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Introduction. Traumatic eye injuries belong to socially signifi cant problems not only of the ophthalmology, but also Ukraine's health care system. According to recent data, about 20% of ophthalmologic disorders associated with lesions of the orbit, eyeball and adnexa. Eyeball subatrophy develops in 13% of cases after an injury, in 25% of cases – anophthalmos and 30% of cases – wall-eya cornea, which is the main cause of disability and disabilities. In Ukraine, to date studies of organ injury, resulting in extreme situations (mass unrest, natural disasters, war injuries) were extremely small. Clearly we need a change of approach to the teaching of ophthalmology section, taking into account the new experience gained Ukrainian ophthalmologists.The aim of the study: assess the need for the development of modern educational recommendations under the heading «The eye injury» to improve the interns-ophthalmologists and doctors-ophthalmologists quality of training.Material and methods. The analysis of existing educational materials under the heading «The eye injury» with regard to Ukraine published data on eye injuries in extreme situations was carried out.Results and discussion. Clearly, we need a change of approach to the teaching of ophthalmology section, taking into account the experience of Ukrainian ophthalmologists for the events on the Maidan, and the anti-terrorist operation (ATO) in eastern Ukraine. Results of the analysis of educational materials for the interns and doctors-ophthalmologists in the section «The eye injury» showed that the counts of the logical structure, algorithms management of patients, as well as situational and tests on eye injuries in extreme situations should be fi nalized due to changes in the structure and severity of combat damage the eye in Ukraine. Thus, according to T. A. Krasnovid et al. (2016), the vast majority of the victims at the time of the ATO, injuries were mine blast (91.3% of cases). Unlike peacetime injuries, where the nature of the damage was one-sided, were mostly bilateral nature of military operations in Ukraine visual organ injury, and in 34.8% of cases were combined, and combined with the wounds of the upper, lower limbs and internal organs [4].It is also important to note that medical interns need new knowledge in the diagnosis and tactics of such patients, given that in most cases the injury observed damage to all structures of the eye with a primary injury of the posterior segment (hemophthalmus, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies). According to A. I. Tselomudriy et al., (2016), the majority of the wounded in the ATO observed penetrating, gunshot and mine-explosive wounds the eyes, and in 27.5% of lesions were bilateral, contusions and burns were observed in 15% of cases and in 14% of cases occurred eye crushing, which led his subatrophy or enucleation during the stage of primary surgical treatment. In preparing interns ophthalmologists should also pay attention to the fact that the optimal organization of care to such patients is a two-stage system: the fi rst medical assistance and specialized surgical care in order to reduce the duration of treatment.Conclusions. Improving the teaching section «The eye injury» for doctor-intern-ophthalmologists and doctors-ophthalmologists, development of new educational materials will help in the further work of interns and doctors-ophthalmologists on the organization of patient care with injuries of eye and orbit, obtained in extreme situations, to further reduce the time of treatment and rehabilitation of victims of such a contingent. This is relevant pedagogical direction of work in the departments of ophthalmology. ; До настоящего времени в Украине исследований травмы органа зрения, полученной в экстремальных ситуациях, было недостаточно.Принимая во внимание опыт украинских офтальмологов, обусловленный событиями на Майдане и в антитеррористической операции, необходимо изменить подход к преподаванию раздела «Травма органа зрения». Усовершенствование преподавания данного раздела и разработка новой учебно-методической литературы по этой теме поможет в работе интернов и врачей-курсантов по организации оказания медицинской помощи пациентам с травмами органа зрения и орбиты, полученными в экстремальных ситуациях. ; Беручи до уваги досвід українських офтальмологів, набутий за час подій на Майдані і в антитерористичній операції, стала необхідною зміна підходу до викладання розділу «Травма органа зору». Вдосконалення викладання згаданого розділу і розробка нової навчально-методичної літератури по цій темі допоможе в роботі інтернів і лікарів-курсантів з організації надання медичної допомоги пацієнтам з травмами органа зору і орбіти, отриманими в екстремальних ситуаціях.

Проведено аналіз чинників, що обумовлюють виникнення та ескалацію збройного конфлікту в Україні. Розкрито сутність міжнародних безпекових організацій. Досліджено діяльність Організації Об'єднаних Націй та Організації з безпеки та співробітництва в Європі щодо врегулювання внутрішнього збройного конфлікту в Донецькій та Луганській областях. Надано пропозиції з удосконалення діяльності цих міжнародних організацій. ; Проведен анализ факторов, обусловливающих возникновение и эскалацию вооруженного конфликта в Украине. Раскрыта сущность международных организаций безопасности. Исследована деятельность Организации Объединенных Наций и Организации по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе ПО урегулированию внутреннего вооруженного конфликта в Донецкой и Луганской областях. Разработаны предложения по улучшению деятельности этих международных организаций. ; Problem setting. Armed conflict in the Donetsk and Lugansk regions led to significant losses as personnel of military units and special law enforcement agencies of Ukraine and civilian casualties Ukraine.Under these conditions, according to most politicians and political scientists to modern standards of international law crisis management in Ukraine is possible only through the mediation of international organizations. International organizations have a tool for early detection, warning and conflict prevention and crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation, they are engaged in a wide range of security issues, including arms control, preventive diplomacy, confidence-building measures, human rights, monitoring elections, economic and environmental security and so on.Recent research and publications analysis. In the literature of recent years certain issues affecting the regulatory and legal framework of international organizations in the field of security. However, scientific research towards the place and role of international organizations in resolving the internal armed conflict in research paid insufficient attention.Paper objective. The article is to examine the nature of international security organizations, evaluating the effectiveness of their work to resolve the situation in the Donetsk and Lugansk regions and providing relevant proposals.Paper main body. The primary place in the order of settlement of the armed conflict in the South East Ukraine has a key intergovernmental international organizations dealing with peace and security in the world – the United Nations (UN) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).The new National Security Strategy of Ukraine of 05.06.2015 p. Indicated that the aggression of Russia against Ukraine increased the urgency of reforming the Security Council. As part of the UN General Assembly will focus the government of Ukraine will support such initiatives to reform the UN Security Council, which will provide an adequate response to its violations of international law, even if the offender is a permanent member of this body.The main role in resolving the armed conflict currently owned OSCE. The feature is the presence of its field operations acting directly in some participating States, upon request and provide necessary assistance. Decisions in the OSCE adopt by consensus.Currently, there is a problem in meeting the personal safety of observers. The forces of law and order are the following main objectives: personal safety SMM OSCE during their surveillance in the territory controlled by Ukraine; support the SMM OSCE in the demilitarized zone with the ability to provide shelter in special equipment and engineering facilities in the alleged attacks; property protection equipment and CMM OSCE in their locations of the territory controlled by Ukraine.Conclusions of the research. The only security support among international organizations in the settlement of the armed conflict in the South East of Ukraine (except for economic sanctions against the "aggressor country") is an unarmed civilian OSCE SMM. OSCE needs serious reform, the creation of a new model of its operation, which takes into account the new situation in Europe, the dramatic changes the security environment, the emergence of new challenges and threats.Areas for further scientific studies will be used to research legal and organizational-tactical bases of improvement of international organizations in resolving the armed conflict.

Problem setting. Armed conflict in the Donetsk and Lugansk regions led to significant losses as personnel of military units and special law enforcement agencies of Ukraine and civilian casualties Ukraine.Under these conditions, according to most politicians and political scientists to modern standards of international law crisis management in Ukraine is possible only through the mediation of international organizations. International organizations have a tool for early detection, warning and conflict prevention and crisis management and post-conflict rehabilitation, they are engaged in a wide range of security issues, including arms control, preventive diplomacy, confidence-building measures, human rights, monitoring elections, economic and environmental security and so on.Recent research and publications analysis. In the literature of recent years certain issues affecting the regulatory and legal framework of international organizations in the field of security. However, scientific research towards the place and role of international organizations in resolving the internal armed conflict in research paid insufficient attention.Paper objective. The article is to examine the nature of international security organizations, evaluating the effectiveness of their work to resolve the situation in the Donetsk and Lugansk regions and providing relevant proposals.Paper main body. The primary place in the order of settlement of the armed conflict in the South East Ukraine has a key intergovernmental international organizations dealing with peace and security in the world – the United Nations (UN) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).The new National Security Strategy of Ukraine of 05.06.2015 p. Indicated that the aggression of Russia against Ukraine increased the urgency of reforming the Security Council. As part of the UN General Assembly will focus the government of Ukraine will support such initiatives to reform the UN Security Council, which will provide an adequate response to its violations of international law, even if the offender is a permanent member of this body.The main role in resolving the armed conflict currently owned OSCE. The feature is the presence of its field operations acting directly in some participating States, upon request and provide necessary assistance. Decisions in the OSCE adopt by consensus.Currently, there is a problem in meeting the personal safety of observers. The forces of law and order are the following main objectives: personal safety SMM OSCE during their surveillance in the territory controlled by Ukraine; support the SMM OSCE in the demilitarized zone with the ability to provide shelter in special equipment and engineering facilities in the alleged attacks; property protection equipment and CMM OSCE in their locations of the territory controlled by Ukraine.Conclusions of the research. The only security support among international organizations in the settlement of the armed conflict in the South East of Ukraine (except for economic sanctions against the "aggressor country") is an unarmed civilian OSCE SMM. OSCE needs serious reform, the creation of a new model of its operation, which takes into account the new situation in Europe, the dramatic changes the security environment, the emergence of new challenges and threats.Areas for further scientific studies will be used to research legal and organizational-tactical bases of improvement of international organizations in resolving the armed conflict. ; Проведен анализ факторов, обусловливающих возникновение и эскалацию вооруженного конфликта в Украине. Раскрыта сущность международных организаций безопасности. Исследована деятельность Организации Объединенных Наций и Организации по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе ПО урегулированию внутреннего вооруженного конфликта в Донецкой и Луганской областях. Разработаны предложения по улучшению деятельности этих международных организаций. ; Проведено аналіз чинників, що обумовлюють виникнення та ескалацію збройного конфлікту в Україні. Розкрито сутність міжнародних безпекових організацій. Досліджено діяльність Організації Об'єднаних Націй та Організації з безпеки та співробітництва в Європі щодо врегулювання внутрішнього збройного конфлікту в Донецькій та Луганській областях. Надано пропозиції з удосконалення діяльності цих міжнародних організацій.

The purpose of this article is to study foreign economic relations of enterprises of Donetsk Oblast. The unity of the modern world does not alter the global problems of peace and war as a factor in the survival of humanity as a whole, as the incessant local wars after World War II and then take lives and the number of victims has exceeded it. Because the causes of the folded Donbas lost (in many cases permanently) infrastructure, economic and human potential. Dramatic changes undergone settlement system and location of economic entities have changed the size and composition of the population, and as a result foreign economic activity of enterprises of Donbass as a whole and Donetsk region in particular. Large-scale military conflict undoubtedly negatively affect not too powerful economic potential. This is as a result of direct destruction of the economy of the region - the occupied part and Ukraine's one - and due to this problem is directly linked to business. Implementation of a complex of urgent political, social and economic reforms now opens the door to a radical response, but also requires very precise coordination of specific innovations which is addressed to Donbass, with general that will spread throughout Ukraine, and with the commitments undertaken by our country under the association with the EU. ; Целью этой статьи является исследование внешнеэкономических связей предприятий Донецкой области. Единство современного мира не отменяет глобальной проблемы мира и войны как фактор выживания человечества в целом, поскольку непрерывные локальные войны после Второй мировой войны и дальше уносят человеческие жизни и по количеству погибших уже превзошли последнюю. В силу причин, сложившихся Донбасс потерял (во многих случаях безвозвратно) инфраструктуру, экономический и человеческий потенциал. Кардинальных изменений претерпела система расселения и размещения экономических объектов, изменились численность и состав населения, и как следствие внешнеэкономическая деятельность предприятий Донбасса, и Донецкой области в частности. Масштабный военный конфликт, безусловно, крайне негативно влияет на и без того не слишком мощный экономический потенциал страны. Речь идет как о результатах непосредственного разрушения экономики региона - оккупированной и подконтрольной Украины части - так и о обусловленные этим проблемы непосредственно связанных с ним предприятий. Проведение целого комплекса назревших политических, социальных и экономических реформ пока открывает возможности для кардинального реагирования, но в то же время требует очень четкого согласования специфических новаций, адресованных именно Донбассу, с общими, которые распространяться на всю Украину, и с теми обязательствами, которые взяла на себя наше государство в рамках ассоциации с ЕС. ; Метою цієї статті є дослідження зовнішньоекономічних зв'язків підприємств Донецької області. Єдність сучасного світу не скасовує глобальної проблеми миру та війни як фактор виживання людства в цілому, оскільки безупинні локальні війни після Другої світової війни і далі забирають людські життя і за кількістю загиблих уже перевершили останню. В силу причин, що склалися, Донбас втратив (в багатьох випадках безповоротно) інфраструктуру, економічний і людський потенціал. Кардинальних змін зазнав система розселення і розміщення економічних об'єктів, змінилися чисельність і склад населення, і як наслідок зовнішньоекономічна діяльність підприємств Донбасу, та Донецької області зокрема. Масштабний воєнний конфлікт, безперечно, вкрай негативно впливає на і без того не надто потужний економічний потенціал країни. Йдеться як про результати безпосереднього руйнування економіки регіону – окупованої й підконтрольної Україні частини, – так і про зумовлені цим проблеми безпосередньо зв'язаних із ним підприємств. Проведення цілого комплексу назрілих політичних, соціальних і економічних реформ наразі відкриває можливості для кардинального реагування, але водночас потребує дуже чіткого узгодження специфічних новацій, адресованих саме Донбасу, із загальними, що поширюватимуться на всю Україну, та з тими зобов'язаннями, які взяла на себе наша держава в рамках асоціації з ЄС.

The article identifies and examines the historical stages within which the transformations in the structure and tasks of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine during the counteraction to Russian military aggression in the period 2014–2018, from the annexation by the Russian Federation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea to the beginning of United Forces Operation in the territory of Donetsk and Lugansk regions. ; У статті визначено та розглянуто історичні етапи, у межах яких відбулися трансформації у структурі та завданнях Державної прикордонної служби України під час протидії російській військовій агресії у період 2014–2018 років, від анексії Російською Федерацією АР Крим до початку операції Об'єднаних сил на території Донецької та Луганської областей.

The article identifies and examines the historical stages within which the transformations in the structure and tasks of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine during the counteraction to Russian military aggression in the period 2014–2018, from the annexation by the Russian Federation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea to the beginning of United Forces Operation in the territory of Donetsk and Lugansk regions. ; У статті визначено та розглянуто історичні етапи, у межах яких відбулися трансформації у структурі та завданнях Державної прикордонної служби України під час протидії російській військовій агресії у період 2014–2018 років, від анексії Російською Федерацією АР Крим до початку операції Об'єднаних сил на території Донецької та Луганської областей.

The war in Eastern Ukraine has been happening for more than five years. Many veterans of this conflict are suffering from PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). Despite the existence of effective PTSD treatment, they do not seek help. The main reason for not seeking help is stigma. The most common view is that the main reason for stigma is the military culture. The military culture is recognized as a discourse in this article. One of the important ways of studying discourses is media analysis. The method of dispositive analysis by Siegfried Jäger and Florentine Maier, which is a type of critical discourse analysis, was used to examine discourses about PTSD among veterans of the Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO) and Joint Forces Operation (JFO) on the news website Censor.net. A thematic analysis of 46 articles from this website, which contain at least one mention of the word 'PTSD', was conducted. This examination was enhanced by a rhetoric review of the articles which were typical for the most frequent themes emerged in the data. The results suggest that there are at least three ways of understanding PTSD in Ukrainian society. PTSD as a way of understanding and explaining all the war and postwar experience among veterans; PTSD as a way how volunteers and other people who help veterans treat veterans; and as a complex phenomenon as it is understood by foreign and Ukrainian mental health professionals. All these attempts to understand the essence of PTSD may define how it will be treated in Ukrainian society. For veterans, PTSD is a state of mind and a way how they feel about the political situation in Ukraine. With such a mindset, they will unlikely seek help. For volunteers, it is a condition of all veterans who return from war. From this point of view, all veterans must pass rehabilitation. For mental health professionals, PTSD is a unique war experience, and this view also differs from the way how veterans feel about and experience PTSD. Manuscript received 29.02.2020 ; Незважаючи на існування ефективних методів лікування посттравматичного стресового розладу (ПТСР), багато ветеранів АТО та ООС не звертаються по допомогу через стигму ПТСР, наявну в українському суспільстві. Метод критичного дискурс-аналізу було застосовано для з'ясування того, які дискурси про ПТСР наявні в українських медіа. Було виявлено, що дискурси, поширені серед різних учасників надання допомоги ветеранам, по-різному визначають те, чим прийнято вважати ПТСР у ветеранів АТО та ООС в Україні. Матеріал надійшов 29.02.2020

The war in Eastern Ukraine has been happening for more than five years. Many veterans of this conflict are suffering from PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). Despite the existence of effective PTSD treatment, they do not seek help. The main reason for not seeking help is stigma. The most common view is that the main reason for stigma is the military culture. The military culture is recognized as a discourse in this article. One of the important ways of studying discourses is media analysis. The method of dispositive analysis by Siegfried Jäger and Florentine Maier, which is a type of critical discourse analysis, was used to examine discourses about PTSD among veterans of the Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO) and Joint Forces Operation (JFO) on the news website Censor.net. A thematic analysis of 46 articles from this website, which contain at least one mention of the word 'PTSD', was conducted. This examination was enhanced by a rhetoric review of the articles which were typical for the most frequent themes emerged in the data. The results suggest that there are at least three ways of understanding PTSD in Ukrainian society. PTSD as a way of understanding and explaining all the war and postwar experience among veterans; PTSD as a way how volunteers and other people who help veterans treat veterans; and as a complex phenomenon as it is understood by foreign and Ukrainian mental health professionals. All these attempts to understand the essence of PTSD may define how it will be treated in Ukrainian society. For veterans, PTSD is a state of mind and a way how they feel about the political situation in Ukraine. With such a mindset, they will unlikely seek help. For volunteers, it is a condition of all veterans who return from war. From this point of view, all veterans must pass rehabilitation. For mental health professionals, PTSD is a unique war experience, and this view also differs from the way how veterans feel about and experience PTSD. Manuscript received 29.02.2020 ; Незважаючи на існування ефективних методів лікування посттравматичного стресового розладу (ПТСР), багато ветеранів АТО та ООС не звертаються по допомогу через стигму ПТСР, наявну в українському суспільстві. Метод критичного дискурс-аналізу було застосовано для з'ясування того, які дискурси про ПТСР наявні в українських медіа. Було виявлено, що дискурси, поширені серед різних учасників надання допомоги ветеранам, по-різному визначають те, чим прийнято вважати ПТСР у ветеранів АТО та ООС в Україні. Матеріал надійшов 29.02.2020

The war in Eastern Ukraine has been happening for more than five years. Many veterans of this conflict are suffering from PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder). Despite the existence of effective PTSD treatment, they do not seek help. The main reason for not seeking help is stigma. The most common view is that the main reason for stigma is the military culture. The military culture is recognized as a discourse in this article. One of the important ways of studying discourses is media analysis. The method of dispositive analysis by Siegfried Jäger and Florentine Maier, which is a type of critical discourse analysis, was used to examine discourses about PTSD among veterans of the Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO) and Joint Forces Operation (JFO) on the news website Censor.net. A thematic analysis of 46 articles from this website, which contain at least one mention of the word 'PTSD', was conducted. This examination was enhanced by a rhetoric review of the articles which were typical for the most frequent themes emerged in the data. The results suggest that there are at least three ways of understanding PTSD in Ukrainian society. PTSD as a way of understanding and explaining all the war and postwar experience among veterans; PTSD as a way how volunteers and other people who help veterans treat veterans; and as a complex phenomenon as it is understood by foreign and Ukrainian mental health professionals. All these attempts to understand the essence of PTSD may define how it will be treated in Ukrainian society. For veterans, PTSD is a state of mind and a way how they feel about the political situation in Ukraine. With such a mindset, they will unlikely seek help. For volunteers, it is a condition of all veterans who return from war. From this point of view, all veterans must pass rehabilitation. For mental health professionals, PTSD is a unique war experience, and this view also differs from the way how veterans feel about and experience PTSD. Manuscript received 29.02.2020 ; Незважаючи на існування ефективних методів лікування посттравматичного стресового розладу (ПТСР), багато ветеранів АТО та ООС не звертаються по допомогу через стигму ПТСР, наявну в українському суспільстві. Метод критичного дискурс-аналізу було застосовано для з'ясування того, які дискурси про ПТСР наявні в українських медіа. Було виявлено, що дискурси, поширені серед різних учасників надання допомоги ветеранам, по-різному визначають те, чим прийнято вважати ПТСР у ветеранів АТО та ООС в Україні. Матеріал надійшов 29.02.2020

Introduction. The military conflict which is being carried out in the east of Ukraine, brings forward new requirements to various aspects of the military's life activity. Aspects of the troops capture by the opposing party become much more important. The questions of survival of the military in captivity in the course of contacts with people who escort soldiers after the capture, guards and local population when traveling on enemy territory in case of escape turn out to be of current interest. The vast majority of prisoners faced the conditions that they could not even imagine in their life environment before war (another level of living, restrictions, humiliation, bullying, violence, beatings, torture, etc.), which encourage them to strive to achieve a common goal - to survive. As a result of non-stop interrogations, constant beatings and abuse soldiers in captivity have changes in the nature of the physiological and psychological activity.In our opinion, the question of the application of torture to prisoners of war is very relevant, especially their impact on the psyche of soldiers and psychological consequences of staying in these conditions.Purpose: to identify the psychological features of torture against prisoners of war in the current military conflict. Methods: content analysis of online resources and interviews.Originality. The article presents data on the use of physical violence, torture and ill-treatment in relation to prisoners of war during the anti-terrorist operation in the East of Ukraine. The description of the circumstances, procedures and methods of getting a soldier into captivity is provided. The procedures that imitated the activities of the bodies of inquiry, investigation or judicial bodies in the occupied territories, namely, detention, interrogation, conviction, are considered. The article reviews the places of illegal detention of prisoners of war and identifies the possibility of using various types of torture, physical or psychological violence or other means of pressure in these conditions. The article analyzes the most common means of violent influence (beatings, simulated shooting, electric current, strangulation, public humiliation, etc.). The most common means of violence is beating: with hands, feet, rubber sticks, pieces of furniture, on various parts of the body. One person as well as and several people participated in the procedure of beating the prisoner. The data on application during interrogations an electric current as a torture, by means of the military telephone device is presented. The article presents data on the use of torture in the form of suppression using a plastic bag. Violent influence due to suppression was carried out until the person lost consciousness. This was repeated several times in a row. In addition to the above types of violence, other methods of influence were applied to the military servants who were in captivity in order to increase physical and psychological suffering (public humiliation, rape, threats against close people and family members, etc.). The article determines that one of the main purposes of the use of violent influence on persons who were in illegal isolation was to force them to participate in the shooting of staged videos according to a pre-prepared scenario.Conclusion. 1. Being a soldier in the psychological environment of "cultural trauma" leads to deformation of the personality of a prisoner, in some cases it can result in personal growth, in others it leads to regressive behaviors and degradation that could be considered as boundaries of this psychological environment.2. In a hybrid war capturing of soldiers has psychological characteristics depending on the type of unit that they are held captive at and has different purposes, for military units it is mainly the need to cease resistance of the enemy, and to demonstrate the strength, skill and intimidate the enemy, beatings of prisoners and depriving them of sleep and food was common among them, interrogations were carried out to prevent escape and induce cooperation. Professional mercenaries intend to intimidate the enemy and demonstrate the strength and skill, interrogations of professional mercenaries were characterized by brutal torture, violence and murders of prisoners of war. Exchanges and buyouts were typical for gangs. The characteristic feature of interrogation, conducted by the gang units, was abuse of prisoners for profit.3. In our opinion, the perspective direction of further scientific research is the study of methods of diagnosis and psychological work with trauma for each particular case (rape, amputation, castration, etc.). ; Статья посвящена проблеме военного плена. В статье приводятся данные применения по отношению к военнопленным физического насилия, пыток и жестокого обращения во время антитеррористической операции на востоке Украины. Приведено описание обстоятельств, процедур и способов попадания военнослужащего в плен. Рассмотрены процедуры, имитирования деятельности органов дознания, следствия или судебных органов на оккупированных территориях, а именно: задержание, допросы, осуждение. ; Стаття присвячена проблемі військового полону. У статті наводяться дані застосування по відношенню до військовополонених фізичного насильства, тортур та жорстокого поводження під час антитерористичної операції на сході України. Наведено опис обставин, процедур та способів потрапляння військовослужбовця у полон. Розглянуто процедури, що імітували діяльність органів дізнання, слідства чи судових органів на окупованих територіях, а саме: затримання, допити, засудження.

Introduction. The military conflict which is being carried out in the east of Ukraine, brings forward new requirements to various aspects of the military's life activity. Aspects of the troops capture by the opposing party become much more important. The questions of survival of the military in captivity in the course of contacts with people who escort soldiers after the capture, guards and local population when traveling on enemy territory in case of escape turn out to be of current interest. The vast majority of prisoners faced the conditions that they could not even imagine in their life environment before war (another level of living, restrictions, humiliation, bullying, violence, beatings, torture, etc.), which encourage them to strive to achieve a common goal - to survive. As a result of non-stop interrogations, constant beatings and abuse soldiers in captivity have changes in the nature of the physiological and psychological activity.In our opinion, the question of the application of torture to prisoners of war is very relevant, especially their impact on the psyche of soldiers and psychological consequences of staying in these conditions.Purpose: to identify the psychological features of torture against prisoners of war in the current military conflict. Methods: content analysis of online resources and interviews.Originality. The article presents data on the use of physical violence, torture and ill-treatment in relation to prisoners of war during the anti-terrorist operation in the East of Ukraine. The description of the circumstances, procedures and methods of getting a soldier into captivity is provided. The procedures that imitated the activities of the bodies of inquiry, investigation or judicial bodies in the occupied territories, namely, detention, interrogation, conviction, are considered. The article reviews the places of illegal detention of prisoners of war and identifies the possibility of using various types of torture, physical or psychological violence or other means of pressure in these conditions. The article analyzes the most common means of violent influence (beatings, simulated shooting, electric current, strangulation, public humiliation, etc.). The most common means of violence is beating: with hands, feet, rubber sticks, pieces of furniture, on various parts of the body. One person as well as and several people participated in the procedure of beating the prisoner. The data on application during interrogations an electric current as a torture, by means of the military telephone device is presented. The article presents data on the use of torture in the form of suppression using a plastic bag. Violent influence due to suppression was carried out until the person lost consciousness. This was repeated several times in a row. In addition to the above types of violence, other methods of influence were applied to the military servants who were in captivity in order to increase physical and psychological suffering (public humiliation, rape, threats against close people and family members, etc.). The article determines that one of the main purposes of the use of violent influence on persons who were in illegal isolation was to force them to participate in the shooting of staged videos according to a pre-prepared scenario.Conclusion. 1. Being a soldier in the psychological environment of "cultural trauma" leads to deformation of the personality of a prisoner, in some cases it can result in personal growth, in others it leads to regressive behaviors and degradation that could be considered as boundaries of this psychological environment.2. In a hybrid war capturing of soldiers has psychological characteristics depending on the type of unit that they are held captive at and has different purposes, for military units it is mainly the need to cease resistance of the enemy, and to demonstrate the strength, skill and intimidate the enemy, beatings of prisoners and depriving them of sleep and food was common among them, interrogations were carried out to prevent escape and induce cooperation. Professional mercenaries intend to intimidate the enemy and demonstrate the strength and skill, interrogations of professional mercenaries were characterized by brutal torture, violence and murders of prisoners of war. Exchanges and buyouts were typical for gangs. The characteristic feature of interrogation, conducted by the gang units, was abuse of prisoners for profit.3. In our opinion, the perspective direction of further scientific research is the study of methods of diagnosis and psychological work with trauma for each particular case (rape, amputation, castration, etc.). ; Статья посвящена проблеме военного плена. В статье приводятся данные применения по отношению к военнопленным физического насилия, пыток и жестокого обращения во время антитеррористической операции на востоке Украины. Приведено описание обстоятельств, процедур и способов попадания военнослужащего в плен. Рассмотрены процедуры, имитирования деятельности органов дознания, следствия или судебных органов на оккупированных территориях, а именно: задержание, допросы, осуждение. ; Стаття присвячена проблемі військового полону. У статті наводяться дані застосування по відношенню до військовополонених фізичного насильства, тортур та жорстокого поводження під час антитерористичної операції на сході України. Наведено опис обставин, процедур та способів потрапляння військовослужбовця у полон. Розглянуто процедури, що імітували діяльність органів дізнання, слідства чи судових органів на окупованих територіях, а саме: затримання, допити, засудження.

Regulations and guidelines and analysis of existing terms and regulations that govern the use of military forces of the National Guard of Ukraine to neutralize the enemy and illegal armed groups are considered. ; Розглянуто нормативні та керівні документи і проведено аналіз існуючих загальних положень та правових актів, які регламентують застосування військових формувань Національної гвардії України зі знешкодження противника і незаконних збройних формувань.

In article, on the basis of the analysis of existing approaches, the understandingof political criminality as corresponding criminological category, also are listed itsprominent features is opened. The attention is paid to classification schemas ofconstruction of political criminality. With use of the statistical information the analysisof social and economic, socially-humanitarian, legal consequences of a confrontationin the east of Ukraine and their price for the Ukrainian society is carried out. ; В статье на основе анализа существующих подходов раскрыто пониманиеполитической преступности как соответствующей криминологической катего-рии, также перечислены ее характерные особенности. Уделено внимание клас-сификационным схемам построения политической преступности. С использова-нием статистической информации осуществлен анализ социально-экономических,социально-гуманитарных, правовых последствий вооруженного конфликта наВостоке Украины и их цены для украинского общества. ; У статті на основі аналізу існуючих підходів розкрито розуміння політичноїзлочинності як відповідної кримінологічної категорії, також перераховані їїхарактерні особливості. Приділено увагу класифікаційним схемам побудовиполітичної злочинності. Із використанням статистичної інформації здійсненоаналіз соціально-економічних, соціально-гуманітарних, правових наслідків зброй-ного конфлікту на Сході України та їх ціни для українського суспільства.

The article examines the nomination process in modern Ukrainian political discourse in military actions in Donbas. It is proved that the name «anti-terrorist operation» does not correspond to the content of political phenomenon marked with this term. The main attention is paid to an individual second name of denotate «occupational regime in some districts of Donetsk and Lugansk regions», its formal and grammar organizations, lexical and semantic fillers within the constituent positions, possible izofunctional relations at the level of form and content, its connotative meaning. Also, based on the linguistic and extra linguistic criteria, denotative and connotative meaning, the semantic classification of periphrastic expressions was given. The author analyses the semantic models of the word-marker war and derived components with the following reference features such as «ideological intention», «driving force», «goal», «place», «local conflict», «illegitimacy», «time», «place in the history of interrelated events», compound models of descriptive notions. In general, the author shows the difference between general linguistic and individual, military and nonmilitary periphrases and states the co-referential interactions among them and their origin.Key words: anti-terrorist operation, axiological potential, connotational semantics, denotate «occupational regime in some districts of Donetsk and Lugansk regions», denotational semantics, military and nonmilitary lexicon, second nominations (periphrases), semantic models, word-marker war. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню процесу номінування в сучасному українському політичному дискурсові воєнних дій на Донбасі. Доведено, що офіційна назва «антитерористична операція» не відповідає змістові позначуваного нею політичного явища. Основну увагу приділено індивідуальним вторинним назвам денотата «сучасні воєнні дії на Донбасі», їхній формально-граматичній організації, лексико-семантичній наповнюваності з боку конститутивних позицій, можливим ізофункційним відношенням на рівні форми та змісту, конотаційним властивостям. З опертям на мовні й позамовні чинники, на дено- тативне та конотативне значення здійснено семантичну класифікацію перифрастичних зворотів, розглянуто семантичні моделі зі словом-маркером війна й залежними від нього компонентами з такими референційними ознаками, як «ідеологічна спрямованість», «ру- шійні сили (рушійна сила)», «мета», «місце», «локальний конфлікт», «нелегітимність», «час», «місце в історії суміжних подій», проаналізовано комбіновані моделі описових найменувань. Розмежовано загальномовні й індивідуально-авторські, мілітарні та немілітарні перифрази, з'ясовано кореферентні зв'язки між ними, чинники, які спричиняють з'яву їх.Ключові слова: аксіологічний потенціал, антитерористична операція, вторинні найменування (перифрази), денотат «сучасні воєнні дії на Донбасі», денотативна семантика, конотативна семантика, мілітарна / немілітарна лексика, семантичні моделі, слово-маркер війна. Статья посвящена исследованию процесса номинирования в современном украинском политическом дискурсе военных действий на Донбассе. Доказано, что официальное название «анти- террористическая операция» не соответствует содержанию обозначаемого им политического явления. Основное внимание уделено индивидуальным вторичным названиям денотата «современные военные действия на Донбассе», их формально-грамматической организации, лексико-семантической наполняемости со стороны конститутивных позиций, возможным изофункциональным отношениям на уровне формы и содержания, коннотативным свойствам. С опорой на языковые и внеязыковые факторы, на денотативное и коннотативное значение осуществлена семантическая классификация перифрастических оборотов, рассмотрены семантические модели со словом-маркером война и зависимыми от него компонентами с такими референциональными свойствами, как «идеологическая направленность», «движущие силы (движущая сила)», «цель», «место», «локальный конфликт», «нелегитимность», «время», «место в истории смежных событий», проанализированы комбинированные модели описательных наименований. Разграничены общеязыковые и индивидуально-авторские, милитарные и немилитарные перифразы, выяснены кореферентные связи между ними, факторы, вызывающие появление их.Ключевые слова: аксиологический потенциал, антитеррористическая операция, вторичные наименования (перифразы), денотат «современные военные действия на Донбассе», денотативная семантика, коннотативная семантика, милитарная / немилитарная лексика, семантические модели, слово-маркер война. The article examines the nomination process in modern Ukrainian political discourse in military actions in Donbas. It is proved that the name «anti-terrorist operation» does not correspond to the content of political phenomenon marked with this term. The main attention is paid to an individual second name of denotate «occupational regime in some districts of Donetsk and Lugansk regions», its formal and grammar organizations, lexical and semantic fillers within the constituent positions, possible izofunctional relations at the level of form and content, its connotative meaning. Also, based on the linguistic and extra linguistic criteria, denotative and connotative meaning, the semantic classification of periphrastic expressions was given. The author analyses the semantic models of the word-marker war and derived components with the following reference features such as «ideological intention», «driving force», «goal», «place», «local conflict», «illegitimacy», «time», «place in the history of interrelated events», compound models of descriptive notions. In general, the author shows the difference between general linguistic and individual, military and nonmilitary periphrases and states the co-referential interactions among them and their origin.Key words: anti-terrorist operation, axiological potential, connotational semantics, denotate «occupational regime in some districts of Donetsk and Lugansk regions», denotational semantics, military and nonmilitary lexicon, second nominations (periphrases), semantic models, word-marker war.

The author of the article analyzes the state decisions on granting the right status of a combatant to the participants of voluntary units that were formed or organ- ized to protect the territorial integrity of Ukraine and participated directly in the anti-terrorist operation in cooperation with the military units (subdivisions) the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, the National Police, the National Guard of Ukraine, the Security Service of Ukraine and other entities established in accordance with the laws of Ukraine military forces and law enforcement agencies. The importance of this problem stems from the fact that today not all citizens in this category are defined by their legal status, in particular for members of the vol- unteer forces, which were not included in the Armed Forces of Ukraine, Ministry of internal Affairs of Ukraine, the National police, the National guard of Ukraine, security Service of Ukraine and other educated in accordance with the laws of Ukraine of military formations and law enforcement agencies.According to the author, under such circumstances, the state must on an equal footing to recognize the status of combatants for those who are part of volunteer units under the same conditions with soldiers did in the anti-terrorist operation function the protection of Ukraine regardless of their inclusion in the composition of the military forces of the state. The elimination of discrimination against such persons for possible predictions on an equal footing with other relevant groups of persons of their right to have the status of combatants and the use of all provided to the combatants the rights and privileges.On the basis of comprehensive analysis of scientific works of researchers in the field of human rights and social protection of the population, the current legisla- tion of Ukraine and norms of international humanitarian law, the necessity of recognition of the legal status of combatants to members of the volunteer groups that are not part of the Armed forces of Ukraine, Ministry of internal Affairs of Ukraine, the National police, the National guard of Ukraine, security Service of Ukraine and other educated in accordance with the laws of Ukraine of military formations and law enforcement agencies. ; Автором статті проаналізовано держані рішення щодо надання правого ста- тусу учасника бойових дій учасникам добровольчих формувань, що були утворені або самоорганізувалися для захисту територіальної цілісності України та брали безпосередню участь в антитерористичній операції (далі – АТО) у взаємодії із вій- ськовими частинами (підрозділами) Збройних Сил (далі – ЗС України), Міністер- ства внутрішніх справ України, Національної поліції, Національної гвардії Украї- ни, Служби безпеки України та іншими утвореними відповідно до законів України військовими формуваннями та правоохоронними органами (далі – сили оборони).Увагу зосереджено на об'єктивній потребі визначення правового статусу учасників добровольчих формувань, що на першому етапі АТО не увійшли до сил оборони.