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, with the reforms to the associations of the eighteenth century and the decree of freedom of office of 1813, the artisanal corporations were broken down in various ways, but the hierarchical structure and the role assigned to the teacher of the workshop in the training of apprentices and officers were not changed. National legislation did not incorporate any sort of normality regarding the organisation of craftsmen until 1857, but some elite members expressed the need to support craftsmen and stimulate the 'right' learning of crafts. Politicians and workers' organisations were in favour of setting up schools by the government, but the conditions they deprived became obstacles to boosting the training of craftsmen. In 1867, the National School of Arts and Crafts of Men was opened in the capital, which operated in difficulty but continuously until 1915. However, evidence shows that this establishment, like others of its kind, failed to train craftsmen and did not have the capacity to relocate the master of the small workshop in this task. Takes the view that the habit and sociability of artisanal learning continued to occupy a key place in the training of workers in the face of the failure of the liberal state; to this end, the period of study is extended and legislative and elite speeches are contrasted with information on the social importance of yesterday, based on unexplored primary sources and in dialogue with historiography. ; RESÚMEN Con las reformas a los gremios del siglo XVIII y el decreto de libertad de oficio de 1813, las corporaciones artesanales se desarticularon de diversas maneras, pero no se modificó la estructura jerárquica ni el papel asignado al maestro del taller en la formación de los aprendices y oficiales. La legislación del periodo nacional no incorporó algún tipo de normatividad relativa a la organización del artesanado hasta 1857, pero algunos miembros de las élites expresaron la necesidad de apoyar a los artesanos y de estimular el "correcto" aprendizaje de los oficios. Políticos y ...

International audience Between 1895 and 1950, the Tibetan government took several steps to improve the firearms and artillery of its troops, setting up local factories and negotiating with foreign powers to purchase arms manufactured abroad. These imports were directly related to the political relationship with these countries and required the introduction and diffusion of new knowledge and techniques among Tibetan troops. Based on Tibetan and English sources, this article discusses some of the challenges met by the Tibetan government in this process and gives an overview of the variety of modern firearms that the Tibetan army used in the early twentieth century.

130 142 13 31 ; OJS ; [EN] Since the Middle Ages, European universities have woven a network of exchanges with the city as their setting and the first university cities as the destination of students' pilgrimages. The inherent ubiquity of the model was soon compromised by the progressive autonomy of the university, which gradually became an entity isolated from its urban context. The Anglo-Saxon campus became the paradigm of this isolation, a symbol of class differentiation. With the gradual evolution from universities only for the elites to universities for the masses in the post-World War II period, the democratic institutions were committed to opening up higher education to society as a whole. The exponential growth of the student population made it necessary to multiply public initiatives for the construction of new universities. This article analyses the case of the new Italian universities of the 1970s, which sought to restore the lost relationship between university and city, and to recreate the original ubiquity of the former through a diffuse network of facilities and services which, together with transport and information networks, aimed to structure the territory and guarantee the universal dissemination of knowledge. "A Florentine Fiasco." Editorial de The Architectural Review 151, no. 900 (febrero 1972): 78-81. Brett, Lionel. "Site, Growth and Plan." The Architectural Review 134, no. 800 (octubre 1963): 257-64. Cook, Peter. "University-node." Archigram no. 6 (1965): 14. -. "Ideas Circus." Architectural Design 38, no. 5 (mayo 1968): 236. McNeely, Ian F., y Lisa Wolverton. Reinventing knowledge: from Alexandria to the Internet. Nueva York-Londres: W. W. Norton & Company, 2008. Price, Cedric. "Potteries Thinkbelt." Architectural Design 36 (octubre 1966): 483-97. Woods, Shadrach. "The Education Bazaar." Harvard Educational Review 39, no. 4 (1969): 116-25. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.39.4.6551820752766377 Zuddas, Francesco. The University as a Settlement Principle: Territorialising Knowledge in ...

From the US to Italy, from Brazil to Japan, cities from all over the world are increasingly vocal on migration issues. Advocating for alternative approach to immigrants' welcome, their stand and policies may at times be in blunt contradiction with national approaches. This paper gives an overview of this new form of urban militancy, its recent evolution, its forms, its networks. Drawing on case studies in France, Spain and Italy, it seeks to explain why the Mediterranean has been an important setting for the politicisation of municipal involvement. The recent Palermo Platform Process shows how the combination of the support civil society organisations and the driving force of influential mayors has allowed the upscaling of such commitment at a European scale.

The age of researchers is a critical factor necessary to study the bibliometric characteristics of the scholars that produce new knowledge. In bibliometric studies, the age of scientific authors is generally missing; however, the year of the first publication is frequently considered as a proxy of the age of researchers. In this article, we investigate what are the most important bibibliometric factors that can be used to predict the age of researchers (birth and PhD age). Using a dataset of 3574 researchers from Québec for whom their Web of Science publications, year of birth and year of their PhD are known, our analysis falls under the linear regression setting and focuses on investigating the predictive power of various regression models rather than data fitting, considering also a breakdown by fields. The year of first publication proves to be the best linear predictor for the age of researchers. When using simple linear regression models, predicting birth and PhD years result in an error of about 3.7 years and 3.9 years, respectively. Including other bibliometric data marginally improves the predictive power of the regression models. A validation analysis for the field breakdown shows that the average length of the prediction intervals vary from 2.5 years for Basic Medical Sciences (for birth years) up to almost 10 years for Education (for PhD years). The average models perform significantly better than the models using individual observations. Nonetheless, the high variability of data and the uncertainty inherited by the models advice to caution when using linear regression models for predicting the age of researchers.

Note : This paper has been written as a follow-up of a seminar called DEFORM Project workshop in 2017, on Research Quality, Integrity and Misconduct. This paper was sent as the end of 2017 for publication, but the review process is taking longer than expected. A short note at the end has been added to explain how the social setting also evolved. What was predicted by some opponents to the industry (and that « reasonable colleagues » refused to hear) has happened more or less in the expected timing. Abstract: This paper describes the place of disqualification in an environmental dispute in which scientists, although supposedly representing neutrality and reason, express publicly their opinion in place of constructed knowledge. This has an impact in terms of trust in science for the general public, can destroy the possibility to do field work, especially when the problem under study (here a pollution issue) is strongly linked to scientific activity, but can even generate a serious delay in a political process. The disqualification of others being very often observed in academics, an institution should be designed to solve disqualification issues with civility. In this paper I wish to address an issue that can impact in the organization of public decision making in France, when decisions are made, in a way or another, based on scientific expertise. The problem at stake is the rather easy apparition of disqualification in the academic world-be it to qualify "others" (from the outside of academics) or "colleagues". The paper describes a field study on an environmental conflict, during which disqualification was present and had a massive impact on the political and scientific dynamics. It happens that there is no regulation body concerning the behaviours of researchers in public space or the spreading of reputation, and no incentive to self-regulate. In the contemporary context, power relations associated to the capture of rent through massive projects can conduct to weird positions when the capture of speech is made ...

Summary The Constitutional Court, starting with Judgment T-629 of 2010, has recognised the need to remedy the current situation of discrimination and violation of the fundamental rights of sex workers, by creating a regulatory framework setting out the conditions under which sexual services must be provided, as well as by determining the rights which sex workers occupy at the head, without the Congress having remedied the lack of legislation in this area. The implications and needs of a legal framework allowing for the recognition of the labour rights of this population are therefore analysed in this text. ; Resumen La Corte Constitucional, a partir de la Sentencia T-629 de 2010, ha reconocido la necesidad de corregir el escenario actual de discriminación y vulneración a derechos fundamentales de los trabajadores sexuales, mediante la creación de un marco normativo que delimite las condiciones en las cuales deben ser prestados los servicios sexuales, así como la determinación de los derechos que en cabeza de los trabajadores sexuales reposan, sin que a la fecha el Congreso haya subsanado la falta de legislación en la materia. Se analizan, por tanto, en este texto, las implicaciones y necesidades de un marco jurídico que permita el reconocimiento de los derechos laborales de esta población.

196601-1 196601-4 123 19 ; S Kekuié, A. (1866). Untersuchungen über aromatische Verbindungen Ueber die Constitution der aromatischen Verbindungen. I. Ueber die Constitution der aromatischen Verbindungen. Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 137(2), 129-196. doi:10.1002/jlac.18661370202 ; Martínez-Sala, R., Sancho, J., Sánchez, J. V., Gómez, V., Llinares, J., & Meseguer, F. (1995). Sound attenuation by sculpture. Nature, 378(6554), 241-241. doi:10.1038/378241a0 ; [EN] Topological phases have recently been realized in bosonic systems. The associated boundary modes between regions of distinct topology have been used to demonstrate robust waveguiding, protected from defects by the topology of the surrounding bulk. A related type of topologically protected state that is not propagating but is bound to a defect has not been demonstrated to date in a bosonic setting. Here we demonstrate numerically and experimentally that an acoustic mode can be topologically bound to a vortex fabricated in a two-dimensional, Kekul¿e-distorted triangular acoustic lattice. Such lattice realizes an acoustic analog of the Jackiw-Rossi mechanism that topologically binds a bound state in a p-wave superconductor vortex. The acoustic bound state is thus a bosonic analog of a Majorana bound state, where the two valleys replace particle and hole components. We numerically show that it is topologically protected against arbitrary symmetry-preserving local perturbations, and remains pinned to the Dirac frequency of the unperturbed lattice regardless of parameter variations. We demonstrate our prediction experimentally by 3D printing the vortex pattern in a plastic matrix and measuring the spectrum of the acoustic response of the device. Despite viscothermal losses, the measured topological resonance remains robust, with its frequency closely matching our simulations. J. C. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) through the Starting Grant No. 714577 PHONOMETA and from the MINECO through a Ramon y Cajal grant (No. ...

The purpose of this article is to present the pedagogical proposal that underlies the development of tools for the language training of adult immigrants in Francophone minority contexts. These tools complement the Niveaux de compétence linguistique canadiens (NCLC) 2012 framework (Citizenship and Immigration Canada and Centre for Canadian Language Benchmarks, 2012). In our article, we first sketch the problem of teaching French as a second language to adult immigrants in a minority setting. Second, we explain the research design that led to the development of the NCLC 2012, considering language learning and the contextual constraints in which the framework and its associated tools are used. Third, we give some examples of tools adapted to the teaching of French as a second language in minority Francophone communities that follow the pedagogical approach proposed by the NCLC. To conclude, we take stock of many challenges that remain in the development of tools for our target clientele. ; L'objectif de cet article est de présenter la proposition pédagogique qui sous-tend depuis quelques années le développement des outils destinés à la formation langagière des immigrants adultes en contexte francophone minoritaire. Ces outils complémentent le référentiel Niveaux de compétence linguistique canadiens (NCLC) 2012 (Citoyenneté et Immigration Canada et Centre des niveaux de compétence linguistique canadiens, 2012). Dans notre article, dans un premier temps, nous esquissons la problématique de l'enseignement du français langue seconde aux immigrants adultes en milieu minoritaire. Dans un deuxième temps, nous expliquons le plan de recherche qui a permis l'élaboration des NCLC 2012 en tenant compte à la fois des acquis en didactique des langues et des contraintes du contexte dans lequel le référentiel et ses outils connexes sont utilisés. Dans un troisième temps, nous donnons quelques exemples d'outils adaptés à l'enseignement du français langue seconde en milieu francophone minoritaire qui suivent l'approche pédagogique ...

International audience This article investigates two research funding policies in a cooperative and a non-cooperative R&D setting: subsidising private research (Spr) and subsidising public research (Spu). We show that R&D cooperation with subsidies (either Spr or Spu) always performs better than R&D cooperation with no subsidy. Furthermore, the Spr policy leads to better performance than the Spu approach does in terms of overall net surplus whether the rms cooperate or not in R&D. Nevertheless, comparing the two research funding policies for the same level of public spending shows that the Spu policy with R&D cooperation is in some cases more eective than the Spr policy, the latter becoming too costly for the government when spillovers are high.

Ce Working Paper fait l'objet d'une publication dans l'ouvrage : Control Systems and Mathematical Methods in Economics.Citation : Raouf Boucekkine, Blanca Martínez, José Ramón Ruiz-Tamarit. Optimal Population Growth as an Endogenous Discounting Problem: The Ramsey Case. Control Systems and Mathematical Methods in Economics, Springer, Cham, pp.321-347, 2018, Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 978-3-319-75168-9 / 978-3-319-75169-6. 〈https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-75169-6_16〉. 〈hal-01825912〉 This paper revisits the optimal population size problem in a continuous time Ramsey setting with costly child rearing and both intergenerational and intertemporal altruism. The social welfare functions considered range from the Millian to the Benthamite. When population growth is endogenized, the associated optimal control problem involves an endogenous effective discount rate depending on past and current population growth rates, which makes preferences intertemporally dependent. We tackle this problem by using an appropriate maximum principle. Then we study the stationary solutions (balanced growth paths) and show the existence of two admissible solutions except in the Millian case. We prove that only one is optimal. Comparative statics and transitional dynamics are numerically derived in the general case.

Objective The Affordable Care Act's marketplaces present an important opportunity for expanding coverage but consumers face enormous challenges in navigating through enrollment and re-enrollment. We tested the effectiveness of a behaviorally informed policy tool—plan recommendations—in improving marketplace decisions. Study Setting Data were gathered from a community sample of 656 lower-income, minority, rural residents of Virginia. Study Design We conducted an incentive-compatible, computer-based experiment using a hypothetical marketplace like the one consumers face in the federally-facilitated marketplaces, and examined their decision quality. Participants were randomly assigned to a control condition or three types of plan recommendations: social normative, physician, and government. For participants randomized to a plan recommendation condition, the plan that maximized expected earnings, and minimized total expected annual health care costs, was recommended. Data Collection Primary data were gathered using an online choice experiment and questionnaire. Principal Findings Plan recommendations resulted in a 21 percentage point increase in the probability of choosing the earnings maximizing plan, after controlling for participant characteristics. Two conditions, government or providers recommending the lowest cost plan, resulted in plan choices that lowered annual costs compared to marketplaces where no recommendations were made. Conclusions As millions of adults grapple with choosing plans in marketplaces and whether to switch plans during open enrollment, it is time to consider marketplace redesigns and leverage insights from the behavioral sciences to facilitate consumers' decisions.

1 12 141 8 ; S ; [EN] This paper presents three new indicators for assessing the energy efficiency of a pressurized water system and the potential energy savings relative to the available technology and economic framework. The first two indicators are the ideal and real efficiencies of the system and reflect the values of the minimum energy required by users the minimum amount of energy to be supplied to the system (because of its ideal behavior) and the actual energy consumed. The third indicator is the energy performance target, and it is estimated by setting an ambitious but achievable level of energy loss attributable to inefficiencies in the system (e.g., pumping stations, leakage, friction loss). The information provided by these three key performance indicators can make a significant contribution towards increasing system efficiency. The real efficiency indicator shows the actual performance of the system; the energy performance target provides a realistic goal on how the system should be performing; and finally, the ideal efficiency provides the maximum and unachievable level of efficiency (limited by the topographic energy linked to the network topography). The applicability and usefulness of these metrics will be demonstrated with an application in a real case study. The authors acknowledge the very valuable contributions made by the reviewers of this paper, because their comments and suggestions have helped to significantly improve the contents. Additionally, we thank the staff of Aguas de Valencia for providing helpful advice and real case studies used to tune the software tool developed based on this paper. And last but not least, the research leading to these results received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement number 265122. The translation of this paper was funded by the Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. Cabrera Marcet, E.; Gomez Selles, E.; Cabrera Rochera, E.; Soriano Olivares, J.; Espert Alemany, VB. (2014). Energy ...

for setting up Le Marchand de Venice in 2003 in a new translation which I co-signed and published in the Editions du Bord de l'Eau, the question of the Jew arises in the very act of writing or rewriting, namely staging (the translation being the dramatic event). It is therefore a reflection on my practice as a director in the face of the figure of the other, as a twofold theatre, in a writing based on the interpretation of the text and the representation of the context, that I wish to give me. The history of Shylock's performances in theatre and in its literary 'derivatives' can only feed into this work, which has deliberately gone from re-translation (in collaboration with a translator) to a critical publication of the Venice Marchand. Choosing to bring this controversial and ambiguous coin to the scene means deliberately questioning the place of Jew in contemporary imagination, whose theatre is one of the flagships or prophets. ; International audience ; for setting up Le Marchand de Venice in 2003 in a new translation which I co-signed and published in the Editions du Bord de l'Eau, the question of the Jew arises in the very act of writing or rewriting, namely staging (the translation being the dramatic event). It is therefore a reflection on my practice as a director in the face of the figure of the other, as a twofold theatre, in a writing based on the interpretation of the text and the representation of the context, that I wish to give me. The history of Shylock's performances in theatre and in its literary 'derivatives' can only feed into this work, which has deliberately gone from re-translation (in collaboration with a translator) to a critical publication of the Venice Marchand. Choosing to bring this controversial and ambiguous coin to the scene means deliberately questioning the place of Jew in contemporary imagination, whose theatre is one of the flagships or prophets. ; Pour avoir monté Le Marchand de Venise en 2003 dans une nouvelle traduction que j'ai co-signée et publiée aux Editions du Bord de ...

When setting acoustic standards to be complied with for the operation of wind turbines, the administrative authorities assess the admissibility of those standards in the light of limit values differing from the limit values set out in Table 1 of the Annex to the Walloon Government Decree of 4 July 2002 laying down the general conditions for the operation of classified establishments. They lay down, in special operating conditions, compliance with less stringent values, referring to the reference framework of 18 July 2002 (ndlr: since the judgment's prononcture, a new wind energy framework which was under preparation has been adopted by the Walloon Government).This framework considers that 'the noise standard of general conditions must be met in environments with winds below 5 m/s (at higher winds, measurements are distorted by ambient wind noise, that wind turbines produce noise only when wind actuates them, and that that standard is therefore difficult to apply as it stands and the relevant legislation must be developed' (p. 14 of the framework), and refers to the maximum specific noise curve specified by Dutch legislation, which it considers to be more adaptable. The Conseil d'État (Council of State) censure this approach.The special additional conditions, recalled in the judgment, cannot be less severe than the general conditions than in the cases and limits laid down by those conditions. Article 23 of the Decree laying down the general conditions makes it possible to conclude that exceedances of limit values may be authorised by special conditions of an environmental permit, but only in so far as the situations, which must be exceptional, are specified in that permit, in which those exceedances may be authorised by specific conditions of an environmental permit. The fact that, as already set out in the reference framework, wind turbines are dependent on wind and are fully operational at speeds which may generate noise higher than 40 dB (A) at night does not justify the conclusion that they are 'in specified ...