Suchergebnisse

Les crimes contre l'humanité sont la plupart du temps commis par des agents de l'État, en faisant de véritables crimes d'État. Les poursuites des auteurs présumés de ces crimes internationaux se sont dans les premiers temps imposées de par leur nécessité, même en l'absence de base légale pour les appuyer, par exemple celles des grands criminels de guerre en 1945 à Nuremberg. Lors du procès, la Défense avait tenté d'invalider les poursuites en plaidant que l'article 6 (c) du Statut du Tribunal militaire international de Nuremberg, qui énonçait pour la toute première fois les crimes contre l'humanité, créait un crime de façon rétroactive, ce que le principe de légalité des délits et des peines interdit. Cet argument a été rejeté en 1945 et continue de l'être jusqu'à présent par des tribunaux qui appliquent directement l'incrimination de droit international coutumier, aujourd'hui bien étoffée. C'est ce que la Cour d'appel de Port-au-Prince a fait le 24 février 2014, en l'absence d'une législation pénale en la matière. La gravité de ces crimes internationaux confère à leur incrimination valeur de jus cogens et impose aux États l'obligation erga omnes de les poursuivre. Ainsi, les tribunaux nationaux doivent être encouragés à appliquer directement l'incrimination de droit international coutumier en l'absence d'une incrimination nationale. De plus, appréhendant les crimes contre l'humanité sous l'angle de leur signification philosophique et sociale, soit des crimes d'État entraînant la rupture du contrat social, la présente étude postule que le principe de légalité, un principe de justice, est irrecevable dans ce contexte afin de soulever l'objection relative à la rétroactivité de la norme. En effet, admettre cette objection à la compétence matérielle du tribunal national reviendrait à vider le principe de légalité de son sens, voire à le pervertir. ; Crimes against humanity are typically committed by State agents, rendering them State crimes. A violent breach of the social contract results. Because these crimes constitute an affront to the universal conscience, their criminalization and prosecution have been considered necessary throughout the years, with or without a written legal foundation. For example, the prosecutions of major war criminals in Nuremberg in 1945 were conducted without a written legal basis for the offence of crimes against humanity. The defense therefore argued that section 6(c) of the Charter of the international military tribunal, which stipulated the offence of crimes against humanity, was new law that breached their clients' right to legal certainty and to be protected against retroactivity in criminal law, according to the principle of legality's requirements. This argument, prima facie well founded in law, was dismissed by the tribunal. Rejected at Nuremberg, the same argument was dismissed as well in Israel in 1961 in Eichmann's case, in Canada in 2009 in Munyaneza's case and in Haïti in 2014 in Duvalier's case. Every State has a duty to prosecute crimes against humanity, owing to the fact that they are jus cogens crimes and trigger erga omnes obligations. Hence, States lacking statutory prohibitions of crimes against humanity nevertheless possess this same duty. This paper suggests that domestic tribunals deprived of national legislation in that field may and are encouraged to rely on the customary international law prohibition which has been fully developed from 1945 to present. Moreover, examining crimes against humanity from a political and a philosophical perspective, this paper argues that, in applying customary international law, a national tribunal should dismiss any defense objection relying on the principle of legality to invalidate the prosecution. Indeed, to accept this objection in such a context would pervert and render the principle meaningless.

El departamento del Atlántico es el tercero en Colombia con más de 150 mil migrantes (Migración Colombia, 2019). Esto ha generado que instituciones gubernamentales y organizaciones humanitarias enfoquen sus esfuerzos en brindar ayudas a migrantes en situación de vulnerabilidad. En Barranquilla estos esfuerzos se llevan a cabo por las entidades que conforman la denominada Plataforma de Atención a migrantes venezolanos. Sin embargo, entre ellas no existe una coordinación eficiente, lo que supone duplicación de esfuerzos y gastos innecesarios de recursos. El objetivo central de este proyecto es desarrollar una herramienta que contribuya a la coordinación de estas entidades, mediante la centralización de información, apoyando así una distribución equitativa de la ayuda humanitaria. La herramienta desarrollada es un aplicativo web en forma de dashboard, construido con el lenguaje de programación R y utilizando los paquetes rmarkdown y flexdashboard. Está estructurado en pestañas que cuentan con funcionalidades de interés para la plataforma de atención. Integra elementos HTML, widgets y plugins de javascript, además de interactividad generada con Shiny. Las principales limitantes radican en la necesidad de contar con una estructura interna y de alojamiento web que soporte la carga computacional que implica el dashboard, la escasa oferta de diseños para el maquetado del dashboard disponible en flexdashboard y restricciones de tiempo de servicio del servidor escogido. El principal resultado es un aplicativo web con información clave sobre el contexto de los migrantes, estadísticas, mapas, rutas de atención, gráficos, tablas, modelos de predicción y cronograma de actividades. Mediante entrevistas con los directores de las entidades se conoció su percepción sobre la herramienta, y todos coinciden en la relevancia de su puesta en marcha y los impactos positivos que significa para la articulación de todas las entidades en pro de brindar una mejor atención a los migrantes. ; The department of Atlántico is the third in Colombia with more than 150 thousand immigrants (Migración Colombia, 2019). This has generated that government institutions and humanitarian organizations focus their efforts on providing assistance to immigrants in vulnerable conditions. In Barranquilla, these efforts are carried out by the entities that make up the denominated Platform for Assistance to Venezuelan Migrants. However, there is no efficient coordination among them, which means duplication of efforts and unnecessary expenditure of resources. The main objective of this project is to develop a tool that contributes to the coordination of these entities, by centralizing information, thus supporting an equitable distribution of humanitarian aid. The tool developed is a web application in the form of a dashboard, built with the programming language R and using the packages rmarkdown and flexdashboard. It is structured in tabs that have functionalities of interest to the care platform. It integrates HTML elements, widgets and javascript plugins, as well as interactivity generated using Shiny. The main limitations lie in the need to have an internal structure and web hosting that supports the computer load that the dashboard implies, the scarce offer of designs for the dashboard layout available in flexdashboard and service time restrictions of the chosen server. The main result is a web application with key information about the context of the immigrants, statistics, maps, service routes, graphs, tables, prediction models and schedule of activities. Through interviews with the directors of the entities, their perception about the tool was known, and all agree on the relevance of its implementation and the positive impacts it means for the articulation of all entities in order to provide better attention to immigrants.

Objet : Les sociétés néolibérales mettent de l'avant une conception de l'individu centrée sur l'autonomie et l'indépendance, qui s'oppose à une conception négative de la vulnérabilité. L'une des façons de déconstruire cette représentation consiste à considérer la vulnérabilité sous l'angle éthique et politique du care (Tronto, 2009). La théorie politique du care constitue une voie pertinente pour rendre compte du bénévolat dans la lutte contre la maltraitance envers les personnes aînées. But : Comprendre en quoi l'approche politique du care permet de rendre compte du bénévolat dans la lutte contre la maltraitance envers les personnes aînées. Méthodologie : Une étude qualitative qui s'appuie sur la phénoménologie herméneutique (Van Manen, 2016, 1997). Au total, 27 entrevues ont été réalisées auprès de 20 aînés bénévoles engagés dans des organismes sans but lucratif (OSBL) dédiés à la lutte contre la maltraitance envers les personnes aînées de même que 7 coordonnateurs qui encadrent leur action. Résultats : Les bénévoles s'engagent dans différentes formes d'action qui s'inscrivent dans le continuum de lutte contre la maltraitance envers les personnes aînées (Gouvernement du Québec, 2016) Plus précisément, quatre idéaux-type se dégagent de notre analyse, soit (1) l'interdépendance citoyenne, avec reconnaissance matérielle; (2) l'interdépendance citoyenne, avec reconnaissance du statut; (3) l'interdépendance en situation, avec reconnaissance du statut; (4) l'interdépendance en situation, avec reconnaissance matérielle. De plus, certains paradoxes et enjeux de l'action bénévole dans la lutte contre la maltraitance envers les personnes aînées qui se dégagent de l'analyse sont présentés. Enfin, puisque nous sommes une doctorante en situation de handicap, nous exposons une réflexion sur notre expérience dans le cadre du processus de production de la thèse. Discussion : Si les diverses formes d'interdépendance et de reconnaissance sont communes à toutes les formes de bénévolat, elles revêtent un caractère particulier dans le cas du bénévolat lié à la lutte contre la maltraitance envers les personnes aînées. Conclusion : Des pistes pour la bonification de pratique de même que pour l'élaboration de futures recherches sont indiquées. ; Abstract: Subject: Neoliberal societies promote a view of the individual that is centered on autonomy and independence, which is in opposition to a negative conception of vulnerability. One way to deconstruct this representation is to approach vulnerability from an ethical and political point-of-view of care. (Tronto, 2009). The political theory of care is a pertinent way to understand volunteering in countering the mistreatment of older adults. Goal: Understand how the political ethic of care may allow us to view volunteering as one of the actions taken to counter mistreatment of older persons. Methodology: Qualitative study based on hermeneutic phenomenology (Van Manen, 2016, 1997). A total of 27 interviews were completed with 20 older adult volunteers in non-profit organizations dedicated to the fight against the mistreatment of older adults and seven managers who supervised them. Results: Volunteers took part in different activities in the continuum of actions to counter mistreatment of older persons (Gouvernement du Québec, 2016). Four ideal types emerged from the analysis: (1) citizen interdependence with material recognition, (2) citizen interdependence with status recognition, (3) situational interdependence with status recognition, and (4) situational interdependence with material recognition. In addition, some paradoxes and issues have emerged from our analysis. Finally, as a doctoral student with a disability, a reflection is proposed on the impact of this disability on the thesis production. Discussion: If diverse forms of interdependence and recognition are common in all volunteering sectors, they have a specific character in volunteering to counter the mistreatment of older adults. Conclusion: Some practical and research suggestions are given in the thesis.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Estratégia ; Geopolitically, Portugal presents a singular position. It is the westernmost country of Europe, enclosed between Spain and the Atlantic Ocean, a feature which could dictate a peripheral position within the European Union. However, Portugal has durable relations with the countries from the Atlantic South, a feature which can dictate a central role within the European Union. This dissertation has the aim of analyzing the geopolitical link between Portugal and the Atlantic South and to contribute to the existing literature by exploring how this relationship can be strategically valuable for the European Union in the 21st century. Throughout this dissertation, we discuss the relevance Portugal can have for the EU utilizing what is called the Strategic Triangle between Portugal, Angola and Brazil (CPLP countries). It is argued that this can contribute to the reinforcement of a geopolitical bridge between the European Union and the Atlantic South. The Atlantic South is amassing greater relevance in the international system: its main actors have now reached not only a pivotal status in their respective regions, but also and an international projection, allowing them to further integrate into influential spaces of the multilateral world system. In this context, it is argued that Portugal can employ its privileged relations with the countries from the Atlantic South in order to enhance progresses towards a more significant European Union – Atlantic South relationship. This investigation follows a comprehensive and holistic approach to Strategy and Geopolitics, building upon various contributions from authors and academics related to these fields of studies. These two core disciplines are seen throughout the research as multidimensional and are applied to the study in order to comprehend Portugal's role in the world as a state part of the European Union and close to the Atlantic South. ; Geopoliticamente, Portugal apresenta uma posição singular. É o país mais ocidental da Europa, cercado entre a Espanha e o Oceano Atlântico, uma característica que poderia ditar uma posição periférica na União Europeia. No entanto, Portugal mantém relações duradouras com os países do Atlântico Sul, uma característica que pode ditar um papel central na União Europeia. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o vínculo geopolítico entre Portugal e o Atlântico Sul e contribuir com a literatura existente, explorando como essa relação pode ser estrategicamente valiosa para a União Europeia no século XXI. Ao longo desta dissertação, discutimos a relevância que Portugal pode ter para a UE utilizando o chamado Triângulo Estratégico entre Portugal, Angola e Brasil (países da CPLP). Argumenta-se que isso pode contribuir para o reforço de uma ponte geopolítica entre a União Europeia e o sul do Atlântico. O Atlântico Sul está a ganhar maior relevância no sistema internacional: os seus principais atores atingiram agora não apenas um estatuto central nas suas respetivas regiões, mas também uma projeção internacional, permitindo que se integrem ainda mais em espaços influentes do sistema multilateral mundial. Neste contexto, argumenta-se que Portugal pode empregar as suas relações privilegiadas com os países do sul do Atlântico, a fim de melhorar os progressos em direção a uma relação mais significativa entre a União Europeia e o Atlântico Sul. Esta investigação segue uma abordagem abrangente e holística da Estratégia e Geopolítica, baseando-se em várias contribuições de autores e académicos relacionados a estes campos de estudos. Estas duas disciplinas principais são vistas ao longo da pesquisa como multidimensionais e são aplicadas ao estudo para compreender o papel de Portugal no mundo como estado parte da União Europeia e próximo do Atlântico Sul. ; N/A

La cultura, entendida como pilar para el desarrollo de los Estados, además de un motor de crecimiento es una forma de vincularse con otras naciones. En este sentido, el arte materializa la cultura a través de sus lenguajes. De ellos, el escénico es el que mejor populariza la identidad cultural de quienes habitan el Río de la Plata hacia el exterior. El objetivo principal de esta ponencia es analizar la circulación teatral entre la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y Montevideo. El objetivo secundario, mensurar esa circulación para poder cuantificarla. Se propone abordar la problemática circunscribiendo el análisis a 2010-2017 puesto que es el período en que se produjo la profundización ideológica en ambos países de gobiernos de centroizquierda y parte del cambio de gobiernos. De este modo, se podrá observar, a través de la obtención de indicadores y el análisis de contenido de algunos tratados y acuerdos puntuales que se han suscripto entre los Estados así como la circulación teatral en términos cuantitativos. De esta manera, al comprender la circulación de teatro y la diplomacia cultural como variables, se procura relevar si en la práctica se genera el ámbito propicio para poder concebir una diplomacia cultural conjunta entre ambas ciudades. Asimismo, se espera analizar la incidencia de la denominada diplomacia cultural en la circulación teatral entre ambas ciudades. Profesionalmente, se observan casos de estudio interesantes, como la Movida Teatral de las dos Orillas o el Corredor Latinoamericano de Teatro, como ejemplos de esta acción cultural. No obstante, queda por ver en qué medida las políticas culturales de los gobiernos locales incentivan este tipo de prácticas. Por lo tanto, se busca encontrar el vínculo entre praxis y relaciones interculturales a una pequeña escala (ciudad-ciudad) para analizarlas. ; Culture understood as a pillar for the development of states, as well as a growth engine, is a way of linking with other nations. In this sense, art materializes culture through its languages. Of these, the scenic is the one that best popularizes the cultural identity of those who inhabit the Río de la Plata abroad. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the theatrical circulation between the City of Buenos Aires and Montevideo. The secondary objective, to measure that circulation to be able to quantify it.It is proposed to address the problem circumscribing the analysis to 2010-2017 since it is the period in which the ideological deepening took place in both countriesof centre-left governments and part of the change of governments. In this way, it will be possible to observe, through the obtaining of indicators and the analysis of the content of some treaties and specific agreements that have been signed between the States as well as the theatrical circulation in quantitative terms.In this way, when understanding the circulation of theatre and cultural diplomacy as variables, it is sought to highlight whether in practice the enabling environment is generated to be able to conceive joint cultural diplomacy between both cities. Likewise, it is expected to analyze the incidence of the so-called cultural diplomacy in the theatrical circulation between both cities. Professionally, interesting case studies are observed, suchas the Theatrical Move of the Two Banks or the Latin American Theater Corridor, as examples of this cultural action. However, it remains to be seen to what extent the cultural policies of local governments encourage this type of practice. Therefore, we seek to find the link between praxis and intercultural relationships on a small scale (city-city) to analyze them. ; Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social

Patient empowerment emerges in a context of health democracy, encouraged by health policies, and developed through the horizontalization of the doctor-patient relationship and expert patients. It is a process based on the awareness of integrated relationships of domination and the struggle to free oneself from them. Oncogeriatrics is a medical discipline specialised in the care of patients over 75 years of age with cancer. This population presents several risk factors of vulnerability when facing cancer that require adapted management. In oncogeriatrics, the patient may feel subject to the doctor, the cancer and society. We used the grounded theory method to conduct a qualitative study of people over 75 years of age with cancer to explore the relevance of the concept of empowerment in this population. Six of the seven participants stated that they would submit to the doctor's advice because of an ingrained habit of patriarchy and a lack of alternatives. One patient described hierarchical relationships as structuring and enabling survival. Awareness of dominance in the doctor-patient relationship was not, for the most participants, accompanied by a need to free oneself from it. Patients expressed the need for positive relationships with the health care team, the wish not to suffer, and to maintain their life as it is (keeping their activities and their home). Finally, ageing as a gradual withdrawal from social life to domestic life runs counter to the community dimension of empowerment. In conclusion, our results suggest that patient empowerment is not a framework for studying the cancer experience that corresponds to the needs of the elderly. We prefer to use the patient's experience as an indicator of the needs of this population to develop tools to improve their care. ; L'empowerment du patient émerge dans un contexte de démocratie sanitaire, encouragé par les politiques de santé, et se développe au travers de l'horizontalisation de la relation médecin-malade, et des patients experts. Il s'agit d'un processus basé sur la prise de conscience des rapports de domination intégrés et la lutte pour s'en libérer. L'oncogériatrie est une discipline médicale spécialisée dans la prise en charge des patients âgés de plus de 75 ans atteints d'un cancer. Cette population présente plusieurs facteurs de risque de vulnérabilité face au cancer nécessitant une prise en charge adaptée. En oncogériatrie le patient peut se sentir soumit au médecin, au cancer et à la société. Nous avons utilisé la méthode de la théorie ancrée pour conduire une étude qualitative auprès de personnes âgées de plus de 75 ans et atteintes d'un cancer pour explorer la pertinence du concept d'empowerment dans cette population. Six des sept participants déclaraient de soumettre à l'avis du médecin, par habitude ancrée du patriarcat, et par absence d'alternative. Un patient décrivait les rapports hiérarchiques comme structurants et permettant la survie. La conscience des rapports de domination dans la relation médecin-malade n'était majoritairement pas accompagnée d'un besoin de s'en affranchir. Les patients exprimaient le besoin de relations positives avec l'équipe soignante, le souhait de ne pas souffrir, et de maintenir leur vie comme elle l'est (conserver leurs activités et leur domicile). Enfin, le vieillissement en tant que retrait progressif de la vie sociale vers la vie domestique va à l'encontre de la dimension communautaire de l'empowerment. En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent que l'empowerment du patient n'est pas un cadre d'étude du vécu du cancer correspondant aux besoins des personnes âgées. Nous préférons utiliser l'expérience des patients comme révélateur des besoins de cette population afin de développer des outils permettant d'améliorer leur prise en charge.

YÖK Tez No: 664138 ; Yüksek Lisans ; Artık, ülkelerin diğer ülkelerle ticari faaliyet içerisine girmeden hayatta kalabilmesi mümkün değildir. İhracat ve ithalat dış ticaretin iki unsurudur. Neredeyse tüm gelişmekte olan ülkeler için dış rezervlerin ana kaynağı ihracattır. Bu çalışmanın ana amacı, İslami finansal araçlar, bu alandaki son gelişmeler ve dünyadaki bazı İslami ihracat finansmanı örneklerine odaklanarak ihracatı İslami finans yardımıyla artırmaktır. Bu çalışmada kullanılan metodoloji, tanımlayıcı bir yaklaşım olup, bunu bazı dış ticaret finansmanı örnekleri izlemektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca, İslami finansın devletlerin ihracat performansını nasıl artırıp iyileştirebileceğini açıklığa kavuşturmak için tümevarım metodolojisi kullanılmıştır. Faizsiz finansman kaynaklı ihracat verilerinin eksikliğinden dolayı, ampirik veya analitik bir yaklaşım izlenememiştir. Bu çalışmada, konvansiyonel yöntemlerin dışında olan ve faizle faaliyet göstermek istemeyen ve / veya gerekli sermayesi bulunmayan ihracatçı şirketler için halihazırda mevcut olan faizsiz finansal yöntemler incelenmekte ve Türkiye için politika önerileri yapılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede öncelikle; ihracatın önemine, finansman şekillerine ve literatür taramasına yer verilmiş, sonrasında ise faizsiz finansmanın gerekliliği üzerinde durulmuştur. Son olarak, ihracat aşamasında faizsiz finansman metodları ve örnekleri tartışılmıştır. Çalışma ile, İslami finansın ihracat finansmanında kullanım potansiyelinden oldukça uzak olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. İhracat aşamasında faizsiz finansman bilançosu incelenirken, literatür araştırması sırasında İslami ihracatın finansmanına odaklanan neredeyse hiçbir çalışma olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Halihazırda mevcut olan çalışmaların çoğu ya İslami bankalarla ya da iç ticaret ile ilgili olup, ihracat finansmanına özel çalışmalar yok denecek kadar azdır. Bu durum, ihracatın faizsiz finansmanı hususunun daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç duyduğunu ve acilen geliştirilmesi gereken bir alan olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda, ihracatın faizsiz finansmanı örneklerine baktığımızda, uluslararası kuruluşların çok önemli bir role sahip olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Faizsiz finans faaliyetlerinin tamamına yakını doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak uluslararası kuruluşların yardımıyla gerçekleştirilmektedir. ; Nowadays, no country can survive without involving into (international) trade activities. Exports and imports are two elements of the foreign trade. The major source of foreign reserve, GDP and other advancements for almost all developing states is exports. The main purpose of this thesis is to identify export related tools under Islamic finance, track recent improvements and highlight the best Islamic export financing practices in the world. The methodology used in this study is descriptive approach followed by some foreign trade financing experiments. The study also utilized the methodology of induction to clarify how Islamic finance can increase and improve export performance of the states. Due to the lack of interest free-financing data under export related statistics, an empirical or analytical approach seemed impossible for now. In this study, prominent interest free financial methods for exporting companies that do not wish to operate with interest and/or do not have necessary capital are investigated and policy recommendations are brought forward. In this regard, first; literature review, the importance of exports and financing status are discussed; then, the necessity of interest free finance is explained. Lastly, interest-free financing methods and examples at the export stage are debated. The study concluded that Islamic finance is far away from its potential to be used in the export finance. While we underline the overall situation in terms of interest free financing at the export stage, we realize in the literature review that there is almost no study focusing on the Islamic financing of export. Most of them are concerned with domestic trade or Islamic banks, rather than the export financing. This reveals that there is a need for further research on this topic. When we look at the interest-free export finance examples, we also realized that the international organizations have a crucial role. Essentially, interest-free financial activities are carried out with the help of international organizations.

Adolescent obesity is a major public health concern, increasingly affecting low and middle-income countries (LMICs) undergoing the nutrition transition. In developed countries, governments had the time to adjust to this rise in the consequent non-communicable diseases (NCDs), whereas the developing world is facing a triple burden of nutrition-related disease simultaneously. However, amidst the nutrition transition, drivers to obesity may differ within the same country especially between the urban and rural areas, depending on the context and environmental factors. In order to unravel how the nutrition transition process unfolds in both urban and rural areas, an exploration of the factors affecting adolescents' lifestyle and eating behaviours, in the current context was deemed appropriate. Additionally, exploring stakeholders' views on adolescents' obesity including facilitators and barriers to obesity prevention is key in intervention and policy drawing. This study thus aimed to explore in-depth, whether, how, and to what extent is the nutrition transition currently affecting adolescents' environments in Lebanon, focusing on both adolescents' and stakeholders' perspectives, awareness, and barriers to the prevention of adolescents' obesity. The study used a sequential multi-method approach along a bricolage methodology. The first phase of the study adopted a qualitative approach, involving focus groups with adolescents (n = 78) to explore their perceptions regarding their eating behaviours as well as the role of the environment surrounding them in both urban and rural areas. A number of direct (availability of Western foods, peer pressure, parental control, eating location, body image) and indirect (adolescence autonomy, role modeling, cultural beliefs, peer surveillance) factors seemed to influence adolescents' eating behaviours. Almost similar behaviours were perceived between the urban and rural area, showcasing the impact of the nutrition transition in both areas although different underlying factors were stated. The factors identified in this study were grouped and discussed based on the socioecological model (SEM) highlighting the importance of the social and environmental influences on adolescents' eating behaviours. The second phase of the study adopted a qualitative approach; using one-to-one interviews to investigate stakeholders' opinions on adolescents' obesity. The study highlighted the barriers and facilitators in preventing adolescents' obesity in relation to adolescents' eating behaviours and the surrounding environment. Key stakeholders interviewed in this phase included different sectors such as the Ministry of Education, Municipalities, Transportation NGOs, with a special emphasis on the school setting including school directors, manager of school cafeteria, sports teacher, school nurse and head teacher. Interviews revealed the lack of awareness concerning the obesity problem and the importance of the environmental influences, a lack of intersectoral cooperation between stakeholders in Lebanon and a greater emphasis on the individual responsibility in the prevention of adolescents' obesity. This study has revealed and engaged with the varied conceptualisations of obesity causation amongst adolescents, in both urban and rural areas, amid the nutrition transition in Lebanon. Acknowledging that the causes of obesity are complex this study collects insights of both adolescents and key stakeholders' perceptions; to date, no study has engaged with both in Lebanon, justifying the need for the present study. Clearly, in keeping with the literature on the different rate of nutrition transition between rural and urban environments further justifies the consideration of both context. Given the findings of this study in regards to the dramatic changes affecting both urban and rural areas regarding the number of meals consumed away from home, the increase in fast-food consumption and the increase in sedentary lifestyles, new challenges in relation to adolescent obesity prevention in LMICs are created. The creation of supportive local environments, in both urban and rural areas, represents an important avenue where eating behaviours concerns, and thus adolescents' obesity can be addressed.

La crisis del agua es un proceso planetario que muchas localidades ya enfrentan y otras enfrentarán algún día. Sin embargo, aún es posible pensar en soluciones para promover un modelo de desarrollo regional efectivo, basado en la justicia social, hídrica y ambiental. De esta manera, existe el trasvase del Tajo-Segura del sureste español, que completó 40 años de operación en 2019, y también la transposición brasileña, la del río São Francisco, que comenzó a operar en 2018, solo en uno de los ejes, el Este. Nuestra pregunta en este artículo es la siguiente: ¿en qué medida la presencia de un modelo de gobernanza del agua impacta positivamente en el postrasvase y qué experiencias puede demostrar Tajo-Segura en la transposición de São Francisco? Por lo tanto, al investigar el modelo de Tajo-Segura y el modelo de São Francisco in loco, tener acceso a documentos, legislación y un amplio marco teórico, aplicar el método inductivo y comparativo, fue posible llevar el impacto de una transposición a el desarrollo regional del sureste español y pensar en los problemas que tiene el modelo, o la falta de un modelo, de transponer el "Velho Chico". Por lo tanto, se pensó presentar estas intervenciones en contextos similares, sin embargo, buscando comprender la experiencia de cada una y, principalmente, cómo se desarrolló el modelo de gobernanza en la transferencia de Tajo-Segura. Por lo tanto, fue posible encontrar espacios vacios en el ejemplo brasileño. Entre ellos, se destacó el vacío institucional que transpone el São Francisco, lo que dificulta el desarrollo de múltiples usos del agua para el desarrollo regional, además del postrasvase es un problema grave que debe verificarse, esto incluye el saneamiento y recuperación ambiental de la cuenca. ; The water crisis is a planetary process that many localities are already facing and others will face one day. However, it is still possible to think of solutions to promote an effective regional development model, based on social, water and environmental justice. In this way, there is the transposition of the Tajo-Segura of the Spanish southeast, which completed 40 years of operation in 2019, and also the Brazilian transposition, that of the São Francisco River, which started its operation in 2018, only in one of the axis, the east. Our question in this article is: To what extent does the presence of a water governance model positively impact on post-transposition and what experiences can Tajo-Segura demonstrate in transposing São Francisco? Thus, by investigating the Tajo-Segura model and the São Francisco model in loco, having access to documents, legislation and a broad theoretical framework, applying the inductive and comparative method, it was possible to bring the impact of a transposition to the regional development of the Spanish southeast and to think about the problems that the model, or the lack of a model, of transposing the "Velho Chico" has. Therefore, it was thought to present these interventions in similar contexts, however, seeking to understand the experience of each one and, mainly, how the governance model in the transfer of Tajo-Segura was developed. Thus, it was possible to find gaps in the Brazilian example. Among them, the institutional vacuum that transposes the São Francisco stood out, which makes it more difficult to develop multiple uses of water for regional development, in addition to the post transfer is a serious issue to be verified, this includes the sanitation and environmental recovery of the hydrographic basin

Abstract. Prevalence of malnutrition among under five years old children still high. Results of nutrition problem analyzed among under five years old children at RT 01, 02, and 03 RW 08 Srondol, Semarang City showed that overweight and stunting proportions among under five years old children were still high. This community nutrition program had objective to optimized Integrated service post (POSYANDU) function to monitor growth and development of under-five years old children (D/S ) with contribution of stakeholder, increasing maternal knowledge about complementary feeding and feeding practice for children, increasing feeding practice for under-five children, and increasing nutritional status (W/H) of under-five years old children. These community service programs were being held in December 2018 with community relation methods. This program involved stakeholders, POSYANDU cadre, and mother of overweight and stunting children at RW 08 Srondol Kulon, Banyumanik District, Semarang City. The result of "SANATA: sayang anak balita" includes : 1) there was the participation of local government for programs, increasing of POSYANDU participation (D/S) from 32,5% - 37,1%. There was an increased in mother knowledge and feeding practice. Nutritional intake of under five years old children increased and get 80-110% sufficiency for macronutrient. None children had decreased on W/H nutritional status and increasing of nutritional status (W/H) occur on 5 from 10 stunting children. We hoped that there was a sustainability of the program with knowledge updating for mothers. Reward from RW/posyandu for mother with normal nutritional status of children, haved good nutritional knowledge, and had the capability to child feeding practice would give support from them to optimized nutritional status.Keywords: nutritional status, overweight, stunting, improving nutritionAbstrak. Prevalensi masalah gizi buruk, gizi kurang, stunting, dan gizi lebih pada balita masih cukup tinggi. Hasil analisis masalah gizi pada balita di RT 01, 02, dan 03 RW 08 Srondol, Kota Semarang yaitu masih tingginya proporsi status gizi lebih dan status gizi pendek (stunting) pada balita. Program pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan fungsi posyandu dalam pemantauan tumbuh kembang anak (cakupan D/S) dengan melibatkan stakeholder terkait, meningkatkan pengetahuan ibu tentang MP-ASI dan pemberian makan pada balita, meningkatkan pola asuh ibu balita dalam pemberian makan balita sesuai kebutuhan, dan meningkatkan status gizi BB/TB pada balita. Program pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember Tahun 2018 dengan metode community relation. Program melibatkan tokoh masyarakat, kader posyandu, dan ibu balita berstatus gizi lebih dan gizi pendek di wilayah RT 01, 02 dan 03 RW 08 Kelurahan Srondol Kulon Kecamatan Banyumanik, Kota Semarang. Hasil dari program SANATA: sayang anak balita ini adalah adanya partisipasi tokoh masyarakat dalam program, meningkatnya angka partisipasi posyandu (cakupan D/S) di Posyandu Mawar RW 08 yaitu dari 32,5 % menjadi 37,1 %. Terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan ibu tentang MP-ASI dan pemberian makan pada balita. Asupan zat gizi pada balita yang dilihat dari perubahan pola makan balita dapat mencapai kecukupan 80-110% zat gizi makro. Tidak terjadi penurunan status gizi BB/TB (pada 10 balita) dan terjadi peningkatan status gizi BB/TB pada 5 dari 10 balita stunting. Diharapkan adanya upaya menjaga keberlanjutan program dengan pengkayaan materi (update pengetahuan) pada ibu balita secara berkala. Penghargaan/reward/apresiasi dari pihak RW/posyandu bagi ibu yang memiliki balita berstatus gizi baik, memiliki pengetahuan gizi yang baik, serta mampu melaksanakan pola pengasuhan dan pemberian makan yang baik bagi balita akan lebih menyemangati para ibu balita dalam mengoptimalkan gizi balitanya.Kata Kunci: gizi balita, gizi lebih, stunting, perbaikan gizi

Purpose- This paper is anchored in a premise of a universal call to action by all United Nations member states in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030 within the blueprint of the sustainable development goals. the purpose of this research is to explore exploration of challenges, opportunities and strategies for mainstreaming sustainable development goals in Ghana's energy sector within the framework of public-private partnerships Design/methodology/approach- Literature review was carried out to explore concepts, theories, and frameworks for initiating Public-Private-Partnerships. Best local and international practices in the implementation of PPP projects; challenges and opportunities in the implementation of PPP projects, strategies for mainstreaming the sustainable development goals in Ghana's energy sector, and assess business action in the implementation of the sustainable development goals in Ghana's energy sector. The study is situated within the social constructionist philosophical tradition. The qualitative research strategy was adopted as the main methodological choice. Interview guides were used to collect data from respondents in the Accra metropolis. Eighteen (18) questionnaires were distributed and ten (10) retrieved out of the number representing a response rate of 56 percent. A thematic analysis technique was adopted to analyze the data. Findings- The lack of a PPP policy and law in Ghana, issues of conflict of interest in PPP projects, excessive government control over projects, cumbersome licensing and legal regime, and the general economic stability of the country were the most significant challenges identified to PPPs. However, opportunities identified were technology transfer, efficiency gains, and mobilization of additional resources for development on the government side whereas the opportunities for the private sector lie in creating new niches for themselves, becoming market leaders, and enhancing their brand reputation as well as profits. Awareness creation and education for companies, making business models inclusive, linking CSR with SDGs, exploring business opportunities in SDGs such as carbon trading, etc., aligning national policies with SDGs, establishing a sustainability unit in energy companies and forming effective partnerships with relevant bodies were the strategies proposed for mainstreaming the SDGs in Ghana's energy sector. Research limitation- It was established from this study that indeed PPPs have a major role to play in unleashing all available forces and prospects towards achieving the SDGs. The findings of this research will serve as a guide to policymakers, the private sector, and development partners helping them identify the most effective strategies and avenues for implementing the SDGs especially in the context of the energy sector. This paper is constrained to the energy industry in Ghana. It provides a theory-based direction on how companies in the energy sector can contribute to social and economic interventions through a framework of PPP framework within the SGDs. Future research may explore how companies in other sectors may contribute to the sustainability discourse. Practical Implication- This will ultimately lead to additional funding to support government efforts in the implementation of SDGs, honing of sustainable (inclusive) business models, creating an enabling environment for PPPs towards inclusive growth and national development leaving no one behind. It recommended that there should be a national policy and law on PPPs and the private sector should be incentivized to engage government in PPPs implementation for the SDGs. Theoretically, this research contributes to the policy analysis discourse and scaling-up literature on the SDGs. Originality/value- This research explores the challenges associated with mainstreaming the SGDs in the energy sector from a public-private business perspective. It also offers a new policy, economic, and legal regulatory framework that contributes to emerging trends. The outcome of the analyses advocates for clear business strategies for implementation of the SDG apart from corporate social responsibilities (CSR).

Background: Executive functions and attention play a key role to achieve academic goals in scholars. However, research have shown multiple social factors that might impact educational outcomes in typically developed children. Colombia faces one major issue in its border with Venezuela due to historical, social, cultural and economic conditions that have contributed to low quality of education - among others problems. This situation is far worse in rural areas where government assistance programs are limited, and teaching methodologies vary considerably. The aim of this study was to explore children's performances in attention and executive functions tasks according to teaching methodology used in urban (regular) and rural (multigrade) areas in the northeast of Colombia and close to the border with Venezuela. Methods: data were collected in two types of settings: 26 children from one local school (in Cucuta- Norte de Santander) and 29 children from three rural schools. All of them were 6 years old and enrolled in the first grade of primary school. Participants were tested using attentional (visual and auditory) and executive function tasks (planning, inhibitory control, and working memory). Results: lower performance was found in visual attention tasks for both groups in comparison with the reference group (children from other regions in Colombia). Moreover, there was a significant difference between the two conditions according to the teaching methodology: children from multigrade methodologies showed better performance in inhibitory control tasks, meanwhile children from regular methodologies showed better results in planning and attentional tasks. Conclusions: this study has identified differences in executive functions and attention of children depending on social contexts (urban-rural) and teaching methodologies. Findings are discussed in order to highlight social variables such as physical environment, limited cognitive stimulation, parenting, and some habits that impact Latin American contexts and have a strong relationship with children's scholar outcomes. ; Introducción: La frontera colombo-venezolana enfrenta dinámicas sociales particulares que han contribuido en los bajos indicadores de calidad educativa, presente también en contextos rurales donde problemas como la migración y la violencia, dificultan la calidad y cobertura. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las diferencias en el desarrollo de habilidades de atención y funciones ejecutivas según el contexto (urbano -rural) y la metodología escolar recibida (urbana regular y rural multigrado). Métodos: Se empleó un diseño no experimental, de alcance comparativo y corte transversal, evaluando una muestra intencional de 55 niños emparejados por edad, sin dificultades académicas y matriculados en diferentes instituciones de Norte de Santander- Colombia, en zona de frontera con Venezuela. Los estudiantes fueron evaluados con tareas neuropsicológicas de atención visual, planificación, inhibición y memoria de trabajo de la Evaluación neuropsicológica Infantil (ENI y Neuro psi). Los resultados fueron analizados mediante estadística no-paramétrica dadas las características de los datos recolectados. Resultados: Se encontraron desempeños inferiores en tareas de atencional visual en los participantes de ambas metodologías en comparación con el grupo de referencia. Así mismo, se encontraron diferencias según el tipo de metodología escolar recibida, siendo destacados en control inhibitorio los participantes de metodología multigrado, mientras que los niños escolarizados en metodología regular mostraron mejores resultados en capacidad de atención visual, atención auditiva y planeación. Conclusiones: Se encontraron diferencias en funciones ejecutivas de control inhibitorio, atención y planeación de acuerdo con el contexto escolar urbano-rural. Los hallazgos se discuten con el fin de argumentar la importancia de variables intervinientes asociadas a contextos rurales latinoamericanos, donde se destaca el entorno físico, la limitada estimulación cognitiva, prácticas particulares de crianza y cuidado y algunos hábitos que han mostrado una relación con el desempeño cognitivo.

The Relation between a Human Person and Political Reality. A Comparative Analysis of P. Singer and R. Spaemann A modern philosopher P. Singer claims that political reality could ensure a good life for a human person and permanent increase of the welfare, if only the fundamental principal of the political order was preference utilitarianism. P. Singer considers himself to be a practical philosopher that conforms to the practical reality. Therefore, he explains the foundation of the human being through the lenses of evolutionary anthropology. The human person is understood in the process of the manifestation of the main attributes of the personhood. In contrast to the human being, the human person is defined as having his dignity. Unique dignity is justified through the aims and interests that a person has recognised as his own and can be implemented in the reality. This helps to explain a P. Singer's viewpoint that interior personal experience – moral experience, self-expression, self-realisation – is important and grounded only if it is expressed in physical, empirical reality. Because of this perspective, political reality is understood as seeking to objectify a person as an object of scientifically based and empirical reality, thus ignoring personal experience, ideas, and self-understanding. This marks the tension of the relation between a person and political reality and implies the main problem of the Thesis – scientifically interpreted political reality is indifferent and denies inner self-perception of the person, his/her inner subjectivity. In other words, the dissatisfaction experienced by the members of the political community results from the fact that they do not think of themselves in the same way as politicians perceive them. In relation to the main issue of the Thesis, a German philosopher R. Spaemann suggests another option to understand the human person and his/her relation to the political reality. This philosopher emphasizes that a person is a metaphysical fact about human being, consequently – a concept of the person's dignity can be justified only metaphysically – because every person is a representative of the Absolut. The conscience is the foundation of the dignity as well as key to notice the importance of inner personal reality, that is the place for personal self-objectivization in front of moral decision, self-realization seeking good for another person. In light of P. Singer's proclamation of scientifically perceived concepts of personhood, ethics, political order, and R. Spaemann's metaphysical perspective of personality and morality, the main aim of the Thesis is to determine how different concepts of the personhood affect the understanding of the politics, more specifically – the concept of personal dignity. The main thesis is that the functional understanding of the person that consolidates in a political consideration denies the importance of a person's inner reality, and ignores his subjective personality. The comparative analysis of P. Singer and R. Spaemann revealed that P. Singer's explanation of the personhood and its dignity emphasizes that dignity is the consequence of the realisation of the individual interests and preferences in the political reality. Morality is an instrument for self-improvement and a functional tool for taking appropriate political decisions that bring more benefits for the members of the community. However, the ontological foundation of the person and the dignity claims that the person is a subject and an object at the same time, therefore, the person can be never fully objectified in the political reality and his/her certain subjectivity of personality is not reduced to the scientific objectivization. Thus, personal dignity cannot be fully realised and completed through the political decisions. As a result, the total or all-encompassing, at the same time good life guaranteeing politics are not possible.

Summary. The article analyzes the scientific works of Petr Vavzhenyuk that are dedicated to the history of the Diocese of Lviv and Bishop Joseph Shumlyanskiy's reforms. The historian fom Stockholm was the first scientist in ecclesiastical and secular historiography to present the era of the 17th ‒ early 18th centuries as a period of meaningful reforms in the Diocese of Lviv using modern Western European methodology in his research. It is emphasized that Petro Vavzhenyuk introduced several innovative concepts for the interpretation of the undertaken reforms in the Diocese of Lviv. In particular, the scholar stated that the regional processes of prioritizing catholic confession and civilization of the clergy were similar with European reforms and tendencies of the counterreformation at that time. Shumlyansky's reforms were also influenced by the 17th century reforms introduced by the Metropolitan of Kyiv Petro Mohyla. According to Petro Vavzhenyuk the clergy should have been the main driving force to have spread the union in the diocese. Objective of the research – to analyze the contribution of Petr Vavzhenyuk's works to the study of the problem of union expansion in the Diocese of Lviv and Bishop Joseph Shumlyansky's reformation activity. Methodology of the research is based on the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (historical-typological, historical-systemic) methods. Scientific novelty of the article ‒ the concept of Peter Vavzhenyuk on the reformation activity of Joseph Shumlyansky is analyzed for the first time. Conclusion. Therefore, Joseph Shumlyansky's reformation activity directed at the orthodox clergy attempted to convince them of the benefits of Catholic religious culture. It is emphasized that the findings of Petr Vavzhenyuk concerning the fact that the Bishop of Lviv, with the help of the Polish government, won many privileges for the clergy and increased its socio-legal status. With the help of the union processes in the western dioceses of the Kyivan Metropolitanate, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth wanted to isolate the Orthodox Church from the influence of Constantinople and Moscow. ; Анотація. У статті проаналізовано праці Петра Вавженюка, присвячені історії Львівської єпархії та реформаційній діяльності львівського єпископа Йосифа Шумлянського. Стверджується, що стокгольмський історик першим в церковній та світській історіографії представив добу ХVІІ – початку ХVІІІ ст. як період потужних реформ у Львівській єпархії. Відзначено, що історик використав у своїх студіях модерну західноєвропейську методологію. Акцентується, що Петро Вавженюк висунув низку інноваційних концепцій щодо трактування реформ, які проходили у Львівській єпархії. Зокрема науковець стверджував, що в цей період у регіоні проходили процеси конфесіоналізації та цивілізування духовенства у руслі загальноєвропейських реформаційних і контреформаційних тенденцій. На зміст реформ Шумлянського також вливали ідеї реформування церкви, які ще в середині ХVІІ ст. висував київський митрополит Петро Могила. Зауважено, що на думку Петра Вавженюка, духовенство мало бути і основною рушійною силою у поширенні унії в єпархії. Мета статті – проаналізувати внесок праць Петра Вавженюка у дослідження проблеми поширення унії у Львівській єпархії та реформаційної діяльності єпископа Йосифа Шумлянського. Методологія дослідження базується на використанні загальнонаукових (аналіз, синтез, узагальнення) та спеціально-історичних (історико-типологічний, історико-системний) методів. Наукова новизна статті – вперше проаналізовано концепції Петра Вавженюка про реформаційну діяльність Йосифа Шумлянського. Висновки. Відтак реформаційна діяльність Йосифа Шумлянського була спрямована і на те, щоб переконати руське духовенство у перевагах католицької релігійної культури. Підкреслюється, що об'єктивними є висновки Петра Вавженюка, що під патронатом польського уряду, який був зацікавлений у поширенні унії в краї, львівський єпископ виборов доволі широкі привілеї для духовенства та підвищив його соціально-правовий статус. Унійні процеси у західних єпархіях Київської митрополії відповідали політичним інтересам Речі Посполитої – ізолювати руську церкву від впливів Константинопольського і Московського патріархатів.

Summary. The purpose of the article is to publish and analyze the information about the extraordinary events and immoral manifestations in the parts of Lviv military district (November 1945) as a source to the history of studying of Sovietisation peculiarities of the Western Ukrainian region, and to a comprehensive study of the issue of the violation of socialist legitimacy in these areas. Research methodology – the principles of scientificity, objectivity, historicism, methods of external and internal criticism of sources. The scientific novelty is that it was the first time when the information about extraordinary events and immoral manifestations in the parts of Lviv Military District (November 1945) and its analysis is introduced in scientific circulation. Conclusions. The published information about extraordinary events and immoral manifestations in the parts of Lviv Military District (November 1945) (State Security Service of Ukraine, f. 71: the acts of transfer of archival documentary materials of the KGB in Lviv region to the archive (1939‒1991), des. 4, case 8, pp. 162‒165) is an important source as to the history of studying of the features of the Sovietisation of the Western Ukrainian region and to a comprehensive study of the violation of socialist legitimacy on the above mentioned territory. According to the information potential, the published document is quite large. It shows the variety of violations throughout November 1945 by servicemen of the parts of Lviv military district. The document shows that lack of discipline became one of the elements that gave rise to crime. It was created the situation of complete lawlessness, total violation in military units, which was done by both ordinary employees and the heads of departments. The majority of crimes were committed in a state of heavy alcohol intoxication. In particular, illegal detention and imprisonment, robberies, rapes, murders. An interesting fact is included in this document – on October 31, four soldiers of 112 Rifle Division in the village Konstantynivka, Sarny district of Rivne region were engaged in looting, and when local residents tried to detain them, they began to impersonate themselves as banderivtsi. ; Анотація. Мета статті – опублікувати і проаналізувати довідку про надзвичайні події та аморальні прояви у частинах Львівського воєнного округу (листопад 1945 р.) як джерело до історії вивчення особливостей радянізації західноукраїнського регіону, так і до комплексного вивчення питання порушення соціалістичної законності на вказаних теренах. Методологія дослідження – принципи науковості, об'єктивності, історизму, методи зовнішньої та внутрішньої критики джерел. Наукова новизна полягає у тому, що вперше вводиться до наукового обігу довідка про надзвичайні події та аморальні прояви у частинах Львівського воєнного округу (листопад 1945 р.) та здійснюється її аналіз. Висновки. Публікована нами довідка про надзвичайні події й аморальні прояви у частинах Львівського воєнного округу (листопад 1945 р.) (ГДА СБУ, ф. 71: акти передачі архівних документальних матеріалів УКДБ у Львівській області в архів (1939–1991 рр.), опис 4, справа 8, аркуш 162–165зв.) є важливим джерелом як до історії вивчення особливостей радянізації західноукраїнського регіону, так і до комплексного вивчення питання порушення соціалістичної законності на вказаних теренах. За інформаційним потенціалом публікований документ достатньо великий. Він показує різноманітні порушення упродовж листопада 1945 р. військовослужбовцями частин Львівського воєнного округу. З документа видно, що відсутність дисципліни стала одним із елементів, який породжував злочинність. У військових частинах витворилася ситуація повного беззаконня, тотальних порушень, які вчиняли як звичайні рядові працівники, так і керівники відділів. Більшість злочинів вчинялися у стані сильного алкогольного сп'яніння. Зокрема, незаконні затримання і ув'язнення, пограбування, зґвалтування, вбивства. До цього документа увійшов такий цікавий факт: 31 жовтня чотири військовослужбовці 112 стрілкової дивізії у с. Костянтинівка Сарненського району Рівненської області займалися мародерством, а коли місцеві мешканці намагалися затримати їх, вони почали видавати себе за бандерівців.