Suchergebnisse

The dairy value chain of Nairobi is comprised, in its majority, of small-scale independent enterprises that operate within a complex interlinked system. In this complexity, the coordination and power structures of the system may have major influences on the management of dairy food safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the governance structure and challenges faced by stakeholders throughout the Nairobi dairy value chain and assess their potential implications on food safety. Qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews based on a dairy value chain mapping framework previously developed. Thematic analysis enabled identification of governance themes, key challenges and analysis of their implications on food safety. Themes were organized depending on their association with farmers (informal settlement or peri-urban), dairy cooperatives, dairy traders, processing companies, retailers or government officers. The identified governance themes included: i) weak linkage between government and farmers, ii) inadequate compliance with government regulations by traders and retailers, iii) emphasis on business licenses and permits for revenue rather than for food safety, iv) multiple licensing resulting in high business cost and lack of compliance, v) fragmented regulation, vi) unfair competition and vii) sanctions that do not always result in compliance. The key challenges identified included, among others: i) inadequate farmer support, ii) harassment of traders and retailers and iii) high business costs for traders, retailers, dairy cooperatives and large processors. The implication of governance and challenges of food safety were, among others: i) inadequate extension services, ii) insufficient cold chain, iii) delivery of adulterated and low milk quality to bulking centers, iv) inadequate food safety training and v) lack of policies for management of waste milk. The range of issues highlighted are based on stakeholders' perceptions and reflects the complexity of the relationships between them. Many of the governance themes demonstrate the linkages that are both beneficial or confrontational between the formal and informal sectors, and between industry and regulatory authorities, with possible direct food safety consequences. Findings obtained provide indications to decision-makers of potential governance areas that could help improve efficiency and food safety along the dairy value chain. ; Medical Research Council, United Kingdom ; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, United Kingdom ; Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom ; Economic and Social Research Council, United Kingdom ; Peer Review

Small towns are growing in size and number, but compared to the big cities that fuel economies, or rural areas that feed nations, small towns are generally less prioritized by governments and donors, both because they appear less immediately troublesome and because they defy easy classification. As such, growth has largely been unplanned for and remains unregulated, which means that responsible governments lack the commensurate tax base and political might to plan for and aquire the services they need to handle the changes that they face. For exactly these reasons, the Community-Led Urban Environmental Sanitation (CLUES) tool was developed to assist small towns with the planning and implementation of environmental sanitation infrastructure and services but we found no documented cases of it being used or evaluated. The goals of this work were to first, document the information obtained from the CLUES process as a case study for the condition of environmental sanitation in a small town in Malawi; and secondly, to evaluate the technical, political, and financial feasibility of the CLUES manual in a Malawian context. As facilitators, we guided the community and government through each of the 7 CLUES steps over the course of 2 years to understand the actual demands of the guidelines from the perspective of the user. Once the process was completed, we were able to critically reflect on our stated objectives and present those results here. The results of the process revealed that water quality was good (no measured E. coli at 45 water points) as was access to a sanitation facility, though water quantity was insufficient and fecal sludge management and solid waste collection required Council attention. However, because baseline data were outdated or non-existent, the data collection activities required to determine the status consumed unexpected amounts of time, and the results were, because of internal movement and politics, difficult to disseminate and leverage. Most importantly, stakeholder participation was limited and relied on participation and transportation payments, which have become a permanent feature of community development in Malawi. Following the CLUES process was expensive, time consuming and politically fraught; it is unlikely that any small town in Malawi would be able to follow the process as outlined. A simplified version, conducted by an in-house planning department should focus on identifying gaps, needs, and priorities, as a way of not only addressing environmental sanitation issues, but as a way to kick-start better data collection and management that can underscore long-term planning activities.

Concerns about the climate crisis and the escalating pace of global consumption are accelerating the pressure on governments to moderate public demand for resources like water, food and energy. Notwithstanding their increasing sophistication, standard behavioural change approaches continue to be criticised for a narrow understanding of what shapes behaviour. One alternative theoretical position comes from practice theories, which draw on interpretive and relational understandings to focus on practices rather than people's behaviour, and hence highlight the complex and distributed set of factors shaping resource use. While practice theories have gained considerable interest from policy institutions within and beyond the UK they so far have had limited impact upon policy. It has even been argued that there are insurmountable challenges in reconciling the ontological commitments of practice theories with the realities of policy processes. This article advances academic and policy debates about the practical implications of practice theories. It works with evidence from transdisciplinary research intended to establish whether and how key distinctive insights from social practice research can usefully be brought to bear on policy. We pursued this through co-productive research with four key UK national policy partners, focusing on effective communication of social practice research evidence on agreed issues. A key outcome of collaboratively negotiating challenging social theory to usefully influence policy processes is the 'Change Points' approach, which our partners identified as offering new thinking on initiatives promoting reductions in people's use and disposal of resources. The Change Points approach was developed to enable policy processes to confront the complexities of everyday action, transforming both how problems are framed and how practical initiatives for effecting change are developed. We discuss the case of food waste reduction in order to demonstrate the potential of Change Points to reframe behaviour change policy. We end the paper by addressing the potential and limitations of informing policy with insights from practice theories based upon the successes as well as the challenges we have met. This discussion has broader implications beyond practice theories to other fields of social theory, and to debates on the relations between academic research and policy more broadly. We argue that, through a co-productive approach with policy professionals, and so engagement with the practices of policy making, it is possible to provide a partial and pragmatic but nevertheless effective translation of key distinctive insights from practice theories and related research, to reframe policy problems and hence to identify spaces for effecting change for sustainability.

In September 2015, the UN member states agreed on a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which represent the global agenda for equitable, socially inclusive, and environmentally sustainable economic development until 2030. Mining companies have the potential to become leading partners in achieving the SDGs. Through their direct operations, mining companies can generate profits, employment, and economic growth in low-income countries. And through partnerships with government and civil society, mining companies can ensure that benefits of mining extend beyond the life of the mine itself, so that the mining industry has a positive impact on the natural environment, climate change, and social capital. Mining companies will be called on to extract responsibly, waste less, use safer processes, incorporate new sustainable technologies, promote the improved wellbeing of local communities, curb emissions, and improve environmental stewardship. Mining companies committed to the SDGs will benefit from improved relationships with governments and communities, as well as better access to financial resources. Those that fail to engage meaningfully with the SDGs will put their operations at risk in the short and long term. In September 2020, in partnership with the Responsible Mining Foundation (RMF), CCSI published a new report, Mining and the SDGs: A 2020 Status Update as a follow-up to the 2016 Mapping Mining to the SDGs Atlas (see below). This report provides an update on what large-scale mining companies are doing to integrate and report on SDGs in their business strategies and highlights nine practical steps that companies can take to demonstrate their commitment to achieving the Goals by the 2030 deadline. The report can be downloaded in English, Chinese, Spanish, French, Bahasa Indonesia, Japanese, Portuguese (BR) and Russian. In 2015, CCSI worked with the World Economic Forum, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) to create a shared understanding of how the mining industry can most effectively contribute to the SDGs. The report can assist mining companies to navigate where their activities – exploration, operations, and mine closure – can help the world achieve the SDGs. Governments, civil society and other stakeholders can also identify opportunities for shared action and partnership with the mining industry. A draft report of Mapping Mining to the Sustainable Development Goals: A Preliminary Atlas was released for public consultation in January 2016; the final version of the executive summary and the full report (available in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese) was released on July 19, 2016.

This study examines the relationship between primary energy consumption (PEC) and real gross domestic product (real GDP) in the top four major energy consumers in Asia, namely, China, India, Japan, and South Korea. The study period is from 1982&ndash ; 2018, covering 37 years of data after the second oil crisis (1979&ndash ; 1981). Bootstrap panel Granger causality method is applied to examine the causal relationship between PEC and real GDP. This method is capable of controlling cross-sectional dimension and cross-country heterogeneity. In addition, few studies investigate the relevance of real GDP to energy consumption, although real GDP adjusted by inflation provides an accurate picture of a country&rsquo ; s economic situation. Our results contribute to existing literature in the field of PEC and real GDP. Through rigorous empirical research, we derive the main conclusion as follows. The real GDP and PEC of the top four energy consumers in Asia seem to be affected by the burst of the speculative Internet bubble from 2000&ndash ; 2001. Therefore, this study divides the research period into three periods: 1982&ndash ; 2018, 1982&ndash ; 2001, and 2002&ndash ; 2018. During the 1982&ndash ; 2018 period, an independent causal relationship is observed between real GDP and PEC for all four countries, thus supporting the neutrality hypothesis. During the 1982&ndash ; 2001 period, a unidirectional causal relationship running from PEC to real GDP is observed, thus supporting the energy growth hypothesis. Moreover, the coefficient is significantly negative in India ; that is, PEC constrains economic development. Thus, the Indian government should reform its energy efficiency and consumption technologies to reduce energy waste. During the 2002&ndash ; 2018 period, an independent causal relationship is observed between real GDP and energy consumption for all four countries, thus supporting the neutrality hypothesis. This study then changes real GDP into nominal GDP and finds a unidirectional causal relationship running from PEC to nominal GDP in South Korea, thus supporting the growth hypothesis. A unidirectional causal relationship is also observed running from nominal GDP to PEC in India, thus supporting the energy conservation hypothesis. As mentioned above, we find that the relationship between PEC and real GDP adjusted by the GDP deflator is weaker than that between PEC and nominal GDP. Nominal GDP strengthens its relationship with PEC through the effect of prices for all the goods and services produced in an economy.

Abstrak: Sumber pangan local yang melimpah di desa Labuapi adalah jagung, namun pengolahan hanya terbatas sebagai sayuran. Padahal pengolahan jagung menjadi berbagai olahan produk telah banyak dilakukan, salah satunya adalah pengolahan susu. Susu jagung menjadi alternative solusi untuk meningkatkan asupan gizi dalam mengatasi masalah stunting. Stunting kini menjadi salah satu prioritas yang ditangani pemerintah secara nasional, termasuk di NTB. Pencegahan stunting penting dilaksanakan dengan berkoordinasi pada semua lintas sector salah satunya perguruan tinggi. Tujuan pelaksanaan pengabdian ini adalah adalah untuk meningkatan pengetahuan tentang gizi, meningkatkan keterampilan pengolahan susu dan nuget pada ibu-ibu Rumah Tangga khususnya Ibu hamil dan menyusui, serta remaja-remaja putri. Tujuan tersebut dapat diwujudkan dengan berbagai tindakan solutif diantaranya: (1) Penyuluhan tentang pangan dan gizi secara umum, (2) Penyuluhan tentang komposisi nutrisi dan manfaat jagung, (3) Penyuluhan tentang berbagai olahan produk berbasis jagung, (4) Pelatihan pengolahan susu jagung dan nuget dari ampas susu jagung. Hasil kegiatan ini memperlihatkan bahwa (1) adanya peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang pangan dan gizi serta inovasi olahan jagung. (2) masyarakat memiliki keterampilan mengolah produk jagung menjadi susu dan nugget.(3) Pengetahuan dan keterampilan tersebut dapat dijadikan sebagai rintisan usaha dalam memenuhi kebutuhan hidup masyarakat, sehingga kasus stunting yang terjadi dapat diminimalisir. Abstract: The abundant local food potential in the Labuapi Village is corn, but processing is limited to vegetables. The processing of corn into various products has been done a lot, one of which is processing milk. Corn milk is an alternative solution to increase nutritional intake in overcoming stunting problems. Stunting is one of the national priorities of the government, including in NTB. Prevention of stunting is important to implement by coordination with all cross-sectors, which one of higher education. This activity aims to increase nutrition knowledge, improve milk and nugget processing skills for housewives, especially pregnant and lactating mothers and young women. These objectives can be realized with various solutions, including (1) counseling about the food and nutrition, (2) Counseling about the nutritional composition and corn benefits, (3) counseling on various processing of corn-based products, (4) training on corn milk processing, and nuggets from corn milk waste. This activity shows that (1) the increasing community knowledge about food, nutrition, and corn processing innovation. (2) the community has the skills to process corn into milk and nuggets. (3) the knowledge and skills have given can be used as a pilot effort in business the community's needs, so that cases of stunting that occur can be minimized.

Magistritöö Keskkonnakorralduse ja -poliitika õppekaval ; Euroopa Parlament keelustab 2021. aastast ära plastist ühekordsete nõude kasutamise ja kasutusele tuleb võtta alternatiivid. Alternatiiviks sobivad ühekordsed biolagunevad nõud. Biolagunevate toodete korral tuleb tähelepanu pöörata toote ja pakendi märgistusele, et teada saada, kas toode on kompostitav ja kas tööstuslikult või kodus kompostimisel. Käesoleva magistritöö eesmärk on välja selgitada erinevate biolagunevate nõude lagunevus tööstuslikult ja kodus kompostimisel. Katsed viidi läbi kodustes tingimustes toidujäätmete kompostimisel Wastefox kompostriga ja tööstuslikul reoveesette aunkompostimisel. Lõputöö katsetes kasutati erinevast materjalist valmistatud biolagunevaid nõusid ja kilekotte. Nõude ja kilekottide biolagunevust hinnati visuaalselt ja massikao järgi. Kompostimiskatsete tulemusel saab öelda, et ühekordsed nõud lagunesid väga erinevalt. Kompostitavaks sai aunkompostimisel määrata suhkruroost taldriku, mis lagunes 100%- liselt. Rohkem kui 90%-line lagunemine vähemalt ühes paralleelkatses saadi ka maisitärklisest joogikõrte ja paberist joogitopsi korral. Mater-Bi materjalist kilekottide lagunemine toimus 20‒80% ulatuses. Kodus kompostris 2-kuulise lagunemise tulemusena oli nõude massikadu kompostimisel väiksem, kuid oli näha, et paremini lagunesid tooted, millel oli märgis kodus kompostitavuse kohta. ; The European Parliament will ban the use of plastic tableware from 2021 and alternatives must be introduced. Disposable biodegradable tableware are an alternative. In the case of biodegradable products, attention must be paid to the labeling of the product and its packaging in order to know whether the product is compostable. The aim of this master 's thesis was to find out the degradability of different biodegradable tableware and plastic bags in industrial and home composting. The experiments were performed at home by composting food waste in a Wastefox composter and at industrial scale by windrow composting of sewage sludge . The biodegradable tableware and plastic bags made of different materials were used in the experiments. The decomposition of the dishes and bags was determined visually and by weight loss. As a result of composting experiments, it can be said that different biodegradable tableware decomposed very differently. A plate from sugar cane, which degraded 100%, could be determined to be compostable. More than 90% degradation at least in one parallel experiment was also obtained with drinking straws made from corn starch and drinking cups made from paper. The disintegration of Mater-Bi plastic bags was 20‒80%. As a result of the 2-month composting in the home composter, the weight losses of the tested items were lower, but it was noticed that the products with the label of "home compostable" decomposed to a greater extent.

It is not always easy, under the hybrid political system that has characterized Myanmar since 2011, to distinguish how power and responsibilities are distributed among the military, the civil service, political parties represented in parliament and the government. In particular, the division of power between elected representatives and high level civil servants in the design and implementation of policies more often resembles a work in progress than the operation of the established hierarchy defined by the 2008 Constitution and of the political system that started its journey towards democratization only a few years ago. There are arguably few fields in which this is as true as in urban and regional planning. This paper understands such planning with reference to the idea that the development of any city or town cannot be based only on planning for that city or town alone, but must also include planning for their respective sub-regions. Taken in its broadest sense, urban and regional planning covers a wide range of issues that matter tremendously to the people of Myanmar. In urban areas, besides the obvious road repair work, electricity, running water, waste management and various sets of regulations, these issues include the creation and maintenance of public parks, and public spaces more generally. They further include progress toward greener cities, something that is essential to the development of a happier, healthier society, and to the development of public life, and even public debate — in other words, to the development of a more open society. Regional planning in a society as ethnically diverse as Myanmar's is also essential to relations between different communities. In many places across the country, the urban/rural divide reflects the gap between the Bamar majority and the ethnic nationalities, an issue that is well exemplified by tensions around land rights. Urban planning also reflects the divide between rich and poor. In industrial zones on the outskirts of Yangon such as Hlaing Tharyar or Shwepyithar, migrants from the countryside find work in garment factories and often live in slums. The development of these zones, and the frequent euphemistic characterization of them as "informal settlements", illustrates this point. Last but not least, decisions on the construction and maintenance of infrastructure are a fundamental aspect in the development of Myanmar. They highlight the need to clarify the division of power, not only between elected representatives and civil servants but also between authority at the Union level, the State and Region level and the municipal level.

The Stockholm Convention was adopted in 2001 with the objective to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants. According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, each Party to the Convention is to develop and endeavour to implement a plan for the implementation of its obligations under the Convention. The Swedish national implementation plan aims at describing what Sweden has done and intends to do to fulfil the obligations of the Stockholm Convention. The plan describes the situation in Sweden and presents actions and strategies for future work. This plan is the fifth in the scheme and contains updates in accordance with the decisions taken at the Conferences of the Parties in 2017 and 2019. The substances covered are short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCP), decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), its salts and PFOA-related compounds and dicofol. For all other substances we refer to the Swedish national implementation plan from 2017, Swedish EPA Report 6794. Sweden will continue to work actively to minimise the environmental and health impacts of POPs in national, regional and international fora. As Party to the Stockholm Convention, Sweden is required to ban, and/or take the necessary legal and administrative steps to ban the production, use, import and export of SCCP, decaBDE, PFOA, its salts and PFOA-related compounds and dicofol and to take measures to reduce the unintentional production of HCBD. Sweden supported the inclusion of these substances in the Convention. According to the Products Register there was in 2018 no production or import of any of the substances as chemical products with a concentration above the limit values for registration. For PFOA-related compounds there is limited information from the Products Register. Sweden implements the requirements of the Stockholm Convention mainly through existing legislation, strategies and programmes. Significant progress has been achieved since production and use of all POP substances is prohibited with some minor exemptions. The main remaining challenges identified in previous implementation plans are linked to dioxins, PCBs and PFASs including PFOA and PFOS, which is elaborated in the Swedish Implementation Plan from 2017. This new plan focuses on the newly added substances to the Convention where the main challenges are related to SCCPs, PFOA and decaBDE in articles in use and in the waste stream, and to develop efficient environmental monitoring of these substances.

The article explores how urban areas are widely affecting the environment with special reference to the developing countries. Urbanization as the outcome of population growth in rural areas, decline of agricultural productivity and migration is creating more economic activities and dynamics in towns and cities leading to environmental issues and challenges. It is well observed in terms of transportation, solid waste, air, water, shortage of green space etc. in urban areas. In that, different age groups including children and the elderly people are badly affected. While urbanization affects society, urban inhabitants are constantly increasing due to improved transportation, more social network accessibility, higher literacy rate of young population, higher socio-economic expectations, change in lifestyles etc. However, density of population in cities has widely and negatively culminated in urban environmental catastrophes; some phenomenon which will affect next generations as well. Objective: As one of the main functions of sociology is to find social problems, the current paper tries to do that. Urbanization is increasingly and primarily affecting the environment. Destruction of environment and creation of the built environment, itself creating social, economic, health and many more problems, is one of the objectives of the research. If the issue is controlled, decline of other problems will follow, and consequently steps toward a safe and secure society will be taken. The analytics of the paper will on average reflect how urbanization is destroying societies as a whole. Similarly, sociology usually proposes ethical resolutions. The author also made use of the sources possible to collect the data necessary. Note, English not being the first language of the author, is expected to be average. One of the topics very related to sociology is urbanization. Population proves the objective relationship between urbanization with the environment. Any change in population in quantitative or qualitative terms, while impacting urbanization, it affects the environment too. Nowadays, the factor of population, and as a result, increasing urbanization has endangered the environment. Therefore, governments and the decision-making systems need to make proper decisions to keep the environment safe and clean. Environmental safety widely impacts the population; in that, babies, mothers and the aging people find more security. Probably, most of the problems and challenges of the 21st century are the results of the 20th century problems which were not administratively and politically observed and paid attention to, sufficiently. Weaknesses and shortcomings pertaining to policy-making have contributed to the 1st century challenges as stemmed from population, urbanization and the environment. Those are the key points to be explored in the present article.

Kota Sehat (Healthy City) as one program that continues to be developed with public policies and creates physical and social environments that enable people to support one another in carrying out all life functions and achieving their full potential (Healthy Toronto 2000 Subcommittee, 1988). The implementation of Kota Serang Sehat which began in 2013 until now has not run optimally as a whole, especially related to the implementation of 9 (Nine) District / City Health Arrangements and the role and function of the Serang Sehat City Forum (FKSS) and the Serang Sehat District Communication Forum (FKKSS) ). However, several key indicators show improvements in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) decreased from 31 cases in 2014 to 21 cases in 2018 (source: Dinas Kesehatan Kota Serang, 2019). On the other hand, there has been a very large increase in the number of deaths in 2017 and 2018, where in 2017 there were 85 deaths, and in 2018 there were 81 cases for toddlers aged 1 year to 4 years 11 months. The next main indicator is the Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) where in 2014 there had 6 cases increased sharply in 2018 to 24 cases, or increased 400 percent or quadrupled (Source Dinas Kesehatan Kota Serang, 2019). In connection with the City Spatial Planning General Plan (RUTRK) in general, it has supported the implementation of Serang Sehat City by structuring slums, developing the supply and access to clean water and in terms of managing and overcoming the waste problem. For general indicators related to the support of the Regional Government for the City of Serang Sehat, to increase community participation and in terms of budgeting already support the APBD, but each work program embedded in the activities of each OPD has not been coordinated or the emergence of sectoral egos or not integrated yet. Then the support from CSR is also not optimal. Research recommendations are optimizing the Minimum Service Standards Coverage (SPM) in Health and involving all sectors, especially services related to family health for mothers and children (infants and toddlers) so as to reduce the maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant and toddler mortality rates (MMR) AKB and Akaba) towards meeting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) standards. Next is the optimization of the role of each element in the Serang Sehat City Forum, full support from the local government and the maximum CSR functionKeywords: Kota Serang Sehat; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Includes bibliographical references. ; 2019 Fall. ; Rare earth elements (REEs) underpin a host of technologies that are central to modern society, including portable electronics, renewable and clean energy components, medical devices, and military equipment. Obtaining purified REE end products involves numerous physical and chemical processes, many of which generate large volumes of waste that, if not handled appropriately, can cause significant environmental, economic, and social impacts. In some cases, industrial operators involved in the processing or recycling of REEs may seek to discharge REE-impacted wastewater to municipal water resources recovery facilities (WRRFs). However, little is currently understood about the potential for REE-containing wastewater to affect the performance of conventional wastewater treatment processes, particularly biological treatment processes. The study described in this thesis was developed to investigate impacts of REEs on the mixed microbial communities that treat wastewater. To this end, a series of experiments were developed to evaluate multiple biological wastewater treatment components and REEs. To evaluate and visualize potential inhibition thresholds of REEs, culture plates containing varying concentrations of REEs were prepared and inoculated with activated sludge collected from a local WRRF. Concurrently, bench-scale bioreactors were developed to mimic aerobic activated sludge and anaerobic sludge digester conditions in full-scale WWRFs. Aerobic and anaerobic test reactors were treated with high-priority REEs as salts and chelated compounds, and wastewater treatment performance parameters were tracked to evaluate potential impacts from REEs. Additionally, DNA was extracted from sludge samples collected from the aerobic bioreactor system for high-throughput sequencing to evaluate microbial composition shifts as a function of REE treatment. Aerobic culture plate experiments indicated toxicity of europium, gadolinium, lanthanum, neodymium, and yttrium to activated sludge inocula when present at concentrations of 270-400 mg/L. Additionally, clear inhibition to nitrification processes from gadolinium and yttrium salts were identified in the aerobic reactor experiments. Impacts to nitrification performance measures were supported by microbial community analysis, which indicated distinct changes to community composition as a function of REE treatment. In contrast to findings identified in the aerobic reactor system, anaerobic bioreactor experiments did not reveal meaningful impacts to digestion performance measures from the REE treatments that were investigated. However, >97% of unchelated REE treatments were bound up in bioreactor solids. Taken together, our experimental results do not support the viability of allowing concentrations > 10 mg/L of REE to enter WRRFs, which has important implications as public and private entities weigh the benefits and costs of varying REE processing and disposal technologies.

The fast growing of urban population, combined with the slow and incomplete application of legislation in the theme of the urban planning, caused a disordered development of the canton, manifested in various areas like the road network, pressure for construction in unapproachable areas, springs and rivers contamination, deforestation in areas of water recharge, inadequate management of solid waste, and poor agricultural practices. Mentioned before combine with the hydrometeorological phenomena make that a great part of the zone present a high risk to events like: floods and landslides, this represent a great risk for the population that lives in the canton. Precisely for that, in 2006 was published the Law Decree No. 32967-MINAE, where the metodology of the IFAS show up, which has aspects of great relevance for the Costa Rican land-use planning, the most important of which is that for the first time in the country, it is obliged to incorporate the variable of environmental impact in the land-use planning, for example in the cantonal and coastal regulatory plans; in addition to establishing the technical guidelines to be followed by SETENA to review and evaluate the introduction of the environmental variable, in order to grant environmental viability. ; El rápido crecimiento poblacional urbano, combinado con la lenta e incompleta aplicación de la normativa en el tema de la planificación urbana, han llevado a un desarrollo desordenado del cantón, manifestado en diversas áreas como la red vial, presión por construcción en zonas no aptas, contaminación de nacientes y ríos, deforestación en las zonas de recarga acuífera, inadecuado manejo de desechos sólidos, y malas prácticas agrícolas. La combinación de lo mencionado anteriormente, con los fenómenos hidrometeorológicos hacen que gran parte de la zona presente un alto riesgo a eventos como: inundaciones y deslizamientos principalmente, de ahí el gran riesgo que tiene la población que habita en el cantón. Justamente por lo anterior en el año 2006 se publicó el Decreto de Ley N° 32967-MINAE, donde se expone la metodología de los IFAS, la cual posee aspectos de gran relevancia para el ordenamiento territorial costarricense, el más importante es que por primera vez en el país, se obliga a incorporar la variable de impacto ambiental en la planificación del uso de tierra, es decir en los planes reguladores tanto cantonales como costeros; además de que se establecen los lineamientos técnicos que deberá seguir la SETENA para revisar y evaluar dicha introducción de la variable ambiental, a fin de otorgar, en definitiva, la Viabilidad (Licencia) ambiental.

Tujuan penelitian "Variasi Biomassa Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) Terhadap Derajat Keasaman (pH) Pada Air Limbah Sasirangan" adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi biomassa gondok (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) sebagai fitoremidiator terhadap pH pada air limbah sasirangan dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu pengamatan khususnya perbandingan antara sesi pagi dan petang terhadap keefektifitasan eceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) dalam menstabilkan pH pada air limbah sasirangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan seluruh varian biomassa eceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) berpotensi dalam proses penurunan nilai derajat keasaman (pH) pada limbah cair industri pembuatan kain sasirangan meski tidak mencapai titik netral namun telah sesuai dengan batas yang ditentukan oleh Pemerintah Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan serta berdasarkan waktu penelitian yang dilakukan selama 3 pekan dengan membandingkan hasil pengamatan sesi pagi (6 WITA) dan sesi petang (18 WITA) didapat berupa persentase penurunan pH untuk perlakuan A1 sebesar 4,09 %, A2 sebesar 4,20 % dan A3 sebesar 4,85 % dari rerata kontrol sebesar 9,28. Sedangkan persentase penurunan nilai pH pada pengamatan sesi petang yaitu untuk perlakuan A1 sebesar 4,49 %, A2 sebesar 4,70% dan A3 sebesar 5,24% dari rerata kontrol sebesar 9,36. The research "Variation Of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) Biomass Against The Degree Of Acidity (pH) On Sasirangan Wastewater" aims to determine the effect of variation in the water hyacinth biomass (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) as a phytoremidiator on pH in Sasirangan wastewater and to determine the effect of observation time, specifically the comparison between dawn and dusk sessions on the effectiveness of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) in stabilizing the pH of Sasirangan wastewater. The results showed that all variants of water hyacinth biomass (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) have the potential to decrease the acidity (pH) value of liquid waste in Sasirangan fabric manufacturing industry. Although it does not reach a neutral point, but later in accordance with the limits determined by Provincial Government of South Kalimantan and based on the time of the research carried out for 3 weeks by comparing the observations of the dawn session (6 A.M) and dusk session (6 P.M) obtained the percentage form of pH decrease for A1 treatment value of 4.09%, A2 by 4.20% and A3 by 4.85% from the average control value of 9.28. While the results obtained in the percentage form of pH decrease within dusk session observation shown A1 treatment value of 4,49%, A2 by 4,70% and A3 by 5,24% from the average control value of 9,36.

The image of the cherry blossom or the Grazalema mountain range is one of the most beautiful landscapes that Spain has got and leaves you speechless. These landscapes, due to the climate change, could disappear in 30 years time, leaving the south and centre of Spain as the dunes of the African desert. It is the consequence of not taking care of what we have. On hundred years ago, the scientists did not think that humans could rise the earth temperature but nowadays the planet temperature is about 0.6 centigrade degrees. Among other measures and in order to have a minor damage or to delay the possible consequences the circular economy is proposed as a possible solution. What we achieve in this way. Is to revise the waste and o give them a double life. In order to encore this we should have a conscious education and the help governments and institutions with strict environmental rules. In the same way it should be established environmental criteria for awarding contracts to companies. After all, «being faithful in the small is a big thing». ; Ver el cerezo en flor o la sierra de Grazalema es una de las imágenes, entre los miles de parajes que tiene España, que despierta admiración. Parajes que, a causa del cambio climático, en no más de 30 años podrían desaparecer, quedado así el sur y centro de España como las dunas del desierto africano. /nEs la consecuencia de no cuidar lo más importante que tenemos. Hace 100 años, los científicos no creían que el ser humano pudiera subir la temperatura del planeta tierra, sin embargo, en ese tiempo, la temperatura global ha ascendido 0.6 grados y seguramente superará el límite establecido para el año 2040 de 1.5 grados. Entre todas las medidas adoptadas para que el daño sea menor, o bien para retrasar lo máximo posible las consecuencias, la economía circular se plantea como una de las posibles alternativas y solución entre muchas otras, posibilitando la reutilización de materiales y la reducción de los residuos. Para ello, debemos contar no solo con una educación concienciada de cada individuo, sino también con la ayuda de Gobiernos e instituciones, estableciendo normas estrictas para la mejora del medio ambiente, como también criterios de valoración ambientales a la hora de adjudicar contratos públicos a empresas. Al fin y al cabo, «ser fiel en lo pequeño es cosa grande».