Suchergebnisse

El personal militar del ejército nacional que realiza operaciones en las áreas selváticas de Colombia es afectado por cuadros de Leishmaniasis cutánea, las cuales impactan de manera importante en esta población. El tratamiento de la enfermedad está basado en guías de manejo de la patología por las fuerzas militares, y requiere el retiro temporal del paciente de sus actividades laborales, pues se suministra bajo estricta supervisión médica como parte del programa de atención de la leishmaniasis de las Fuerzas Armadas. El programa de atención de leishmaniasis del hospital de Tolemaida es uno de los programas más grandes del país para el manejo de la patología. Mediante este programa se diagnostican y tratan los pacientes que son remitidos a sus instalaciones, registrando un seguimiento estricto de las variables clínicas y epidemiológicas de cada paciente así como de las variables de respuesta terapéutica y de tolerancia al tratamiento suministrado. En el presente estudio se presentan los resultados obtenidos del análisis descriptivo retrospectivo de las variables clínicas y epidemiológicas de 485 casos de Leishmaniasis cutánea que fueron remitidos al servicio médico de la unidad militar de Tolemaida de enero de 2012 a agosto de 2013, y que estuvieron bajo un programa supervisado de atención clínica en el manejo de su patología. Como hallazgos principales se describe la edad promedio de 26 años, con una desviación estándar de 4,09 años, el 87,01% recibió tratamiento con glucantime, el 8,25% con pentamidina y el 4,74% con miltefosina. Los principales efectos adversos al Glucantime® fueron cefalea (48%), mialgias (47%) y artralgias (45%). En el 9.27% (n=45) de los casos se informa anomalías electrocardiográficas (EKG) al inicio del tratamiento dadas principalmente por bradicardia en el 5,59%, taquicardia en el 0,21% y bloqueo de rama en el 0,21%. Sin embargo a 19 de estos pacientes se les suministró tratamiento con Glucantime®, sin mostrar cambios en el patrón electrocardiográfico y sin evidenciar complicaciones intratramiento. El 59% de los pacientes sufrió más de un episodio de leishmaniasis cutánea. Como hallazgo relevante, en el seguimiento paraclínico del tratamiento se evidenció que los niveles de alanino aminotrasferasa (ALT), se encontraban en normalidad al inicio del tratamiento en el 82,68% y al día 7 de iniciado el tratamiento el 71,64% de los pacientes registraron valores normales, este último porcentaje se mantuvo en valores similares al día 20 y 25 días post tratamiento. En el caso de los valores de aspartato aminotrasferasa (AST) el 97,28% de los pacientes inicio con valores de normalidad esta enzima, pero descendió al día 7 de tratamiento al 77,53%, al día 20 estaba normal en el 82,47% y al día 45, 25 días post tratamiento estaba normal el valor de la enzima en el 81,00%. Por otra parte la amilasa era normal en el 96,69% de los pacientes al inicio del tratamiento pero al día 7 de tratamiento descendió al 40,54% al día 20 la normalidad se registró en el 54,95% y 25 días post tratamiento se normalizó en el 88,29%. Sugiriendo que entre el 10-15% de los pacientes presentaron leves alteraciones en funciones hepáticas y pancreáticas posiblemente asociadas al tratamiento prescrito. El presente trabajo corresponde a la primera descripción de un número considerable (n=485) de pacientes colombianos con leishmaniasis cutánea con diagnóstico parasitológico confirmado en el que se han evaluado las variables clínicas y paraclínicas de respuesta al tratamiento. ; Abstract. Military personnel of the national army operating at the Tropical Rain Forest of Colombia are highly affected by cutaneous leishmaniasis. Treatment of the disease is based on management guidelines pathology by military forces, and requires the temporary removal of the patient from their work activities, due that this is provided under strict medical supervision. The leishmaniasis care program at hospital of Tolemaida is one of the largest programs in the country to manage the disease. Throughout this program, diagnosed and treated patients who are referred to their facilities are fully followed with a proper recording of clinical and epidemiological conditions and evaluation of their therapeutic response. . In the present study are presented the results obtained from retrospective descriptive analysis of the clinical and epidemiological variables of 485 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis that were sent to the medical service of the military unit of Tolemaida between January 2012 to August 2013. Age population mean was 26 (SD+4Y). 87% of patients received treatment with Glucantime®, 8.25% were treated with Pentamidine and 4.74% received Miltefosine. The main adverse effects to Glucantime® were headache (48%), myalgia (47%) and arthralgia (45%). In 9.27% (n = 45) of cases electrocardiographic abnormalities (EKG) were reported before treatment beginning, they were mainly given by bradycardia 5.59%, tachycardia 0.21% and bundle branch block in the 0,21 %. However 19 of these patients received treatment with Glucantime® showing no evidence of treatment complications.59% of patients experienced more than one episode of cutaneous leishmaniasis. As an important finding in the paraclinical monitoring of treatment it was demonstrated that Alanine Aminotransferase levels (ALT), were at the start of treatment normally in 82.68%, at the 7th day of treatment 71.64 % of patients showed values into reference limits, day 20th this percentage was recorded at 71.94% and day 45, it was 70.31%. Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) values were into reference limits in 97.28% of patients at the treatment beginning. For day 7 of treatment this percentage dropped to 77.53%, on day 20 it was 82.47% and day 45 is was recorded at 81.00%. About Amylase values, they were into reference limits in 96.69% of patients at baseline but at day 7 of treatment this percentage decreased to 40.54%,. Day 20 only 54.95% of patients had Amylase values into normal range and day 45 the 88.29% had returned to normal values. Suggesting that 10-15% of patients had mild abnormalities in liver and pancreatic functions possibly associated with the prescribed treatment. This work corresponds to the first description of a significant number (n = 485) of Colombian patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis with confirmed diagnosis and strict following to clinic, epidemiological and treatment response variables. ; Maestría

The multiple views that fly over possible approaches to the triggering theme of this edition, "De / Colonization, Ibero-America and the awakening of the periphery", reveal the complexity of our ways of being as participants in human history in the Ibero-American diaspora. With the intention of purifying the focus of this provocation, including by Latin Americans the community of the heirs of the colonizing expansion of the Portuguese and the Spanish in the Americas and in the world. Meanwhile, what are we really talking about? What does it mean to be Ibero-American? On what basis is the Ibero-American identity based? I think it best to start speaking from the proper place and the way in which colonization is rooted and in what ways de-colonization is carried out in the peripheries. In order not to fall into generalities regarding the approach to the subject, it is necessary to select and choose proper and appropriate anthropo-social phenomena, seeking to understand how de / colonization is carried out in peripheral territories in relation to a certain central colonizing power. So what are the political alternatives of peripheral groups in relation to de / colonization? We are facing a tension of great power because he talks about the political-economic situation of human beings who are marginalized from the successful society of Integrated World Capitalism (WCC), in the words of Félix Guattari. This also means trying to understand what colonialism is spoken of in the process of de / colonization - deconstruction of the colony state on the material and ideological / spiritual plane - in peripheral territories. ; La múltiples miradas que sobrevuelan posibles abordajes del tema disparador de la presente edición, "Des/Colonización, Iberoamérica y el despertar de la periferia", revelan la complejidad de nuestros modos de ser como participantes de la historia humana en la diáspora iberoamericana. Con la intención de depurar el foco de esta provocación, comprendiendo por iberoamericanos a la comunidad de los hablantes herederos de la expansión colonizadora de los portugueses y de los españoles en las Américas y en el mundo. Entre tanto ¿De qué estamos hablando realmente? ¿Qué significa ser iberoamericano? ¿En qué base se asienta la identidad iberoamericana? Creo mejor partir hablando desde el lugar propio y de la manera en que la colonización se encuentra arraigada y de qué formas se realizan las des/colonizaciones en las periferias. Para no caer en generalidades en cuanto al abordaje del tema es necesario seleccionar y elegir fenómenos antropo-sociales propios y apropiados, buscando comprender como la des/colonización se realiza en territorios periféricos en relación a cierto poder colonizador central. Entonces, ¿cuáles son las alternativas políticas de grupos periféricos en relación con la des/colonización? Estamos frente a una tensión de gran potencia porque habla a respecto de la situación político-económica de seres humanos que se encuentran marginados de la sociedad exitosa del Capitalismo Mundial Integrado (CMI), según palabras de Félix Guattari. Esto significa también intentar comprender de cual colonialismo se habla en el proceso de des/colonización – desconstrucción del estado de colonia en el plano material e ideológico/espiritual – en territorios periféricos. ; Os múltiplos olhares de sobrevôo possíveis na abordagem do tema motivador da presente edição, "Des/Colonização, Iberoamérica e o despertar da periferia", revelam a complexidade de nossos modos de ser como participantes da história humana na diáspora iberoamericana. Com o intuito de apurar o foco desta provocação, compreendendo por iberoamericanos a comunidade dos falantes herdeiros da expansão colonizadora dos portugueses e dos espanhóis nas Américas e no mundo. Entretanto, do que mesmo estamos falando? O que significa ser iberoamericano? Em que base se assenta a identidade iberoamericana? Melhor falar a partir do lugar próprio e de como a colonização se encontra enraizada e de que formas se realizam des/colonizações nas periferias. E para sair da generalidade na abordagem do tema é preciso selecionar e escolher fenômenos antropossociais próprios e apropriados, buscando compreender como a des/colonização se realiza em territórios periféricos em relação a certo poder colonizador central. Ora, quais são as alternativas políticas de grupos periféricos em relação à des/colonização? Estamos diante de uma tensão de grande potência porque diz respeito à situação político-econômica de seres humanos que se encontram à margem da sociedade exitosa do Capitalismo Mundial Integrado (CMI), nas palavras de Félix Guattari. Isto significa também procurar compreender de qual colonialismo se fala no processo de des/colonização – desconstrução do estado de colônia nos planos material e ideológico/espiritual – em territórios periféricos. ; Os múltiplos olhares de sobrevôo possíveis na abordagem do tema motivador da presente edição, "Des/Colonização, Iberoamérica e o despertar da periferia", revelam a complexidade de nossos modos de ser como participantes da história humana na diáspora iberoamericana. Com o intuito de apurar o foco desta provocação, compreendendo por iberoamericanos a comunidade dos falantes herdeiros da expansão colonizadora dos portugueses e dos espanhóis nas Américas e no mundo. Entretanto, do que mesmo estamos falando? O que significa ser iberoamericano? Em que base se assenta a identidade iberoamericana? Melhor falar a partir do lugar próprio e de como a colonização se encontra enraizada e de que formas se realizam des/colonizações nas periferias. E para sair da generalidade na abordagem do tema é preciso selecionar e escolher fenômenos antropossociais próprios e apropriados, buscando compreender como a des/colonização se realiza em territórios periféricos em relação a certo poder colonizador central. Ora, quais são as alternativas políticas de grupos periféricos em relação à des/colonização? Estamos diante de uma tensão de grande potência porque diz respeito à situação político-econômica de seres humanos que se encontram à margem da sociedade exitosa do Capitalismo Mundial Integrado (CMI), nas palavras de Félix Guattari. Isto significa também procurar compreender de qual colonialismo se fala no processo de des/colonização – desconstrução do estado de colônia nos planos material e ideológico/espiritual – em territórios periféricos.

Referring to a vast number of archival and published sources, the author analyzes the social structure and development tendencies of the Russian General Officers between 1730 and 1741. The growth in the numbers of generals under Anna Ioannovna had ceased in the period in question. As opposed to the five previous years, the numbers of generals between 1730 and 1741 were directly conditioned by whether the army was involved in military activities. After the confirmation of the new staff in 1731, the number of generals decreased reaching 104–108 persons, while during the Russo-Turkish and Swedish wars, it increased to 113–129 persons. The structure of the general officers' staff between 1730 and 1741 reflected the overall changes in the armed forces of the time. The number of generals in the field army was decreasing, while it remained unchanged in the military units financed by sources other than chevage (artillery, engineer corps, land militia, defence forces). According to the general data, between 1730 and 1738, 60 to 63 percent of the generals were Russian nationals, and 37 to 40 percent non-Russian nationals. Consequently, after Anna Ioannovna was enthroned, there were no significant changes in the general officers' national structure. It was only at the very end of the period that due to a mass resignation of Russian generals, the numbers of foreign general officers grew: in 1739 they accounted for 42 percent, and between 1740 and 1741 – for 45–46 percent. In the field army, the growth of the number of non-Russian nationals continued with 35 percent in 1725, 42–45 percent in 1726–1730, and as many as 51–70 percent in 1739–1741. Foreign general officers prevailed, as previously, in the artillery and engineer corps with Russian generals employed in the military administration. The land militia forces were commanded by non-Russian generals. According to the general data between 1730 and 1741, equally to the preceding five years, the majority of foreign generals were from Germany (43 to 45 percent). Having started under Peter I, the incorporation of the Baltic nobility into Russian elite continued, while the numbers of Baltic Germans among the generals considerably increased (from 10 to 28 percent). Non-Russian generals taking service between 1730 and 1741, as a rule, had military experience and were assigned to the field army and land militia. The renewal of the command of the artillery, engineer and defence forces, as well as the military administration was mainly carried out by means of promoting the officers that were already serving in the Russian military forces. The development of the social structure of the Russian part of general officers remained unaltered. The amount of the traditional elite decreased from 40–43 percent in 1730–1731 to 34–35 percent in 1740–1741. After three decades since the start of the military reforms of Peter the Great, representatives of the Moscow nobility were promoted to generals in chief and accounted to the majority of such positions. It was only the senior rank of field marshals that was made up of the nobility. Overall, the development of the general officials' corps between 1730 and 1741 followed the general pattern of the development of Russian military forces initiated under Peter the Great, and the changes of the beginning of Anna Ioannovna's reign were the result of the internal policy that was formulated by the reformer-tsar's associates between 1725 and 1727. ; В статье на основании широкого круга архивных и опубликованных источников анализируются состав, социальная структура и динамика российского генералитета 1730–1741 гг. Расширение генеральского корпуса, которое наблюдалось в 1725–1730 гг., при Анне Иоанновне прекратилось. В отличие от предшествующих пяти лет, численность генералитета 1730–1741 гг. напрямую зависела от того, вела ли армия боевые действия. После утверждения в 1731 г. нового штата число генералов снизилось до 104–108 человек, а в период турецкой и шведской войн вновь увеличилось до 113–129 лиц. Структура генералитета 1730–1741 гг. отражала общие изменения в вооруженных силах того времени. Доля генералитета при полевой армии снижалась. В тех же частях, которые финансировались из источников вне подушной подати (артиллерия, инженерный корпус, ландмилиция, гарнизонные войска), такой тенденции не наблюдалось. По общим данным, среди генералов 1730–1738 гг. насчитывалось 60–63 % русских и 37–40 % иноземцев, что соответствовало показателям 1725–1730 гг. Таким образом, после восшествия на престол Анны Иоанновны резких изменений в национальном составе генералитета не произошло. Лишь в самом конце периода из-за массовых отставок русских генералов доля иноземцев выросла: в 1739 г. – 42 %, а в 1740–1741 гг. – 45–46 %. В полевой армии рост числа иноземцев продолжился: в 1725 г. – 35 %, в 1726–1730 гг. – 42–45 %, в 1730–1738 гг. – 46–50 %, в 1739–1741 гг. – 51–70 %. В артиллерии, инженерном корпусе, как и ранее, доминировали иноземные генералы, а в военной администрации – русские. Командование ландмилиции в основном состояло из иноземцев. По общим данным в 1730–1741 гг. (как и в предшествующие пять лет) среди иноземцев преобладали выходцы из Германии – 43–45 %. Начавшаяся еще при Петре I инкорпорация представителей прибалтийского дворянства в состав российской элиты продолжилась, а доля остзейцев в генералитете существенно выросла – с 10 до 28 %. Иноземные генералы, поступившие на службу в 1730–1741 гг., как правило, имели европейский военный опыт и в основном направлялись в полевую армию и ландмилицию. Обновление командования артиллерийских, инженерных, гарнизонных частей и военной администрации осуществлялось в первую очередь за счет повышения в чинах тех, кто уже находился на российской службе. Динамика социальной структуры русской части генералитета осталась прежней. Доля традиционной элиты снизилась с 40–43 % в 1730–1731 гг. до 34–35 % в 1740–1741 гг. Спустя три десятилетия после начала петровских военных реформ представители московского дворянства достигли чина генерал-аншефа и составили в нем большинство. Аристократическим остался лишь старший – фельдмаршальский – класс. В целом эволюция генеральского корпуса 1730–1741 гг. подчинялась общей логике развития вооруженных сил России, заложенной еще при Петре Великом, а перемены начала аннинского царствования во многом стали следствием того внутриполитического курса, который был сформулирован ближайшим окружением царя-реформатора в 1725–1727 гг.

El Ente de Turismo de Necochea en el marco de una política de renovación y competitividad turística, lanzó el Plan Estratégico de Turismo Sustentable de Necochea 2013-2023 en cuya elaboración participaron actores interesados en el sector. El Plan resultó ser un instrumento participativo y dinamizador de las acciones, en el cual los actores interesados en la problemática turística, enunciaron un proyecto común. Sin embargo, la adscripción a un modelo sustentable de turismo implicaría que la puesta en marcha efectiva del plan está condicionada por la conceptualización del turismo y su sustentabilidad como constructo social. El planteo del turismo sustentable como constructo social, requiere identificar cómo la actividad turística y las condiciones ambientales para los individuos se convierten en cuestión social, en función de los procesos mediante los cuales se interiorizan los conceptos y se movilizan acciones particulares, que se generan a partir de las representaciones de nivel individual. El objetivo es comprender las significaciones que los actores interesados en la actividad tienen acerca del turismo y de la sustentabilidad para iniciar una reflexión en torno al potencial endógeno para la acción colectiva. La estrategia metodológica se plantea desde un enfoque cualitativo interpretativo que se centra en dos variables principales de análisis: el turismo y sustentabilidad como constructo social y el potencial endógeno para la acción colectiva. Para analizar al turismo y su sustentabilidad como constructo social se efectuaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas a todos los actores que participaron en los talleres del Plan y se indagó respecto de las representaciones individuales (en términos semánticos y simbólicos) relativas a significados, expectativas y predisposiciones que permiten determinar las lógicas asociadas desarrollo turístico, comprender los contenidos valorativos de identidad y establecer las interpretaciones de la sustentabilidad, en términos de preocupación y comportamiento ambientales. Para determinar el potencial endógeno se evaluaron los sentidos e interpretaciones identificados en marcos de acción colectiva vinculados a la agencialidad y la identidad, comprendidos como un nuevo marco de motivación con legitimidad social para el logro de los objetivos. Los resultados, permiten establecer que las expectativas de los actores vinculados al turismo entienden al turismo como modo de vida existiendo un fuerte apego asociado a componentes afectivos y una valoración de la naturaleza como entorno de vida. Asimismo se constata que existe un amplio consenso en que el turismo debe ser sustentable y esto tiene correlato con la preocupación ambiental manifestada y reforzada por una tendencia, en lo individual, de optar por comportamientos proambientales y para la gestión, de demandar el mantenimiento y mejora de las condiciones naturales. Como conclusión se puede afirmar que los interesados en la actividad turística tienen potencial endógeno para tornarse en actores de sustentabilidad, en función de aspectos relativos a las similitudes y coincidencias en las representaciones, tanto semánticas como simbólicas, que indican un significativo apego al lugar, una predisposición a la participación y una preocupación ambiental que se traduce en habilidades ambientales, y que en conjunto constituyen un marco de motivación con el que alcanzar los objetivos consensuados en el Plan. ; As part of a renewal and a tourism competitiveness policy, the Tourism Organization of Necochea launched the Strategic Plan for Sustainable Tourism 2013-2023 in which stakeholders in the sector participated for its development. The Plan turned out to be a participatory instrument, in which stakeholders in tourism developed a common project. However, the ascription to a sustainable tourism model entails that tourism conceptualization and its sustainability as a social construct both condition the effective implementation of the Plan. Considering sustainable tourism as a social construct implies the need to identify how tourism activity and the environmental conditions become in a social cuestion for individuals, depending on the processes by which concepts are internalized and particular actions are mobilized, based on individual representations. The aim is to understand the meanings that stakeholders in tourism give to tourism and sustainability to start thinking about endogenous potential for collective action. The methodological strategy is based on a qualitative approach focused on two analysis variables: tourism and sustainability as a social construct and endogenous potential for collective action. To analize tourism and its sustainability semi-structured interviews were conducted with social actors that participated on the workshops for the development of the Plan. The interviews inquired about individual representations (in semantic and simbolic terms) regarding meanings, expectations and predispositions, to determine the logic of tourism development, understand valorative contents of identity and establish sustainability interpretations in terms of preocupation and environmental behavior. To determine endogenous potential the meanings and interpretations identified were evaluated on collective action frames related to agency and identity, understood as a new motivation framework with social legitimacy to achieve goals. The results indicate that stakeholders in tourism understand tourism as a way of life with a strong attachment to place and the appreciation of nature as a living environment. Furthermore, it is found that there is a large consensus that tourism must be sustainable and this is correlated with the environmental concern expressed which is also reflected in individual behavior and the demand for the government to maintain and improve natural conditions. In conclusion it can be said that stakeholders in tourism have endogenous potential to become sustainable actors, based on the similarities and matches in their representations that show a significant attachment to the place, the readiness to participate and the environmental concern translated into environmental skills. Together they constitute a motivation framework to achieve the Plan's goals. ; Fil: López, María José. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina. ; Fil: Bertoni, Marcela. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina. ; Fil: Testa, Joaquín. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales; Argentina.

Understanding why some countries are prosperous while others fail in achieving high standards of welfare and wellbeing is one of the most interesting and investigated topics in economics. Several candidate exlplanations have been proposed, for instance cultural factors (Banfield 1958, Putnam 1993), geographical determinism (Diamond 1997), institutional determinants (North 1990, Acemoglu 2000, Acemoglu 2012). Interestingly, a common feature of any theoretical argument is that each of them fits well with the recent European history. If it is the theory which has been adapted to Europe or if it is Europe which presents the characteristics suited to successful economic growth is debatable. According to Landes (1999), it is just a stylized fact that Europe took and kept the lead for at least the last one thousand years. Therefore, even though "some would say that Eurocentrism is bad [.], hence to be avoided", it can be understood as an aknowledgement of history. Of course, there is not full agreement on the topic and different perspectives on the matter have been proposed (Hobson 2004). Whatever the story is, the European case is an interesting one, both in historical and in current terms. Indeed, since the Nineteenth century Europe (and the Western World) has been undertaking a continuous growth process, achieving unprecedented levels of wealth. Such a historical path allowed the Western countries to take the lead economically and politically. Using Landes (1999) words, "we live in a world of inequality and diversity, in which there are three kinds of nations: those that spend lots of money to keep their weight down; those whose people eat to live; and those whose people don't know where the next meal is coming from". Europe and the West have been constantly in the first kind. However, richies have never been evenly distributed also within rich countries and this is true for Europe as well. In particular, European geography has been characterized by a growing dichotomy. On the one hand, some countries have been performing succesfully, maintaining levels of wealth which are top standards on a global scale. This is the case for continental countries, including Scandinavian economies and the United Kingdom. On the other hand, other countries have been falling behind and have not been able to keep in touch with the fast growing core. In this group we find the so called South of Europe, i.e. the Mediterranean countries, as well as the former sovietic Eastern economies. Of course, disparities have always been with us and this is not necessarily bad, since growth does not need to be a perfectly balanced process (Hirschman 1958). However, such an issue becomes relevant as long as national and regional disparities either do not reduce or worsen overtime. This is even more important if the diverging economies belong to the same political entity. This is precisely the case of Europe, in particular of the European Union, a political and economic construct in which policy interventions have been implemented in the last decades to foster convergence and cohesion between economies. This dissertation investigates some of the main topics in the empirical literature on economic growth. The scope is to assess empirically the validity of some theoreatical statements and policy provisions, focussing mostly on European economies because of their peculiar economic history. A broader cross-country analysis is also provided in the last section. As a first step we will test whether under some specific circumstances economies will tend to get closer and closer in terms of wealth. Theoretically, following Solow (1957), the standard neoclassical model predicts that one should find evidence of convergence, in the sense that poorer economies ar expected to grow faster than richer ones (Barro 1992, Mankiw 1990). Of course, this holds as long as economies are similar in terms of structural characteristics (as the composition of output and the distribution of labour force across sectors) and technology. Hence, the first part of this dissertation will address unconditional convergence in European regions from 1990 to 2007, a relitvely homogeneous set of economies, emphasizing the role of sectoral dynamics in shaping aggregate outcome. The analysis of the dynamics of economic output provides an insightful picture of trends in economic growth and inequality between regions, fully describing the evolution of the distribution. Even though some policy implications can be drawn, they are quite limited. Indeed, such an unconditional analysis does not allow to tell which factors are positively associated with economic performance and which are not. The second section of this dissertation explores this line of research by focusing on two domains which have become particularly relevant after the last crisis in 2008: deregulation and liberalization of the labour market, fiscal parameters. The last part of this work takes a broader perspective on economic growth and correlated phenomena, also enlarging the sample under analysis beyond the European Union. One of the emerging topic in the empirical literature concerns the investigation of the relationship between environment degradation and economic growth. If at a first glance a positive relationship may be the more obvious pattern, some theoretical arguments suggest that under specific conditions environmental degradation may start declining at higher levels of GDP. In particular, three factors may be fostering such a process: environmental friendly technological innovation, structural change towards less energy-intensive activities, change in individual preferences together with regulation. Given this set of hypothesis, starting from the Nineties a large amount of empirical studies has been investigating the relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and GPD. The main scope is to test empirically the so called Environmental Kuznetz Curve hypothesis, which states that environmental degradation increases with income until a threshold level, after which the relationship turns negative. The main idea is that at a sufficiently high level of income the three mechanisms above will trigger the switch in the relationship. We will test this hypothesis for a large sample of countries, augmenting the standard model in order to account for convergence in environmental degradation.

Evidently, both direct and indirect costs of children which are significant in many low income families put much financial burden on parents. Consequently, lower income families are prone to child poverty urging the government to offer assistance to make the cost of raising children more affordable. One of the schemes available is the Family Tax Benefits part A and B (FTB-A and FTB-B). Although both the FTB-A and FTB-B share the same goal to help families with dependent children, they differ considerably in terms of eligibility criteria . The FTB-A is understood to be delivering its objectives considerably well without affecting much the time allocation decisions of households.2 However, the FTB-B effects on work disincentives of secondary earners who are usually primary carers of children are debatable. 3 This report uses Effective Marginal Tax Rate (EMTR) in the scenario analysis to assess the relative gain and loss of income of females as a result of means testing and income tax increases . The objective is to provide a simple illustration of withdrawal effects that come with an increase in females' income. It is found that the FTB-B withdrawal effects take place much earlier than that of the FTB-A in the hypothetical low and middle income families . On the other hand, lower income groups may be less influenced by income tax as they benefit from the Low Income Tax Offset. However, many assumptions such as the exclusion of other policies, inequality in wage rates by genders, and the subjectiveness of the FTB payments may limit the accuracy of the observations. Welfare payments are important for lower income families because the majority relies on government assistance as Principal Source of Income (PSI). 4 Therefore, the loss of FTB-B benefits as females start working may put restrictions and financial distress on them. These factors would lead to poverty traps because only a small amount of an additional dollar of income can be retained. This explains why it may be more economically viable for low income females to care for children at home. For females in middle income families, the overlap of means tests 5 affects their time allocation decisions. However, one needs to recognise that the extents of work disincentives on individual females may vary according to other factors which are discussed in the report. The work disincentives from means tests have direct negative implications on the economy because the labour participation of Australian households indicates the level of economic growth • The shift in time allocations of mothers from full-time to part-time jobs would result in a loss of skill retention from female labour and widening income gaps between genders. Hence, the growth of the economy will therefore be affected from the work disincentives resulting from the FTB means tests. The importance of mothers' contribution to the economic production leads to various reform proposals to ease the income test thresholds. This is to allow mothers to work more without affecting the amount of payments received. Nevertheless, apart from budget constraints as a result of the reform, there are limitations to the labour productivity working mothers can contribute to the economy. This is an important issue because labour productivity contributed by mothers would ease future capacity constraints from aging population and low population growth and lead to a long-term sustainable economic growth. economic growth • The shift in time allocations of mothers from full-time to part-time jobs would result in a loss of skill retention from female labour and widening income gaps between genders. Hence, the growth of the economy will therefore be affected from the work disincentives resulting from the FTB means tests. The importance of mothers' contribution to the economic production leads to various reform proposals to ease the income test thresholds. This is to allow mothers to work more without affecting the amount of payments received. Nevertheless, apart from budget constraints as a result of the reform, there are limitations to the labour productivity working mothers can contribute to the economy. This is an important issue because labour productivity contributed by mothers would ease future capacity constraints from aging population and low population growth and lead to a long-term sustainable economic growth. The limitations to the labour productivity of working mothers include, but not limited to, factors such as individual preferences and income inequality that reduce mothers' incentives to thrive in their career paths. Also, the encouragement to working mothers to increase time allocation of employment related activities may lead to a resource misallocation in the economy. This is because availability of part-time jobs which provides flexibility for working mothers is usually only available in low - pay industries. There is a compromise between the contribution of working mothers to the economic production and efficiency in female labours. Easing of the income tests of FTB to allow for improved participation rate of working mothers may increase economic productions but, at the same time, requires much budget and may result in the erosion of female labour productivity and unsolved future capacity constraints The limitations to the labour productivity of working mothers include, but not limited to, factors such as individual preferences and income inequality that reduce mothers' incentives to thrive in their career paths. Also, the encouragement to working mothers to increase time allocation of employment related activities may lead to a resource misallocation in the economy. This is because availability of part-time jobs which provides flexibility for working mothers is usually only available in low - pay industries . There is a compromise between the contribution of working mothers to the economic production and efficiency in female labours. Easing of the income tests of FTB to allow for improved participation rate of working mothers may increase economic productions but, at the same time, requires much budget and may result in the erosion of female labour productivity and unsolved future capacity constraints

Una de las cuencas hidrográficas más importante de la Península es la del río Tajo, por su extensión y por su caudal. Se trata de una fosa tectónica calificable de modélica. Dos moles montañosas, el Sistema central y los Montes de Toledo en sentido amplio, la flanquean al Norte y al Sur. La dovela hundida, formada por idénticos materiales que las Sierras, granitos y gneis, alcanza una gran profundidad. Al Este el Sistema Ibérico castellano, principalmente calizo y mesozoico, cierra Castilla y la cuenca, viniendo a dar vida con el agua de sus nieves a un Tajo niño'. El inicio de su Historia Geológica podemos situarlo en el Paleozoico, tiempo geológico durante el cual los territorios donde hoy se sitúa la Meseta estaban formando grandes cordilleras producto de la Orogenia Herciniana. La última etapa de la formación de los relieves actuales de la cuenca la encontramos en la reactivación de los antiguos macizos arrasados. Se inicia con los materiales de la raña y sus equivalentes en el centro de la Cuenca o Fosa del Tajo, y se caracteriza por una progresiva individualización de los procesos, pasándose de las grandes superficies generalizadas en macizos y cuencas, Sierras y Fosa del Tajo, a las pequeñas llanuras en franja u orla, que quedan localizadas en cada cuenca fluvial a medida que éstas se van consolidando por jerarquización, y partir de un río generatriz o emisario principal, el Tajo. La tectónica, procesos posteriores de captura, reajustes climáticos., no permiten aún determinar cuál fue el orden de jerarquía en los ríos que hoy conocemos; no obstante, puede aventurarse que Jarama-Henares, Perales-Alberche y Guadarrama serían los primeros y Manzanares, Guadalix, Tajuña, los siguientes, y así sucesivamente. La síntesis de la realidad geológica, litológica y climática va a coadyuvar, frenando o favoreciendo, el desarrollo y la diferenciación entre los paisajes vegetales de las zonas montañosas y los de las depresiones terciarias y penillanuras paleozoicas, en un territorio marcado por el predominio del clima mediterráneo continentalizado, con matices de montaña y áreas de influencia atlántica. ; The Tajo river is one of the most important hydrogaphic basins in the lbenan Peninsula, for its extension and for its flow. It is the ideal tectonical basin and is surrounded by two mountains ranges: the Central System on the North and the Toledo Mountains on the South. The underwater keystone, which is made of the same matenals as the mountains, granite and gneiss, is very deep. On the East, the Castillian Iberian System, composed mainly of limestone and Mesozoic, closes Castille and the Basin, giving life with its snow run-off, to a "child", the Tajo. We can place the start of its geological history in the Paleozoic. At that time, the territories where the Meseta is now placed were large ranges of mountains made by the Hercinian Orogenesis. We can find the last peniod of the current reliefs in the oíd massifs that were leveled. The formation was charactenized by its progressive mdividualization, going from the large general surfaces, massifs, basins, Sierras and Tajo pits to the small plains in stnips or bands, located in every fluvial basin as they consolidated. Ihe tectonic and further processes as well as the c¡imatic adjustments, dont allow us to determine the hierarchical order of the rivers known nowadays; nevertheless, we can say that Jarama-Henares, Perales-Alberche and Guadarrama would be the first, and Manzanares, Guadalix and Tajuña the next and so on. The sum of the geology and the climatic circumstances will influence, either by speeding up or slowing down, the development and the differences between the flora landscapes of the mountain zones and those of the terciarias depressions and Paleozoic plains, in a territory with Mediterraneancontinental climate, with mountain nuances and sorne Atlantic influence. ; Un des bassins versants les plus importants dans la péninsule est le Tage, par sa taille et son débit. Ceci est un graben de qualification de exemplaire. Deux massifs montagneux, le système central et les Montes de Toledo flanquent largement le nord et le sud. La cheville en contrebas, comprenant des matériaux identiques Sierras, de granit et de gneiss, atteint une grande profondeur. Est castillan, principalement calcaire et Mésozoïque ibérique Castilla et ferme le bassin, à venir à la vie avec de l'eau de ses neiges un enfant Tajo ». Le début de ses pode¬mos histoire géologique de le placer dans le temps géologique du Paléozoïque au cours de laquelle les territoires où se trouve aujourd'hui le Plateau esta¬ban formant grande gammes de produits Oroge¬nia hercynienne. La dernière étape de la formation de l'actuel dégrèvement du bassin se trouve dans la relance de massifs anciens rasés. Il commence avec des matériaux grenouille et leurs équivalents dans le milieu du bassin du Tage ou une tranchée, et se caractérise par des processus d'individualisation progressive, pasán¬dose répandues et les bassins de grands magasins, et Sierras Fossa del Tajo, petites plaines ou bande frontalière, qui sont situés dans chaque bassin fluvial comme ceux-ci sont consolidées par emboîtement, et d'une rivière ou emisa¬rio principale générer le Tage. Tectonique, les processus de capture, les ajustements ultérieurs climatiques . pas encore possible de déterminer ce que la hiérarchie dans les rivières que nous connaissons aujourd'hui; Cependant, vous pouvez vous aventurer à Jarama-Henares, Guadarrama et Alberche Perales-serí¬an le premier et Manzanares, Guadalix, Tajuña, la suivante, et ainsi de suite. La synthèse de la géologie, reali¬dad lithologique et climatique contribuera, fre¬nando ou favorisant le développement et la différenciation des paysages végétaux dans les zones de montagne et dans les dépressions tertiaires et penillanuras paleozoi¬cas dans un territoire marquée par la domination du climat méditerranéen continental, avec des nuances de montagne et les zones d'influence de l'Atlantique.

This research questions the interrelation of urban development and sustainable development, in the sense that sustainable development could be operationalized in the urban environment and at a variety of strategic levels of the city. Within this objective, this research seeks to achieve, through the case study of the research (Baghdad), a better understanding of this relation, especially by its prospective implications for Baghdad. To achieve this goal, the research involves a critical assessment of whether, the dynamics (challenges and responses) and current urban changes (economic development, social transformations and the extent of public involvement, and the political transition), as well as urban development projects actually developed through local reconstruction efforts and impact of the process of globalization, could be invested and oriented to create a favourable ground to start an implementation of the sustainable development. However, before proceeding to the last ambitious step, the research aims to address the main research question through three structural phases: firstly through history in order to see how the creation of the city began, its formation, how it was developing and transforming up to its current situation. Secondly, for highlighting and analyzing the consequences and current problems of the city development and their impact on various aspects of the urban condition (society, culture, environment, politics, etc .), in order to establish an understanding of current debates and contradictory efforts on the development of Baghdad city. Thirdly, beyond a theoretical research on the concept of sustainable development and a review of some points of view and theoretical perspectives from which this concept was approached, the research explicitly leads to a better understanding of how it could be possible to engage properly in the new commitment to an appropriate development and sustainable future for the city of Baghdad. It is important to remind here that this approach takes place in a context where the role of sustainability has not received appropriate attention of the research, in terms of analysis of the various advantages and disadvantages that are relevant to the context. In this respect, although there are some similarities between the cities around the world, as well as there are a lot of global common elements on development of the city, there are also local and regional dimensions that play an important role. With respect to these dimensions the study reveals that Baghdad is unique (in the sense of unusual) for the implementation of urban development policies. The research also aims to develop a strategic vision for the city's sustainable urban development, focusing primarily on the strategic approaches that take into account the complexity of the management and development of the city. Finally, the research proposes an attempt to outline a master plan to control both urban form and growth in any change, while ensuring a proper orientation to a city more responsive and "sustainable". ; Cette recherche s'interroge sur l'interrelation entre le développement urbain et le développement durable dans le sens où celui-ci peut se concrétiser en milieu urbain et à différents niveaux stratégiques de la ville. Sous cet angle, la recherche ambitionne une meilleure compréhension de cette interrelation, notamment par ses implications potentielles pour la ville de Bagdad (Irak) qui constitue l'étude de cas. Pour atteindre cet objectif, la recherche implique une évaluation critique de la ville afin de savoir si la dynamique existante (défis et réponses) et les mutations urbaines actuelles (le développement économique, le changement social et l'envergure de l'implication du public, la transition politique), ainsi que les projets de développement urbain effectivement élaborés à la suite des efforts locaux de reconstruction – mais aussi sous l'impact du processus de globalisation - pourraient être orientés de façon à créer un terrain favorable pour engager un processus de développement durable en contexte. Toutefois, avant de passer à cette dernière étape ambitieuse, la question de recherche est examinée au prisme de trois étapes structurelles. Tout d'abord avec un regard sur l'histoire de façon à mieux voir comment a débuté la création de la ville de Bagdad et sa formation, puis quels furent son développement et ses transformations jusqu'à sa situation actuelle. Deuxièmement, en soulignant et analysant les conséquences et les problèmes actuels de son développement et ses impacts sur les différents aspects de l'état urbain (la société, la culture, l'environnement, la politique, etc. .), cela pour mieux comprendre les débats actuels et les efforts contradictoires portés sur le développement de la ville concernée. Troisièmement, au-delà d'une recherche théorique sur le concept de développement durable, et de l'examen de certaines perspectives et de points de vue théoriques à partir desquels ce concept a été approché, la recherche est plus précisément conduite dans le but de bien comprendre comment s'engager correctement en faveur d'un développement adapté et d'un avenir durable pour la ville de Bagdad. Il importe ici de rappeler que cette approche s'inscrit dans un contexte où le rôle de la durabilité n'a pas reçu une attention appropriée de la part de la recherche en termes d'analyse des divers avantages et inconvénients apportés au contexte concerné. A cet égard, bien qu'il existe certaines similitudes entre les villes à travers le monde, et que l'on puisse aussi admettre qu'il y ait beaucoup d'éléments globaux communs au sujet du développement de la ville, il convient de relever qu'il y a aussi des dimensions locales et régionales jouant un rôle important. A cet à égard la recherche révèle que Bagdad est un produit unique (dans le sens d'inhabituel) pour la mise en œuvre de politiques de développement urbain. La recherche vise aussi à établir une vision stratégique pour la ville en matière de développement urbain durable, en mettant d'abord l'accent sur des démarches stratégiques qui prennent en considération toute la complexité de la gestion et de l'aménagement de la ville. Enfin, la recherche esquisse les orientations d'un Schéma Directeur visant à maîtriser à la fois la forme urbaine et la croissance dans la perspective d'une éventuelle évolution vers une ville plus adaptée et "durable".

[spa] En el presente trabajo se analiza la relación existente entre la democracia y las políticas educacionales, desde la perspectiva del discurso oficial, pues es desde esta cúpula política que se intenta crear una forma de pensar común a toda la sociedad. La lógica para desarrollarlo es conceptualizar la democracia en términos de real e ideal, luego verla en su contexto histórico, Chile, para entonces conceptualizar los elementos relevantes de las políticas educativas. Todos estos elementos teóricos se desarrollan en los tres primeros capítulos y nos ayudaron a desarrollar los siguientes dos capítulos que son los resultados de la investigación cualitativa de análisis de discurso (oficial). Con este objetivo el concepto principal, democracia, fue dividido en dos acepciones fundamentales: real e ideal. Se analiza la democracia a partir de lo real, influida por el contexto, pero motivado por la concepción de lo que se cree debe ser la democracia idealmente. Las políticas educativas se ven influidas por estas ideas, y en el caso de Chile, evolucionan de acuerdo al desarrollo de la democracia. La democracia real corresponde a lo que la democracia es, abarcando desde elementos políticos hasta económicos- sociales. En tanto, por democracia ideal entenderemos los criterios de evaluación de lo que es la democracia, y cómo debe ser y operar en la realidad, e incluye a los valores y principios que la sustentan. Estos principios constituyen lo que denominamos el triangulo valórico que se compone de igualdad, libertad y fraternidad, junto con los derechos humanos. El contexto también influye en ello. Cronológicamente se inicia con la polarización a partir de los proyectos excluyentes, que termina con el colapso del sistema que desemboca en un golpe de estado y posterior dictadura. Luego se retorna a la democracia donde se generan los procesos de memoria y olvido, donde se busca la construcción de una memoria colectiva. Y es allí que la educación es vista como un vehículo de consenso, se depositan allí las esperanzas. La transición en Chile es un pacto que a veces se enjuicia críticamente. Surge un complejo equilibrio entre gobierno y oposición. Esto se traduce también en la educación, en donde cualquier cambio necesitó un acuerdo, creando políticas contradictorias; se mantiene el modelo y se intenta reformar. En materia educacional se ha continuado evolucionando y se configura el derecho a la educación. Fruto de lo anterior la equidad y la calidad se han ido incorporando en discursos y políticas. Ello se ha traspasado a la sociedad, lo que le ha llevado a plantear diversas críticas. La democracia y los derechos humanos han surgido desde la transición como puntos fundamentales, tanto en la discusión general como en la de la educación. De forma práctica se intenta en educación dos cosas, lo primero, la democratización de la estructura; las preocupaciones por ser una sociedad democrática se plasman en la educación. Por ello se gestan programas específicos de calidad y una mayor inversión en educación para el logro de una estructura escolar que evite la desigualdad existente en el país. El segundo ámbito relevante es el logro de la democracia al interior del aula, tanto en las políticas de convivencia como en los planes y programas, incorporando el tema de la democracia y la formación ciudadana en los temas transversales. Los discursos de los Presidentes van evolucionando en este sentido, incorporando las nuevas demandas de la sociedad a la democracia y lo que exige en sí misma la educación. Ese fue el foco en nuestra investigación, la democracia real e ideal plasmada en una construcción que buscaba generar cambios y continuidades y donde las políticas educacionales contribuyen a este fin. ; [eng] The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between democracy and education policies, and in terms of the official discourse, as it is from this political standpoint that an attempt is being made to create a common way of thinking throughout the whole of society. The logic used to develop this analysis is to conceptualize democracy in terms of that which is real and ideal, taking into account the historical context (Chile), to then conceptualize the relevant elements of educational policies. All these theoretical elements are developed in the first three chapters, also helping to develop the following two chapters, which are the results of the qualitative research of discourse analysis. Democracy is analyzed on the basis of what is real, influenced by the context, but motivated by the concept of what is believed to be an ideal democracy. Educational policies are seen to be influenced by these ideas and evolve according to democratic development. Context also plays an influential role. The time line starts with polarization (1950s) up until the return to democracy (from 1990 onwards), seeking the construction of a collective memory. And it is here that education is seen as a vehicle for consensus. The transition in Chile is an agreement involving a complex balance between government and opposition. This is also observed in the area of education, where any changes need a consensus, so creating conflicting policies. The area of education has continued to evolve, taking the form of the right to education. As a result of the above, the equity and quality have been incorporated in speeches and policy, which has been transferred to the society. At a practical level there is an attempt to introduce two elements in education: first, structural democratization, and second, the establishment of democracy within the classroom. The speeches of Presidents have evolved in this context, incorporating the new demands of society in terms of democracy and education. This was the focus of our research: a real and ideal democracy embodied in a construction that sought to generate changes and continuities, and in which educational policies contributed to those goals.

The Natural City: Re-Envisioning the Built Environment.Edited by INGRID LEMAN STEFANOVIC and STEPHEN BEDE SCHARPER. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012. $35.00Reviewed by Madison Van WestEditors Ingrid Leman Stefanovic and Stephen Bede Scharper believe that there is something unnatural about our cities, but not for the reasons you might think. It is not the concrete, or the high-rises, or the cars—at least not necessarily. Our cities are unnatural because individuals within them lack a sense of place. They lack a spiritual connection to the built environment, and they lack an understanding that our cities are as much a part of the ecological system as trees and meadows. The task of The Natural City: Re-Envisioning the Built Environment is to begin the work of reconnecting the urban to the natural so that individuals might live more fulfilling and sustainable lives. It is an essential read for anyone involved in city-building, or for city-dwellers looking to gain a new perspective on their role in the urban environment.Each of the volume's four sections takes a different theoretical approach to "natural city." The first section lays the philosophical groundwork for the reader to better understand the natural/urban divide and the pervasive sense that cities are somewhere other than nature, as are the humans that live within them. This viewpoint is an appropriate starting place for the collection, and a theme that runs throughout, as it informs how we approach environmental issues generally and how we build our cities specifically. Technocracy and expert opinion reigns in planning and architecture, usually at the expense of meaning and purpose within our urban spaces that responds to our needs as human beings. Peter Timmerman, in his chapter, is not surprised by this separation, as our literary and philosophical history has been preoccupied with the urban and human mastery over the natural for some time.In the second section, we see that temples, mosques, churches, and other sacred spaces are not the only built forms imbued with spiritual meaning. In the natural city, the entire city would reflect and respond to the spiritual needs of its inhabitants. This does not presume a single cosmological understanding shared by all, but instead a common understanding that the city is more than its physical composition. Vincent Shen explains that this is logical for Daoists, who view the Dao as being embodied in the way we create and navigate cities. In his chapter, Stephen Scharper argues that religion is not a necessary element of this shift. He cites Aldo Leopold's land ethic as means to facilitate this ideological shift in urban planning to focus on the integrity of the biotic community rather than solely the human community. This perspective is, in my view, among the most important contributions to literature on urban planning, which is notably lacking in discussions of religion and spirituality in the built environment.The third section focuses on the role of society in the natural city, both as creator and inhabitant, with an eclectic group of authors whose connection to one another is not always readily apparent. For example, Richard Oddie's work on acoustic ecology and soundscapes in cities bumps up against Trish Glazebrook's ecofeminist approach to engaging the cityzenry (her term to distinguish residents of a city vs. residents of a nation). This section also offers an international perspective through John B. Cobb, Jr.'s case study of China and Shubhra Gururani's of India, which describes the challenges of sustainable development and the impact of development on society's ability to access the necessities of life, respectively. The chapters in this section may appear dissimilar, but they find common ground in themes of politics, citizenship, quality of life, and urban development.To close, the final section considers praxis, or the linking of theory and practice in building the natural city. William Woodsworth makes explicit the fact that the City of Toronto is built on the land of Aboriginal communities, and their legacy remains in both the artifacts still under the ground and the modern architecture that channels the spirit of the city's former inhabitants. Complementing this historical approach, Robert Mugerauer writes of city-building that reflects ecological systems within nature; healthy cities with clean air and soil and thriving watersheds. Above all, this section highlights the fact that cities are always changing, and it is our responsibility to guide that change in a way that reflects the human need for creativity, the biological need for adaptability, and the need for all life to thrive into the future.Though only a few chapters were mentioned above, it is clear that this collection is truly interdisciplinary; offering works in the field of philosophy, anthropology, theology, engineering, architecture, and more. This breadth exposes readers to many fields of study that may not always be in communication with each other. The virtues of interdisciplinary learning have been widely espoused, especially in environmental studies, but in this context it is especially important, as the task of creating the natural city will involve the collaboration of entire societies. The collection also manages the challenge of discussing complicated concepts in clear language, successfully balancing a depth of analysis and accessibility of concepts.So, what does the natural city look like, and how do we get there? In the end, the answer is not explicitly clear. What is clear from the collection is that to discover the natural city requires a paradigm shift; a change in thinking that will compel individuals to view urban environments not as cold or devoid of life, but instead as natural spaces full of inherited spirit, meaning, and potential. This collection starts the dialogue on reintegrating the natural with the urban; an essential topic for the survival of human and non-human alike. ~MADISON VAN WEST is a Masters in Environmental Studies and Planning Candidate at York University. She is currently working to uncover new forms of public involvement and community engagement in city building.

Tesis para obtener el grado de Doctor en Ciencias Sociales, de la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, en diciembre de 2013. ; Procesos de Hibridación Social en las Nuevas Plataformas Productivas…. es un estudio sobre los procesos de hibridación producido por el ingreso del cultivo del Kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa - Chevalier, C.F. Liang et al., A.R. Ferguson). y de la Horticultura intensiva – en adelante Nuevas Plataformas Productivas (NPP)1 - en una zona eminentemente ganadera por historia y por tradición, impactada por el ingreso de estos cultivos. El mismo se localizó espacialmente en las localidades rurales de Arditi, Bavio y Payró del Partido de Magdalena, en la provincia de Buenos Aires, República Argentina en el período 1990-2010. Mi investigación propone estudiar si la inserción de las NPP en la zona en estudio ha provocado una cierta transformación empírica en los procesos productivos mediante procesos de hibridación, tanto en prácticas como en la organización social de la producción y del trabajo, que no estén puestos a la luz y que atañen tanto a los Productores y trabajadores de estas NNP como a los demás actores involucrados. Estos procesos toman fuerza debido a tres características apreciables como son: el desplazamiento de las personas (migraciones), la convergencia de las ciencias a través de sus múltiples disciplinas y la tecnología. Para dar respuesta a ello pretendemos observar y comprender estos nuevos procesos productivos, donde se hallan insertos, (enlazados algunos, en forma separada otros), de la mano de migrantes transculturales e internos que llevan delante las mismas, pero haciéndose lugar donde están otras producciones, de la mano de nuevas tecnologías, nuevos actores y nuevos saberes, todo ello hibridado en un territorio que los contiene. Para el mundo académico significa redefinir el objeto de estudio sobre lo que tradicionalmente se consideró como rural, muy vinculado estrechamente a la producción agropecuaria tradicional de la zona. Pensamos en una nueva visión que debe abarcar un espectro mayor de actividades y desde el punto de vista de la sociología, privilegiar el tema de las relaciones sociales como una perspectiva profesional muy propia de la disciplina. Como objetivo general y de la mano de los conceptos de hibridación social, a través de diversos autores -principalmente Néstor García Canclini - trataré de explicar todos estos acontecimientos como Procesos de Hibridación en el medio rural, para poner en diálogo con los demás autores consultados, que investigaron principalmente., en las grandes urbes de Latinoamérica. Podemos definir a este fenómeno como " un .proceso permanente de interacciones en una región o territorio que se manifiesta en la etapa actual de la globalización y modernización, donde participan diferentes tipologías de actores (individuos, grupos ,empresas, gobierno, instituciones y demás agentes de cambio) cada uno con diferentes estrategias, reglas, y demás recursos para la toma de decisiones con el fin de establecer o imponer objetivos o intereses que les son propios, dentro de espacios determinados de confrontación - "arenas de lucha" en términos de Norman Long (1998) negociación, acuerdos y desacuerdos .En estos términos tiene su impronta local y puede ser vista como una potencia social para el cambio . ; Processes of Social Hybridization at the New Productive Platforms. A study is over the processes of hybridization produced by the entrance of the cultivation of the Kiwi (delicious Actinidia - Chevalier, C.F. Liang et to the. A.R. Ferguson). And of the intensive Horticulture – from now on New Productive Platforms (NPP) - at an eminently cattle zone for history and for tradition, impacted for the entrance of these cultivations. The same you located yourself spacely at Arditi's, Bavio's and Payró's rural localities of Magdalena's Game, at the province of Buenos Aires, Argentine República in the period 1990-2010. My investigation proposes studying if the insertion (NPP) at the zone under consideration has provoked a certain empiric transformation in the productive intervening processes of hybridization, so much in practices like in the social organization of production and of work, that they not stand in the light and that they have to do with so much I eat to the Producers and these NNP's workers to the rest of the implicated actors. These processes are becoming stronger because of three significant features such as: the displacement of people (migration), the convergence of science through its multiple disciplines and technology. To answer this we intend to observe and understand these new production processes, which are inserted (linked some other separately), with the help of cross-bearing and internal migrants before them, but making where other productions are, with the help of new technologies, new players and new knowledge, all hybridized in a territory that contains them. For the academic world means to redefine the object of study on what is traditionally considered rural, very closely linked to traditional agricultural production in the area. We believe in a new vision that should cover a wider spectrum of activities and from the point of view of sociology, privileging the theme of social relations as a very own professional perspective of the discipline. Overall objective and hand the concepts of social hybridization, mainly through various authors Nestor Garcia Canclini - try to explain these events as hybridization processes in rural areas, to start dialogue with other authors consulted, they investigated mainly, in the big cities of Latin America. We can define this phenomenon as "a permanent .Process interactions in a region or territory is manifested in the current phase of globalization and modernization, where different types of actors (individuals, groups, businesses, government, and other institutions involved change agents) each with different strategies, rules, and other resources for decision-making in order to establish or impose objectives or interests which they represent, in certain areas of confrontation - "arenas of struggle" in terms of Norman Long (1998) negotiation, agreement and disagreement .In these terms has its home mark and can be seen as a" social force for change". ; Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Agricultura Familiar Región Pampeana ; Fil: Goites, Enrique David. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Agricultura Familiar Región Pampeana; Argentina

John C. Daly is a sixty-one year citizen of Santa Cruz, and as a doctor, a family man and a former mayor he has had a central vantage point on the process of evolution and change Santa Cruz has gone through. This oral history hinges on his perspective on and involvement in the development of Santa Cruz from the small, tight-knit city he moved to in '53 to the college town it is today, where there is a city population of ca. sixty thousand and a student population that exceeds seventeen thousand. However, the scope of the sessions go beyond his public involvement in Santa Cruz to give a broader context of his life, including his childhood, his family, and his service in World War II. Early in his career he took an opportunity to buy an existing practice in Santa Cruz, a quiet town centered on summer beach tourism. It essentially shut down for the rest of the year, leaving rents low and the businesses small. Variety came with its popularity as a convention locale, and the Miss California Pageant at the start of the summer. Daly relates the slow progress his business had in this context, which gave him time to get involved with public service organizations like the Junior Chamber of Commerce and the Salvation Army. A few years later, at the urging of local businessmen, he ran for the city council. A newspaper advertisement for his campaign advertised his priorities as establishing a "wider tax base," supporting "residents with fixed incomes," working on "governmental agency cooperation," an "improved storm drain system," and "municipal wharf modernization." He was elected and served one term as a councilman from '59 to '63, including a stint as mayor from '61-'62. During those four years Daly helped support and initiate a series of key growth projects. In the late fifties and early sixties, Santa Cruz acquired the Sky Park Airport, constructed the yacht harbor, built the Loch Lomond Reservoir, oversaw downtown redevelopment, worked with a developer on a major international complex, and competed with San Jose for a University of California campus. The goal of all of this, Daly relates, was to make Santa Cruz into a "very desirable upper-middle class community with a great university," characterized by a thriving business and convention culture. The international complex, for instance, was designed by the lead disciple of Frank Lloyd Wright and featured a glass pyramid hotel, a series of 'courts' showcasing the goods and products of foreign countries, and a concert hall that would show primarily non-domestic acts, speakers and films. The plans were put on display at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art. The developer estimated it would grow to have two million visitors a year. Just up the hill, the proposed UC campus was to grow to twenty seven thousand, five hundred students by 1990. Daly thought it was perfect. The town was busy in the summer, when many students were away, and then during the off-seasons there would be a robust student presence to fill the town and fuel business. While the Court never came into being due to funding issues, during John's tenure as mayor the UC Regents unexpectedly settled on Santa Cruz as the site for their new campus. It was the culmination of protracted outreach efforts by the city, spearheaded by public officials like Daly. He was thrilled, expecting a wave of well-funded young people in sun tan pants and plaid skirts and bobby socks, like he and his fellow students dressed during his time at Berkeley. However, in the long run the university proved to not conform to these expectations. In these interviews he relates how the students increasingly became politically radicalized in the late sixties and seventies, and began to dress more casually and messily. To compound this trend, the Twenty-Sixth Amendment lowered the voting age to eighteen in '71, and Governor Jerry Brown signed a law that made it easier for students to register to vote in their adopted college communities. The political landscape of the town gradually shifted under these factors. The professional, business culture dominant in the city in the fifties and early sixties was challenged by what Daly terms "no-growthers:" people who were (and are) consistently opposed to development on personal, environmental and political grounds. During Daly's time on the council issues like building the Loch Lomond Reservoir were matter of course, and did not face significant opposition. During the seventies, however an attempt to build another dam, the Zayante Dam, was killed. A second effort to build a convention center at Lighthouse Point, where the Court of the Seven Seas was to have stood, was defeated by popular vote and a major public campaign. Since the sixties and seventies there have been almost no new hotels, and convention business has become marginal. In the eighties the Miss California Pageant relocated after years of protest, and the city council has become the site of increased political conflict. Today Daly feels that the town has been held back in significant and damaging ways by this shift towards a "no-growth" attitude. On personal and professional notes, Daly reflects at length about other challenges he and the city have faced, including the Flood of '55 and the Quake of '89. He discusses the damage, and how the town recovered from those two disasters. More intimately, he reflects on how Santa Cruz has been as a place to raise a family, and for his practice. He discusses the pros and cons of having the UC, including the prestige it has brought the town, and closes with a retrospective and prospective on his own life. He talks about what has been meaningful to him, and returns to dwell on the transformative power education has had for him and his family.

Recently, V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University celebrated two memorable events. 65 years ago, nuclear physicists graduated from the University for the first time. 50 years ago, School of Physics and Technology was established on the base of the Department of nuclear Physics. 2872 young people have graduated from the School since that time. If the alumni of the Department of Nuclear Physics are taken into account then total number of the nuclear alumni is 3428. 733 alumni graduated from the School with diplomas with distinction. 78 persons more graduated with such diplomas from the Department. Among the nuclear alumni there are over one thousand Doctors and Candidates of Science, 28 Academicians and Corresponding Members of the Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor O.I.Pavlovsky, Hero of Ukraine V.G.Baryakhtar, authors of three inventions which were registered in the Soviet register of inventions, directors of the largest research institutions and enterprises, heads of physical laboratories all over the Ukraine and abroad, well-known political figures and managers of science. More than one hundred alumni are laureates of different prizes: State Prizes of USSR, Ukrainian and other Republics, Prizes of Academies.What is the secret of such a high efficiency in educating the specialists? The answer is simple: the secret consists in so-called "fiztech" system of education that was introduced from the very first days of functioning of the Department of Nuclear Physics. This system is based on the fundamental education in Mathematics and Physics as well as on including of the students into real research carried out in physical institutions (first of all - national Science Center "Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology") for which the School prepares the specialists. Leading researchers of these institutes give lectures on special issues, supervise the students' research projects. Students start to carry out the research on the third-fourth year. Experimental equipment of the institutes is available for the students' research, for the BSc and MSc thesis preparation, for the industrial practice, etc. In the paper below, one can find biographical data on the most outstanding alumni of the Department of Nuclear Physics and School of Physics and Technology, which had become Academicians. We hope, it will be interesting for those indifferent persons and, especially, for the youth. ; Недавно В.Н. Харьковский национальный университет имени Каразина отметил два памятных события. 65 лет назад физики-ядерщики закончили университет впервые. 50 лет назад на базе кафедры ядерной физики была создана физико-техническая школа. С тех пор школу закончили 2872 молодых человека. Если принять во внимание выпускников кафедры ядерной физики, то общее число выпускников-ядерщиков составляет 3428 человек. 733 выпускника закончили школу с дипломами с отличием. Еще 78 человек закончили с такими дипломами кафедры. Среди выпускников-ядерщиков более тысячи докторов и кандидатов наук, 28 академиков и членов-корреспондентов Академии наук, Герой Социалистического Труда О.И. Павловский, Герой Украины В.Г. Баряхтар, авторы трех изобретений, которые были зарегистрированы в советском реестре изобретений, руководители крупнейших научных учреждений и предприятий, руководители физических лабораторий по всей Украине и за рубежом, известные политические деятели и руководители науки. Более ста выпускников являются лауреатами различных премий: государственных премий СССР, Украины и других республик, премий академий. В чем секрет такой высокой эффективности обучения специалистов? Ответ прост: секрет заключается в так называемой "физтех" системе образования, которая была внедрена с первых дней функционирования кафедры ядерной физики. Эта система основана на фундаментальном образовании по математике и физике, а также на включении студентов в реальные исследования, проводимые в физических учреждениях (прежде всего - в Национальном научном центре «Харьковский физико-технический институт»), к которому готовится школа. специалисты. Ведущие исследователи этих институтов читают лекции по специальным вопросам, курируют исследовательские проекты студентов. Студенты начинают проводить исследования на третьем-четвертом курсе. Экспериментальное оборудование институтов доступно для исследований студентов, для подготовки диссертаций на степень бакалавра и магистра, для производственной практики и т. Д. В нижеприведенной статье можно найти биографические данные о наиболее выдающихся выпускниках кафедры ядерной физики и Физико-техническая школа, которой стали академики. Надеемся, это будет интересно тем равнодушным людям и особенно молодежи. ; Нещодавно В.Н. Харківський національний університет імені Каразіна відзначив два пам'ятних події. 65 років тому фізики-ядерщики вперше закінчили університет. 50 років тому на базі кафедри ядерної фізики була створена Фізико-технічна школа. З цього часу школу закінчили 2872 молодих людей. Якщо врахувати випускників кафедри ядерної фізики, то загальна кількість випускників ядерної галузі становить 3428. 733 випускників закінчили Школу з дипломами з відзнакою. Більше 78 випускників з такими дипломами закінчили кафедру. Серед ядерних випускників - понад тисячу докторів і кандидатів наук, 28 академіків і членів-кореспондентів Академії наук, Герой Соціалістичної Праці О.І. Павловський, Герой України В.Г. Барьяхтар, автори трьох винаходів, зареєстрованих у радянському реєстрі винаходів, директорів найбільших наукових установ і підприємств, керівників фізичних лабораторій по всій Україні і за кордоном, відомих політичних діячів і керівників науки. Більше ста випускників є лауреатами різних призів: Державні премії СРСР, українських та інших республік, премії академій. У чому секрет такої високої ефективності у вихованні фахівців? Відповідь проста: таємниця полягає в так званій «фізтеч» системі освіти, яка була впроваджена з перших днів функціонування кафедри ядерної фізики. Ця система ґрунтується на фундаментальній освіті з математики та фізики, а також на включенні студентів у реальні дослідження, що проводяться у фізичних установах (насамперед - Національному науковому центрі "Харківський фізико-технічний інститут"), для яких школа готує фахівців. Провідні дослідники цих інститутів читають лекції з особливих питань, контролюють наукові проекти студентів. Студенти починають проводити дослідження на третій-четвертий рік. Експериментальне обладнання інститутів доступне для студентських досліджень, для підготовки бакалаврських і магістерських робіт, для виробничої практики тощо. У роботі нижче наведено біографічні дані про найбільш видатних випускників кафедри ядерної фізики та ядерної фізики. Школа фізики і техніки, яка стала академіками. Сподіваємося, це буде цікаво для тих небайдужих людей і, особливо, для молоді.

During the late 1960s, the nation's attention was riveted on graphic images of contaminated resources, such as smoldering rivers and oil-soaked seagulls,' as well as Rachel Carson's haunting prose about the "strange blight"2 of chemical pesticides afflicting land, water, and wildlife. Policymakers recognized the need for strong legal protections for public health and the environment, and Congress responded with sweeping legislation governing the pollution of water, air, and soil, and the demise of threatened and endangered species.3 The Clean Water Act of 1972 (CWA), which regulates discharges of pollutants into waters of the United States, is one of the most significant statutes among this body of legislation.4 Under the CWA and related federal environmental legislation, the nation has made tremendous strides in improving our water quality along with the waste management practices that affect water, air, and soil.5 However, since the basic statutory framework was adopted in the 1970s, there have been many ecological, technological, social, and political changes in the United States, but Congress has adopted very few significant amendments, causing some to question whether federal environmental laws have passed their prime. This Article begins in the 1970s, when the nation's environmental framework was expressed in statutes governing a wide variety of topics, including water, air, environmental analysis, and endangered species. Part I explores the intricate interplay between the agencies charged with implementing these statutes, the federal courts, and Congress, and demonstrates how Congress routinely amended the statutes as needed to ensure that the agencies and the courts were staying true to its purposes and implementation strategies. Part II moves forward in time and looks at the dramatically different legislative landscape since 1990. Very little by way of significant environmental legislation has been enacted in the past two decades. This is so despite the fact that the Supreme Court has reviewed a surprising number of Clean Water Act cases during this era, including cases challenging the jurisdictional scope of the Act,' 5 EPA's enforcement powers,' 6 and the division of power between the EPA and the Corps of Engineers."7 Meanwhile, significant changes in the physical environment and in our understanding of the environment have occurred, without any meaningful response from Congress. Part III explores a variety of reasons for congressional failures since 1990. Congress has produced relatively little by way of comprehensive legislation across the board-notjust on environmental issues. The lack of controls on campaign financing and the corruptive influence of money from special interest groups is one reason. A dramatic increase in the number of filibusters is another. However, there have been moments of "civic republicanism" where Congress has managed to pass broad-reaching statutes to address health care, national security, banking, and several other topics.' 8 Part III explains how environmental law is different than other types of legislation, and why gridlock is so much more palpable in the environmental arena. Despite high profile catastrophes such as the BP Deepwater Horizon blowout and the failure of the levee system in New Orleans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, Congress has done virtually nothing on the environmental front. The chronic problems posed by hyper-partisanship and campaign funding are present here, too, but there is something more afoot. Heated rhetoric, conveyed in inflammatory sound-bites-"job killing" regulatory measures and private property rights "abuse" among them-is even more evident when it comes to environmental law than in other areas. Equally troubling is congressional mistrust-even disdain-for science. Part IV considers the implications of Congress's failure to act, and explores the ways in which the federal agencies either have stepped into the vacuum or could fill the vacuum left by congressional inaction. It posits that environmental gridlock may not be such a bad thing after all. True, from the standpoint of democratic legitimacy, Congress ought to be doing its job. But from the standpoint of environmental protection, perhaps Congress should leave well enough alone (or at least we will be no worse off if it does remain silent). Neither congressional members nor their staffs have sufficient time, inclination, or expertise to craft adequate responses to modern environmental problems, many of which are far more complex than the issues faced in the 1970s. When it comes to water quality, at least, the low-hanging fruit has already been picked and the remaining issues, such as nonpoint source pollution and the protection of isolated wetlands and ephemeral streams, call for solutions that are both more nuanced and more politically charged than the basic mandates issued in the 1970s were. Congress has always been better able to deal with "macro"-level issues and pose broad-brush policy-oriented solutions, but complex problems tend to be over-simplified, for example, one is either "for or against" wetlands protection or "for or against" hamstringing the economy by regulating industrial discharges. Moreover, given that the environmental laws of the 1970s, with their lofty objectives, are the high water mark, and also that the value of safe, clean water for drinking, fisheries, and recreation remains intact, it is possible we have nowhere to go but down if Congress were to start tinkering. The Article concludes in Part V with an assessment of several "portaging strategies" that offer an opportunity to work around the congressional logjam and move the environmental ball forward through non-legislative means.19 Although comprehensive legislative reform may be the "first best" option for addressing wicked problems like climate change and even nonpoint source pollution, empowering agencies to engage in more progressive environmental action presents a viable "second best" alternative. 20 This alternative turns in part on empowering citizens to motivate agency action through petitions for rulemaking and citizen's suits, and in part on clearing away impediments to agency action while minimizing agency capture by anti-regulatory interests. A coordinated strategy of regulation, Executive Orders, and enforcement might take us beyond merely "treading water" while Congress ignores the environment.

Dentro de las políticas de desarrollo que se gestan actualmente en todo el mundo existe una esfera creciente que apoya y promueve el establecimiento de garantías de trazabilidad en los alimentos, su calidad e inocuidad y el respeto por el medio ambiente. La presencia de compuestos tóxicos en los alimentos es una preocupación que crece en todo el mundo. La inocuidad alimentaria ha venido cobrando mayor importancia en años recientes, debido principalmente a la apertura de mercados que obligan al cumplimiento de normas de protección al consumidor local en la importación y de los socios comerciales para la exportación. Sin embargo, la perspectiva de crecimiento del mercado nacional se ve seriamente limitada si no se cuenta con una inspección efectiva de estos productos, pues el control empleando análisis de laboratorio hace parte de los crecientes enfoques estratégicos de las políticas gubernamentales que actúan como una barrera con consecuencias trascendentales como la detención y el rechazo de los cargamentos. Por esta razón, las metodologías desarrolladas en este estudio se consolidan como una herramienta valiosa para apoyar las políticas de comercio y el control bajo la exigente normativa actual. Para desarrollar las metodologías se escogieron las frutas tropicales de exportación y los cereales de consumo interno pues suponen grandes oportunidades comerciales para el país como productos claves en la política nacional. Las técnicas desarrolladas fueron orientadas hacia la determinación de plaguicidas al límite regulatorio ya que evaluar estos niveles es un requisito para la comercialización de dichos productos. Se aprovechó al máximo la capacidad y versatilidad de las técnicas instrumentales de inyección, separación y detección para alcanzar una sensibilidad acorde con el propósito del marco normativo. Adicionalmente se evaluó una limpieza mejorada con adsorbentes y se implementó una herramienta novedosa para lograr mantener el desempeño instrumental empleando una configuración de inversión de flujo. Como valor agregado se empleó la adición de compuestos que aumentan la señal de los analitos más sensibles al llamado efecto matriz, con lo cual se logró mejorar apreciablemente la calidad de las señales obtenidas en los extractos. A través de la validación de las metodologías se logró reunir suficiente evidencia para demostrar que con una preparación, procesamiento y almacenamiento adecuado de los ítems de ensayo los procedimientos de análisis tienen un buen desempeño en términos de eficiencia, especificidad/selectividad, respuesta lineal, robustez y determinación de la concentración con exactitud y precisión. Asimismo se verificó la metodología empleando muestras reales con lo cual se puede decir que si un analista entrenado ejecuta el procedimiento operacional estándar que se deriva de este trabajo, es posible demostrar la competencia en el análisis de residuos de los plaguicidas dentro del alcance de la metodología en cualquiera de las matrices involucradas en el estudio. ; Abstract. Among the political agenda on international development, some initiatives taking place at the heart of the states include a growing consumer protection policy that is engaged with the current issues agriculture and food security faces. Nowadays, this perspective is on the rise and affects the stock market by demanding rules and cooperation between trading countries. This frame is of critical importance, since supports and promotes the establishment of guarantees on traceability in food quality and safety and for the respect of the environment. The presence of toxic compounds in food is a growing concern worldwide. Food safety has been gaining significance in recent years, mainly due to the opening of new markets that require checking compliance for local consumer protection in the import of foodstuff as well as for trading partners in its exportation. However, the prospect of domestic market growth is severely limited if there is no effective inspection of these products. The control of pesticide levels by using laboratory tests is part of a growing strategy to comply the government regulations where the detection of infringements leads to ban the producer from marketing the products with consequences such as detention and refusal of shipments. Therefore, the methodologies developed in this study were found as a valuable tool to support studies related to the assessment of pesticides levels and so could help control bodies applying the current trade regulations. Before agricultures can start trading, they must first ensure its produce is free of contaminants to the extent regulations call for. To develop methodologies useful to demonstrate no harm to consumers according the law, some tropical fruits for exportation and grains for domestic consumption were chosen as target matrices since they represent great opportunities for the country as key products in national politics. The techniques developed were oriented towards determining the regulatory limit of pesticides since evaluating these levels is a requirement here and there. Regarding the power and versatility of instrumental techniques such as large volume injection, chromatographic separation and detection, full advantage was taken to achieve the level of sensitivity consistent with the purpose of the regulatory framework. An improved cleaning was evaluated making use of different adsorbents and a novel tool was implemented in order to procure good instrumental performance using a reverse flow configuration. The addition of compounds that increase the signal of the most sensitive analytes on the principles of the so-called matrix effect brought a remarkable benefit on performance, since the quality of the signals obtained in extracts was substantially improved. Through the validation of the methods, enough evidence was gathered to show that with proper preparation, processing and storage of the test items, procedures of analysis perform well in terms of efficiency, specificity/selectivity, linear response, robustness and the concentration can be accurately and precisely determined. The methodologies also were verified using real samples, which let thus certainly show that if a trained analyst runs the standard operating procedure derived from this work, it is possible to demonstrate competence in the analysis of pesticide residues within the scope of the methodology in any of the matrices involved in the study. ; Maestría