counting. We are also very grateful to the LRC (Minnesota, USA), and particularly to Doug Schnuremberger, Mark Shapley and Anders Noren for making possible the 2004 expedition. A.C. Stevenson and an anonymous reviewer provided constructive criticisms and suggestions. ; Peer reviewed

the frequency of which is likely to be more and more in the ensuing decades as noticed year after year around the globe in 1998, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2015. It is now a topic of concern and the plantations' economy is in a threat in the ensuing decades due to climate variability. Decline in monsoon rainfall with number of rainy days, increasing ambient air temperatures (both day maximum and night minimum), decline in groundwater table, decline in wetland area and surface water resources.

The paper analyses how macro-economic and agricultural policies, market fluctuations and demographic changes affected forests in the Humid Forest Zone of Cameroon in four periods between 1967 and 1997. For each period it examines how these variables influenced cocoa, coffee, food, and agro-industrial crop production and area, and logging. It concludes that government policies, market fluctuations and demographic changes all had a strong impact on forests. Pressure on forests increased after structural adjustment policies were initiated in the mid- 1980s. Malthusian reasoning alone cannot explain the level of deforestation and forest degradation in Cameroon.

Executive Council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 7 – 8 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; From January to December 2018, the Pan-African Parliament undertook several activities, in fulfillment of its core mandate, which is to "ensure the full participation of African peoples in the development of and economic integration of the continent."1 Submitted in accordance with Rule 76 of the Rules of Procedure of the Pan-African Parliament, this annual activity report provides an account of all the activities undertaken by the Pan-African Parliament, towards the achievement of its mandate.