Psychotherapie befasst sich nicht nur mit individuellem Leiden, sondern auch mit den Leiden der Gesellschaft. Ich zeige auf, wie individuelles Leiden und gesellschaftliche Verhältnisse in Beziehung stehen und wie erfolgreiche Psychotherapie in die Gesellschaft hineinwirkt und somit eine politische Relevanz hat. Ich zeige Parallelen zwischen Zielen und Strukturen in den Bereichen Politik und Psychotherapie auf, aber auch Brüche. Als Psychotherapeut, der zugleich in einem Kantonsparlament parteipolitisch tätig ist, verweise ich auf die Bedeutung der Kommunikation zwischen Psychotherapie und Politik und ermuntere zu vermehrter Öffentlichkeitsarbeit und damit politischer Betätigung.Schlüsselwörter Psychotherapie; Politik; Gesellschaft; Gestalttherapie; Psychoanalyse; Sozialpolitische Verantwortung; Demokratie; Feldtheorie; System ; Psychotherapy does not only care about individual suffering, it also deals with the suffering of societies. I show how individual suffering and social background are related and how successful psychotherapy has an impact on society and in this way has a political dimension. I show parallelities between the aims and structures in the fields of politics and psychotherapy, but also frictions. As a psychotherapist who is also active as a member of a regional parliament, I point out the importance of communication between psychotherapy and politics and encourage efforts in public relations and political engagement.Keywords Psychotherapy; Politics; Gestalt therapy; Society; Psychoanalysis; Social responsibilty; Democracy; Field theory; System ; Lore Perls, l'une des fondatrices de la thérapie gestalt, dit dans un film de C. Weber et W. Lindner («An der Grenze -Lore Perls und die Gestalttherapie » ; Deutsche Vereinigung für Gestalttherapie, 2005) consacré à sa vie et à sa contribution à la thérapie que « la psychothérapie, c'est un travail politique. » Tous les thérapeutes seront d'accord avec cette phrase, du moins s'ils appartiennent à l'un des courants au sein desquels on trouve une visée émancipatrice, le désir de promouvoir l'autonomie des clients, de les percevoir avec tous leurs besoins et de s'engager pour eux au niveau individuel mais aussi collectif. Lorsque quelqu'un dispose d'une meilleure compétence sociale, celle-ci influe sur son environnement social et a des conséquences concrètes pour ce dernier, ce qui contribue à le faire évoluer. Dans ce sens, la psychothérapie a des effets politiques. Elle les a d'ailleurs même lorsque les thérapeutes s'efforcent d'aider l'individu à mieux fonctionner dans une situation donnée, à s'y adapter et à l'accepter. Dans ce cas, c'est moins un changement qui se produit qu'une stabilisation des conditions sociétales - ce qui représente aussi un acte politique. Sa dimension politique ne peut pas être enlevée à la psychothérapie. Cette dernière n'est jamais apolitique. C'est pourquoi il faut mener une réflexion critique et un débat public à ce sujet. Le présent article doit être considéré comme une contribution à la discussion.Mon intention est de chercher à rendre ceux qui pratiquent une profession sociale, et en particulier les psychothérapeutes, conscients du fait que ce qu'ils font n'est pas seulement un traitement et que leur travail est aussi politique. On sépare trop souvent psychothérapie et politique. Il est faux de penser que ce sont uniquement les partis politiques et leurs représentants qui font de la politique alors que la pratique psychothérapeutique est apolitique. C'est méconnaître l'impact politique du travail du thérapeute et succomber à un mécanisme de projection permettant de refuser toute responsabilité politique et de la déléguer aux partis et aux politiques.Dans la déclaration rédigée par la Charte Suisse pour la psychothérapie, il est indiqué qu'en plus de sa dimension curative, la psychothérapie a également un aspect émancipa-teur. Il y est dit que la guérison ou le soulagement de la souffrance psychique n'est possible que si des ressources personnelles sont développées (émancipation) et sur la base d'une image complète du monde et de l'homme - ainsi d'ailleurs que si l'on se réfère aux travaux de recherche pertinents. C'est ainsi que la psychothérapie a aussi un objectif d'ordre éthique puisqu'elle soutient l'épanouissement des potentiels individuels, mais aussi culturels et sociaux et qu'elle tente de faire naître des rapports équilibrés entre autonomie et adaptation (Charte, version 1991). La psychothérapie doit contribuer à mieux comprendre les phénomènes culturels, sociaux et politiques. Lorsqu'elle ne refuse pas toute prise de conscience au niveau sociétal, socio-économique, sociologique et écologique, elle ne tente plus de simplement de soulager les souffrances individuelles dont la société est responsable et vise aussi à changer le système social auquel le patient appartient ; c'est sa dimension politico-culturelle et émancipatrice. Dans ce sens, la psychothérapie ne s'occupe pas uniquement de la souffrance individuelle mais aussi de la souffrance de la société. Elle ne se contente pas de soulager ou d'éliminer la souffrance individuelle, car elle soutient la capacité qu'a l'individu souffrant à s'engager sur le plan social et donc à influer sur son propre environnement social - ce qui modifie le contexte social à la source de la souffrance individuelle. Ce type de psychothérapie mérite le qualificatif de «durable» et il se situe à l'oppposé d'une démarche psychothérapeutique visant seulement à faire des clients des personnes bien adaptées à la société. En tant que citoyens d'une société, les psychothérapeutes ont le devoir de s'exprimer souvent en public, dans les quotidiens et dans les hebdomadaires, au lieu de se contenter de contribuer à des revues spécialisées et à des congrès réservés aux professionnels. Ils doivent chercher à établir des contacts avec les politiques de leur pays pour leur montrer que leur discipline leur donne la possibilité d'offrir des choses utiles au niveau politique ; ce qui ne veut pas dire qu'ils doivent laisser les politiques les monopoliser. La nature même de la psychothérapie fait d'elle un moteur de changement social. Ceci s'applique autant à son aspect curatif qu'à son aspect émancipateur. Il est clair que c'est ce qui fait que politique et psychothérapie entretiennent des rapports ambivalents.Dans mon article, je développe les idées ci-dessus en me fondant sur mon expérience en tant que psychothérapeute, formateur et membre du Parlement cantonal zurichois. Je traite des parallèles qui existent dans les objectifs que se fixent les thérapeutes et les politiques, mais aussi des conflits qui en résultent. J'indique quelles sont les structures (parallèles) du pouvoir dans le monde de la psychothérapie et dans celui de la politique et demande que les psychothérapeutes ne se contentent pas, comme c'est souvent le cas, de projeter des idées sur les politiciens en pensant, par exemple, que l'univers de la psychothérapie est fondamentalement bon alors que celui de la politique est par nature mauvais. Je montre aussi comment il est possible d'associer travail psychothérapeutique et travail politique.Un de mes articles sur ce thème a déjà été publié en français ; il contient également un exemple de la manière dont la pertinence sociale et politique de la psychothérapie pourrait être cernée dans le cadre de la formation (Schulthess 2005).
The WSU Stewart Library Annual UC-UI Symposium took place from 2001-2007. The collection consists of memorabilia from the symposium including a yearly keepsake, posters, and presentations through panel discussions or individual lectures. ; Audio Recording ; " You Can't Get Anywhere Without Coming to Ogden: Railroading in the American West" a commemorative panel discussion presented at the 2004 Utah Construction/ Utah International Symposium Making Tracks by Dr. Richard Sadler Thursday, October 7, 2004 2 I grew up on the west side of the Salt Lake Valley and often was involved with, including a couple of summers, working on the railroad that went from Bingham to Magna that carried copper ore from the 1920s, and continues today to carry a concentrated copper that is milled at Copperton to the smelter and refinery on the north end of the Oquirrh mountains. In 1960 I traveled on a one way ticket from Salt Lake on the Western Pacific Railroad on the Feather River route. And as we talked about the Western Pacific I was telling my friend John Sillito I traveled that route, I can tell you what it was like. For many of us railroads are nostalgic. As I thought about us coming together today I thought some of you may have heard Peter, Paul, and Mary saying, " If you miss the train I am on, you will know that I am gone. You can hear the whistle blow…" How far? "… a hundred miles." Some of you will have heard Arlo Guthrie singing, " Riding on the city of New Orleans" traveling from Chicago through Tennessee to New Orleans. Some of you may have seen Gene Wilder in the film Silver Streak. We have railroads in both history and folklore. One hundred and fifty years ago people were talking all about John Henry, that steel driving man, who put himself up against a machine to see who could lay track the quickest. How about Casey Jones the engineer. And how about songs like, " I've been working on the railroad, all the live- long day. I've been working on the railroad to pass the time of day." Of course the live- long day may have meant a twelve hour working 3 day. " Don't you hear the whistle blowing; rise up so early in the morn. Don't you hear the captain shouting, Dina blow your horn." In 1765, the same year that the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act, which would lead, in part, to independence in America, James Watt, a Scotsman, invented an efficient steam engine. Seventeen years later in 1782 he patented it a steam engine that had pistons that would both push and pull and allow energy to be transmitted both ways when it pushed and pulled. The first important railroad in the United States was the Baltimore and Ohio which was begun in 1827 and then, in 1829, Peter Cooper, a New York manufacturer, built a steam engine he called the Tom Thumb. The Tom Thumb was an embarrassment to him because it lost a race against a horse because a belt slipped! It was still not powered in a way that locomotives would soon be powered. In 1833 when the Baltimore and Ohio had 133 miles of track, that was the longest stretch of track in the world. One American who dreamed of a transcontinental railroad and pushed for it in the decade of the 1840s was a man by the name of Asa Whitney. And, of course, two decades later Ogden would become the junction center for the first transcontinental railroad in the world. Railroads in the 19th and early 20th centuries were, to those folks, what today automobiles, rockets, and airplanes are all in one for us. So when we consider how important railroads were for those people, there is some nostalgia attached to it. For example, Carl Sandburg in his poem about Chicago said, " Hot butcher for the world, toolmaker, stacker of 4 wheat, player with railroads, and the nations freight handler, stormy, husky, brawling, a city of big shoulders." Not everyone loved railroads. Henry David Thoreau writing at Walden in 1846 said, " We do not ride upon the railroad, it rides upon us." So there were alternative points of view. I also liked him writing in Walden, " Beware of all enterprises that require new clothes." Another author, Philip Guedalla said, " The true history of the United States is the history of transportation. In which the names or railroad presidents are more significant than those of Presidents of the United States." Bret Hart writing about the May 10, 1869 joining of the rail said, " What was it that the engines said there, and for us we would say at Promontory, touching head to head, facing on a single track, with half a world behind each back?" Here we are in the area of the first transcontinental railroad of the world. Edna St. Vincent Malay and her poem entitled " Travel" said, " My heart is warm with the friends I make and better friends I'll not be knowing. Yet, there isn't a train I wouldn't take, no matter where it's going." And finally Langston Hughes, black poet with great feeling, wrote in his poem " Homesick Blues," " De railroad bridge's a sad song in the air. Ever time the trains pass I wants to go somewhere." So that whistle that still blows in Ogden, and Sacramento, and Omaha, and that even sometimes wakes us up at night, my friend Leisel Large up in Oregon, I am sure it blows a whistle up there too. We are going to be introduced today by my colleagues. I am delighted to introduce Dr. Kathryn MacKay, a member of our history faculty here at Weber, who is going to bring us to Ogden from the East and the Union Pacific Railroad. 5 She will be followed by Dr. Stan Layton, also a member of our history faculty but formerly the editor of the Utah Historical Quarterly for three decades. Stan does not look that old but he started young. He is going to bring us to Ogden from the West and talk about the Central and Southern and Western Pacific. And then our colleague Dr. Richard Roberts, emeritus professor of history, is going to talk about the Utah Central railroad and Ogden as a railroad center so we'll turn the time to these folks. Then we'll ask you for some questions and end up the discussion in that fashion. Does that sound alright? Thank you, Dr. MacKay.
Abstrak Seksisme merupakan suatu hal yang memegang peranan penting dalam film ini. Diskriminasi sangat erat kaitannya dengan kemunculan seksisme. Disini para tokoh yang didasari sifat, bahasa dan latar belakang masing-masing yang memerankan peranan penting dalam munculnya seksisme bahasa di alur cerita dalam studi ini. Dalam film yang di produseri oleh Saul Dibb ini, terdapat empat tokoh yang saling berkaitan dengan masalah internal pernikahan antara Duke dan Duchess dari Devonshire yang membuat keberadaan wanita diremehkan dan dipandang sebelah mata. Teori dari Sara Mills digunakan karena berkaitan dengan bahasa seksis baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung seperti dalam pemilihan kata atau perumpamaan. Terdapat enam tipe bahasa seksis yaitu: kata generik, derivatif, istilah non-paralel yang menunjukkan semantik degenerasi, seksisme dalam pepatah, seksisme dalam kata-kata makian. Melalui hasil tersebut, studi ini mampu menunjukkan efek atau akibat dari keberadaan bahasa seksis dalam film yang berlatar belakang seksisme ini. Kata Kunci: gender, seksisme, bahasa seksis. Abstract Sexism plays an important role in this film. Discrimination is closely associated with the appearance of sexism. The figures here are based on the character personality, language and background of characters which plays an important role in the emergence of sexism in the language of the storyline in this study. The film which was produced by Saul Dibb, there are four interrelated characters with internal marital problem between the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire who makes women presence underrated and underestimated. Sara Mills theory is used because it is associated with sexist language either directly or indirectly as in the choice of words or metaphorical. There are six types of sexist language, namely: the generic, derivative, non-parallel terms that indicate semantic degeneration, sexism in proverb, sexism in swear words. Through these results, this study was able to demonstrate the effect or result of the presence of sexist language in the film which has a sexism background. Keywords: gender, sexism, sexist language. Introduction Socially, women almost differ in terms of social role in the society; they are considered as a person who does not need a high position and education as men had, women are only needed to maintain the housework and caring the children or having a domestic business in order can also keep their babies in the same time. Women always underestimated as the second or lower creature whereas man as the higher than women from any things. This fact will factually create discrimination and gap between men and women. Women is lack of reproductive, sexual harrasment, and men's violence againts women. In brief, the discourse of women discrimination definitely cannot be separated from the discourse of patriarchal culture. It shows in a lot of part in our country that women mistreatment is still and always exist. Attitudes and behaviour based on traditional assumptions about women, the stereotypes of women, sexual roles in society have been become phenomenon and belief in our life. It comes from every people minds to think and behave through that traditional assumptions. We know that as people no matter the sex wants to treat as well and equal in any aspect of life. Women inhabited a separate, private sphere, one suitable for the so called inherent qualities of femininity: emotion, passivity, submission, dependence, and selflessness, all derived, it was claimed insistently, form women's sexual and reproductive organization" (Kent, 1990: 30). Allowing the principle that has been made by men assumption and belief, women consciously made by men like dependence, passive, low and tractable. As Susan Kent observes: "Women were so exclusively identified by their sexual functions that nineteenth-century society came to regard them as 'the Sex'" (Kent, 1990:32). This research studies about some social phenomenon that are found in our society through the visual media such as movie. The aim of this research is to describe the sexist language that used by the characters in The Duchess movie. This research gives understanding of sexist language and the way how it is used in movie dialogue. The kinds of types of sexist language that found in The Duchess movie based on overt sexism and indirect sexism or contextually meaning and the diction based on Sara Mills theory. SEXIST LANGUAGE Researchers are mainly concerned about female and male differences in language use and the reasons behind the phenomenon. They stick to the view that language itself is not sexist, but the society is. The social sexism is transferred to language by human being, and at the same time, sexist and insulting words may reinforce biased view, and changes in the society may be reflected. So language is not only a guide, it is even a mirror that reflects the sexism in social reality, and at the same time, it makes people see the social reality more clearly. Sexist language is language that expresses bias in favor of one sex and thus treats the other sex in a discriminatory manner. In most cases, the bias is in favor of men and against women. All kinds of unequal phenomena in society including gender bias are bound to be reflected on its lexis. Gu Jiazu (2002) thinks English as a sexist language is marked with distinctive sexist factors, among which the lexis is the most important aspect. There also have been many critical feminist surveys of English lexis (Nilsen et al., 1977; Schulz, 1990) which have argued that sexism is inherent in many of the labels which English speakers use. Some feminists have pursued the idea that there exist lexical gaps in the language-aspects of women's lives which are commonplace, but have no words to describe them (Spender, 1985). So it is frequently argued that these usages are sexist. Mills suggests that there are two forms of sexism which are overt and indirect sexism. Overt sexism is clear and unambiguous, while indirect sexism can only be understood contextually in relation to the interpretation of surrounding utterances. Indirect sexism is extremely common and therefore need ways to challenge and analyze its usage in language. (Mills, 2008). OVERT SEXISM According the Sara Mills's theory, there are two types of sexism which are overt sexism and indirect sexism. Overt sexism is one of the parts of sexism which can be clearly be understood with some forms that can be generalized about linguistically and contextually. Overt or direct sexism is the type of usage which can be straightforwardly identified through the use of linguistics markers, or through the analysis of presupposition, which has historically been associated with the expression of discriminatory opinions about women, which signals to hearers that women are seen as an inferior group in relation to males. (Mills, 2008:11). There are some forms of overt sexism such as: Generic nouns, derivational, non-parallel term, sexism in proverb and sexism in swear words. In the other hand, there is also indirect sexism. It necessary to consider more details the proposition. It will be rather difficult to analyze because the reader can be understood because the reader must be really understand with the transparent source of data as like in the script. It shows indirectly in metaphor and irony that usually exaggerate in stereotyping one sex. In society, men are considered the norm of the human species. They are viewed as those representing all the human beings, male and female. Simply, it can be said that "male = "human" norm. This practice makes women invisible in language. In addition, it marginalizes women and reflects a male dominated society. In accordance to that, Sara Mills and some supporting linguists gives a guideline how to identify the linguistic structure differences used in English, we can analyze morphologically by these following ways: a. Generic nouns Another well-known example of generic masculine term is "man". Man and woman as two equal components of human race are actually not equal in English lexicon. Man, besides its reference to male human being can also refer to the whole race. The usage in a general sense of man makes woman invisible. For example; (1) All men must die. (2) Man is a social animal. It is easy to see that "man", and "men" can be used generically to refer to both male and female. In the first sentence the word Men refers to human being. Despite this, in the second sentence also state the word Man in which it is a human species or animal. Thus, man makes males linguistically visible and females linguistically invisible. From this, one can know that in English using "man" or "men" indicates "the human race", they treat man as the center of the society, an embodiment of criterion and totally ignore the existence of woman. b. Generic Pronouns (he, his, him) In English there are a group of nouns of common gender, which refer to either male or female such as student, person, teacher, etc. When such nouns are used with generic reference in single form, the traditional grammar advocates to use the masculine pronouns in the context for the purpose of coherence with generic nouns.( Zhang Zhenbang,1995). Generic pronouns are pronouns that are said to refer, with equal likelihood, to woman and men. But the English language ignores women by allowing masculine terms to be used specifically to refer to males and commonly to refer to human beings in general. According to the rule of traditional grammar when the indefinite pronoun one is used for generic reference, then in the context usually one, one's, or himself is used to be its relevance. But in order to avoid repetition, he, his, him, or himself is chosen, especially in American English (Zhang Zhenbang,1995) See the examples: (1) If one wants to see the ruins, he must find his own guide. (2) Everyone must do his work well. In the first and second sentences, one and Everyone refers to the concept of people, which is a concept of common gender, we do not know they are men or women but it uses masculine pronoun. He and his in the context formally manifests the imagery of men but semantically represents people of either gender. The operation of the grammatical rule conventionally elevates the status of the masculine pronouns and lowers the feminine ones. c. Derivational "In English, derivational morphemes are mainly prefixes and suffixes. These affixes often change the part of the stem. The affixes thereby help us to identify relationships within words". Derivation is a way of word formation. It forms a word with meaning and category distinct from that of its base through the addition of an affix. The original base is the core of the formed word and carries the main complements of its meaning. The affixes are always bound morphemes, which carries information about meaning or function. In English lexicon, one of the most obvious evidences of the sexism is the affixes which lead to a view of women as a derivation from a male term. The feminine one is always derivative of the masculine one by adding a feminine suffix such as -ess and –ette. Actor, for instance, with the meaning of "a person who plays the part of a character in a movie or play", when attached to a feminine suffix –ess, becomes actress with the meaning of "woman with profession similar to those of "actor" and as for –ette, when usher is adhered to –ette, it becomes usherette. Such pairs of the words are of long lists in English lexicon. Here just list some of sexist based on its derivational: Ambassador - ambassadress Prince - princess Poet - poetess Author – authoress Waiter – Waitress Manager – Manageress That some of lists of sexist derivational word have different meaning based on the classification usage for men or women. The examples show and prove that the suffixes -ette and –ess are for woman only. It is considered sexist because when men do not need any affixes to refer to them, women need it. Furthermore, the terms in the right side are the feminine terms which are only indicated to the women only. Those feminine accents in the words ambassadress, duchess, princess and poetess and so on are not referred to the men or even to all human being, but those are especially marked to the women. d. The Non-Parallel Term The non parallel term between men and women are also the real example how sexist the English is. In accordance to that, Lakoff pointed out that words that were once equivalent terms for males and females have often diverged in meaning over time. (Chaika, Elaine.1982:205). Non parallel term or semantic derogation between men and women are also the real example how sexist the English is. In accordance to that, Lakoff pointed out that words that were once equivalent terms for males and females have often diverged in meaning over time. Consider these following examples: Mrs, Ms – Mr Mister – Mistress Governor – Governess Lady –Lord Lady – gentleman From the description above, none of feminine terms in the list connotes the same degrees as the masculine terms and almost all of them acquired as secondary sexual connotation. Lexicographers have noted that, once a word or term becomes associated with women, it often acquires semantics characteristics that are congruent with social stereotypes and evaluations of women as a group, a process that has variously been termed 'semantic derogation' (Shulz, 1975), 'semantic degeneration' (Miller and Swift, 1976) and 'semantic polarization' (Eakins and Eakins, 1978). e. SEXISM IN PROVERBS Proverbs are a short pithy saying in common and recognized use; a concise sentence, often metaphorical or alliterative in form which is held to express some truth as-curtained by experience or observation. The fact that there are many English proverbs which contain the words discriminating, distinguishing women, making women are worry about it. Since proverbs are standard, it is hard to change and create new proverbs substituting the old ones. Consider these following examples of English proverbs: 1."A man is as old as he feels, and a woman as old as she looks" this example implicitly creates an image that this sexist saying suggest that men age better than women. 2. "A man's home is his castle". This example also discriminate the women. It implicitly create an image that the peaceful and lovely house is only man has. 3."A good man is hard to find" the proverbs means that the difficulties for woman to fin a good man that is suitable for them. Or in finding male patner. f. SEXISM IN SWEAR WORDS The swear words is an expression in sometimes conscious or unconsciously said by speaker who is in a bad condition. In some area swear words is a kind of taboo to say, but in the others are very common and probably become a habit. Those swear words are used to insult, to curse, to offend, or to mock at something or someone when the speaker strong emotion which the impact can trivialize women position. Swearing is the way someone uses obscene words orally to insult, to curse or even to offend something (someone or action). Also, for emphasizing when the persons have strong emotion (Hughes, 1991). Usually, when someone has been insulted, someone will feel offended and easy to be angry. According to Crystal (1997) as cited in (Adeoye: 2005), sexist swear words is regarded as an emotive or expressive function of language. Hughes (1991: 224-225) claims that people tend to swear when he/ she angry or disappointed. They are also likely to swear when they would like to express antagonism, frustration, surprise, anger, and shock. Usually some words that belong to this category are fuck, cunt, shit. Swear words are very common in people's ears, because it sometimes said in the public society or even in the movie. There are several reasons why does swearing occur: 1. To express feeling in words rather than in actions, especially if you do not have bigger vocabulary (Crystal, 1995: 156). 2. To express their anger and frustration. 3. To seem brave. 4. To make people afraid when they have been violence by someone in the form of sex or other violence. 5. To imitate what other people do. There are very little swear words have been written for language learners, yet nearly all- native speakers use it in daily communication. The term such as: "fuck", "damn","bastard", "son of a bitch, "motherfucker", "asshole", and "bitch". That can be used as the examples of sexist swear words which provoke the violent confrontation. In other words, according to Eisenson and Boase (in Liedlich, 1973: 107), there is some words that is not supposed to be say in the public society, because it brings the negative meaning for the speaker also the listeners. It also makes a bad habit that the speaker feels very common. If there is someone uses obscene words to swear other people will judge them as people who are impolite, do not have high and well education or having less vocabulary. Those examples above are definitely can refer to both sexes man and women. Unfortunately, in practice those words are mostly indicated to the women behaviors and attitudes. It is the fact that English has linguistic and semantic discrimination through the practice of language usage; it is briefly can be seen in the word motherfucker and bitch. INDIRECT SEXISM According to Sara Mills, she said that indirect sexism is ironising sexism. Since it both challenging overt sexism and keeps it in play. Benwell (2006) terms this type of indirect sexism 'new sexism'. She also adds that it's very reminiscent of, it is not identical to past forms of sexism which clearly shown. It differentiates of they way overt sexism and indirect sexism is used. This type of new sexism is bring the outdated notions of sexism become new term one. That is why Williamson also called this new type of sexism as 'retro-sexism'. The fact that the humor and irony are used when being sexist does not change the nature of sexism itself, but it just only interpreting simply and different way of respond the new sexism. This term of sexism used to categorize a set of stereotypical beliefs about women which cannot be directly related to a certain linguistic usage or features. (Mills, 2008:10). Overt sexism is now largely seen as anachronistic and so it has been driven underground; indirect sexism is one which in some ways attempts to deny responsibility for an utterance, mediating the utterance through irony or disguising the force of the sexism of the utterance through humor, innuendo, embedding sexism at the level of presupposition, or prefacing sexist statements with disclaimers or hesitation (Mills, 1998:135). Indirect sexism can be found in several aspects such as humor and irony, scripts and metaphor. For example in jokes, it is a complex way constituting women as 'minority group' without taking responsibility for that exclusion. Sexist jokes allow generally unacceptable views of women to be expressed, because the person usually tells the jokes generally can claim that they themselves did not make up the joke. (Mills, 2008:71). Metaphor The narrative pathway or script is brought to play in new reports about women and men in a public sphere. This indirect sexism refers to women implicitly. It uses things to refers to the object either men or women. Irony Irony is a common strategy for humorous remarks about women. The term of ironic sexism is often satire the object in polite way. Irony involves a difference or contrast between appearance and reality - that is a discrepancy between what appears to be true and what really is true. RESEARCH METHOD According to Bogdan and Taylor in Moleong (2007:4), descriptive qualitative research is a research procedure that represents data either written or spoken from the people and behaviors which can be observed. In addition, Krik and Miller in Moloeng (2007:4) defines the descriptive qualitative ad a certain tradition in social sciences fundamentally relies on human observation in its own religion and deals with these people in language and terminologies. Qualitative research is mostly associated with words, language and experiences rather than measurements, statistics and numeral figures. Furthermore, in analyzing the types of sexism which are used by the characters of The Duchess Movie, it will be conducted by using the descriptive qualitative research. Qualitative approach is taken because the decided research efforts in discussing, analyzing and finding the social phenomena which is running naturally; it is not a controlled or based on laboratory research. The collected data are the subjects of experiences and perspectives; the researcher attempts to arrive at a rich description of the people, objects, events or conversations and so on. The data are from the words, phrases, clauses, or sentences that found in the dialogues of some characters. The researcher uses this method because she wants to get a brief description and a rich understanding about the expressions of sexist language and the classification which categorized as sexist gender biased based on linguistics terms in The Duchess movie. The source of the data which is used by the researcher is taken from the conversation or dialogues which is in the script and the movie of The Duchess. The characters who will be analyzed are Georgiana as a Duchess, The Duke Devonshire, Lady Elizabeth (Bess), and Charles Grey. In addition, to avoid the research becomes wide and broad, the researcher used a theory to identify and to classify, identify and analyze the types of sexist language. There are some theory which is gathered some sexist theory to support and complete the main theory. This study used the theory of Sara Mills in "Language and Sexism" and Philip M. Smith "Language, The Sexes and Society". It also helpes and completes by some supporting theory from other linguists in describing the types of sexist language in journals. The reason of the researcher gathers and combines the theory because to make the analysis become details and complete. It also adds some information of sexist language types. Most of the data will be found in the types of overt and indirect sexism, because the researcher concern in the words, phrases, utterances or sentences in many setting in this movie. The researcher chooses those characters because the other characters do not influence much about the gender discrimination which appears in the story. The theme of this movie is about internal gender discrimination in The Duke and The Duchess marriage, so it is not possible for other characters to interfere. In the technique of the data analysis, the researcher begins to analyze the data toward the procedures. In conducting the research procedure, the researcher follows three steps. The first, the researcher classifies the data which are words, utterances or sentences in based on its types of sexism orderly. The second, the researcher describes those data based on the two classifications of sexism which are overt and indirect sexism. The data is in the form of words, proverbs and utterances. The third, the researcher describes the existence of the sexist language which exists in The Duchess movie. DISCUSSION The analysis of sexist language or expression in discriminating sexes inappropriately above is used to drawing attention to the way language used to represent women in that movie. According to the data analysis and finding of the types of sexist language linguistically above, the researcher found six types of sexist language in The Duchess movie. They are consist of sexism in word such as the use of generic noun, derivational, non-parallel term which shows semantics degeneration, sexism in proverbs, sexism in swear words, and indirect sexism such as metaphor and irony. Some characters such as The Duke (William Cavendish), Duchess (Georgiana Spencer), The Duke's mistress (Lady Elizabeth Foster) and Georgiana's secret affair (Charles Grey) are used some term in sexist language by Sara Mills in the movie. The generic noun is term which is used to refer both men and women, but in effect it often refers to men only. Generic noun perform very useful function of allowing us to refer to an entire class of entities with a single word, and most if not all languages have one or more forms that can be used to designate members of the human species in general. This term applied when the speaker Georgiana unconsciously says in her speech when The Duke and her held in Bath Assembly room at night. She said that, "only two specimens of this rare bird are known to man." The word man here is used to gather both men and women knowledge about the two rare bird. She uses that word because of the reason for the recent attention surrounding this term is the growth of awareness about the portrait of the social order implied in which the male are half of the species whose members dominate. The word "man" used by Georgiana is because to respect the dominating of male in the society. People often refer to themselves and using nouns that describe an occupation or performance of an activity, such as "Duchess" in the datum (2), "Let them talk! Grey makes me a fallen woman, well and good, now William may divorce me and Bess becomes Duchess of Devonshire!". It seems clear that the great majority of such terms more readily evoke the image of man than of a woman. Some feminists have argued that the addition of diminutive suffix to agent nouns results in the term that have less semantic potency than unaltered counterpart, and that this both causes and reflects a devaluation of those who occupy this agent roles (Smith, 1953:46). Derivational suffix which found in this movie takes when Georgiana or the speaker says emotionally that Bess can become a Duchess of Devonshire in The Duke allows and gives his arrangement to have a relationship with Charles Grey. Based on the definition of the word "Duchess", it means as a noblewoman or a woman holding a rank equivalent to duke in her own right. Duchess (female) can either be a monarch ruling over a duchy or a member of the nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch. The word "duchess" is added by feminine suffix –ess to identify that the agent noun uses female reference. Based on the representation of Duke and "Duchess", they are different. Duke tends to manage the social economy, politic, and something which is valuable. In inversely different with the job description of "duchess" who is only manage about the simple thing. In addition, the position of "duchess" in this movie shows that also, she has no special except in little space in Whig, and for the rest she only cares about what she should care as a mother. Based on the job description of "duchess", it shows that the position of The Duke always becomes superior. So, when there are agents nouns placed in one sentences, it seems that the old maxim "Duke and Duchess" is more honored in the breach than the observance. In fact, little is known about the psychological significance of the word order pairs like this, and the fact that women often come second or may not signify to the listener that they have less status or importance than the male. In addition, the term of non-parallel implied because of some reason deals with women social status at that time. "Mr", "Mistress", "Lady/ladies - Gentlemen", "Governor", and "Lover" are the sexist language which found in the movie. From those words, we can see that there is no similar meaning from its pairs. Meanwhile, those words have implicit meaning which degenerates women become lower status from the pairs. It can be conclude that most women as the speaker of the words above are aware about the condition of women whom trivialized by men physically and mentally. From the word "mistress", "lady" and "lover", all of them have similar meaning as women who are become a man maid of desire or tend to be having lower status. While the word "Mr", "governor" and "gentlemen" are also treated as sexist because it has higher social status than its pairs. None of feminine terms in the list of data above connotes the same degree of strength or power as its masculine counterpart, and almost all of them have acquired as secondary sexual connotation. The character of The Duke in the datum (8), "That's one way of putting it. Your mother called it 'common decency before personal gratification', or some such thing… the exact words escape me…" shows about the sexism in proverb about the matter of social interest. He tries to give an example from Georgiana's mother quotation which grabs by him. According to the definition of proverb, it means short pithy saying in frequent and widespread use that expresses a basic truth or practical precept. In general use, that proverb states about a general truth or piece of advice to the hearer, Georgiana. That proverb has an implicit meaning that the position of the Duke is always strong in the matter of conducting his wife. In the other words, Georgiana has to follow what her husband as to do. In this circumstance, the position of Georgiana is awry. She has to choose between her children or her desire and affection of Charles Grey which she doesn't get from her husband. As the main Character, The Duke always becomes the centre of the society. He should speak politely. In the other hand, in some cases he cannot put himself in that situation. Based on The Duke character personality, he kinds of man who is introvert, cannot control his emotion and has a switch temper that can be changed in certain time. So, he often expresses his anger or dissatisfaction through something near him. He also often use sexist swear word to release it such as "damn", "hell", and "bastard". Those words are deal with death term which uses to mock or curse people. That term also to express The Duke feeling rather than in action, especially he does not have bigger vocabulary. In the datum (15), "Give me a son and then do what the hell you want, as long as you do it discreetly. Until then you stay here and do as I say." The Duke says "hell" to express his frustration of his failure to obtain a male heir from Georgiana. Furthermore, this sexist swears word helps by his action in intimidates his wife by hurting her in action. The other main characters, Georgiana often use parable or imagery to reflect her own circumstances. The imagery and parable itself categorized as indirect sexism term. The data which treated as indirect in the movie are "male company, "imprisoned", "throw", "you both of another world that does not exist and never will" and "love is an act! It's more than words and undying oaths!" That indirect sexism consists of metaphor and irony. As the definition of indirect sexism, it cannot be understood by linguistics markers but using contextual meaning. Metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. It can also regards as representative or symbolic of something else, esp. something abstract. In this case, the character of Georgiana often uses this term to symbolize herself which is bridled in her own internal marriage problem. The other character, Bess also express her sadness and disappointment of being left by her husband because of his "mistress" in datum (5). The fact that metaphor and irony are used when being sexist does not change the nature of sexism itself, but it rather simply changes the way it can be responded to. From those terms of sexist languages which found in The Duchess movie, it can be concluded that the sexist language related with those character because of the impact of the sexist theme occurs in that internal marriage problem. The impact of those sexist languages to the theme of the movie is when those utterances make the women participation underestimated more. The significance effects shows when inequality between men and women, social inequalities which women have and the position of men who do not want to be defeated by circumstances of women influence to the theme of the movie. The existence of sexist language is also because the aspects of character personality, language, background and its context. Character personality takes part in the analysis because the speakers unconsciously speak it refers to their character. For example like The Duke, he often uses kind of sexist swear word in order to replace his anger in to the word or someone close. It is because The Duke is introvert, close and has a switch temper which can be changed in certain time. It similar with Charles Grey, as a man, he also temperamental when he knows something inappropriate as like Georgiana fake promise and prefer to go back for her children rather than him. In the other hand, if Georgiana and Bess as representative from women sides they tend to be polite and use their feeling rather than logic in their problem. The choice of word which used by those characters mostly reflects their circumstances as women at that time. From those characters personality, we can see that words which that use reflect each people characters. That choice of words absolutely influences to their language when they speak such as in the term of sexist swear word which mostly expressed by The Duke. Furthermore, character personality and language cannot be separated with the context and background of each people and movie at that time. The speakers will consider the language which they will use based on the context of the talks. The background here used to support the situation of the character based on place and time in their situation or in this case is in Victorian era. The background may be a stereotype or culture of certain gender. The most data commonly found in non-parallel term, indirect sexism and sexism in swear words. It is because the women condition cannot be equated with men. People at that time still holding patriarchal culture which means the position of men is superior and holding every aspect. They often underestimate women self-esteem to become men mistress whom can be throwing away anytime. Women seem like do not have strength to be independent without men position in front of them. Men are allowed to have more than one mistress even they are a centre of society. On the other hand, when women try to express their feeling to other men it considers as improper behavior and taboo. All of utterances which have been said by the characters are reflecting their character personality. Based on the explanation of the existing of sexist language above, there are some reasons that make the women circumstances become weak in physically and mentally. This evolutionary reasoning provided justification for the emotional and mental differences between men and women. At last, sexism can be existing because of stereotype of women and it reflects to the culture. The character personality helps to make it clear where the mental and emotional aspects involve in indicating their existence through language. Those stereotypes create morals and social values that applied until this time. The only way of changing that social structure is to make the position of men and women equally same no matter what. CONCLUSION This chapter presents the conclusion and suggestion based on the analysis and finding in chapter four. The finding shows the sexism by the characters in the movie involves overt and indirect sexism. Overt sexism is a type of usage which can be identified directly through the linguistic markers. While indirect sexism can only be understood contextually in relation to the interpretation of surrounding utterances. However, this term of sexism used to categorize a set of stereotypical beliefs about women which cannot directly analyzed by linguistic features. The linguistics features of sexism are divided into several types, as follows: (1) Sexism in words. The using of man in "Well, only two specimens of this rare bird are known to man" considers as generic nouns which should be referred to both of sex. (2) Sexism in words of using English pairs or word order of words showing non parallel term or semantic degeneration between men and women such as the word Mr "In the play this evening, there was a scene in which Lady Teazle and Mr. Surface discuss their affair", Ladies, gentlemen, and mistress "My husband, Mr. Foster, is enjoying his mistress in Bournemouth, and I wanted some diversion.". This non parallel term shows that there are semantic derogations between men and women position. (3) Sexism in words using suffix –ess in "Let them talk! Grey makes me a fallen woman, well and good, now William may divorce me and Bess becomes Duchess of Devonshire!" as job occupations of profession such as Duchess. This type of sexism in words shown that the discrimination through gender divisions still exists in the matter of word order. (4) Sexism in Proverb. There is only one analysis which found as sexism in proverb as like "common decency before personal gratification". It related to the high power of men than women. This kind of English proverb seems like the metaphorical of men who held to express the position of men that is always unbalance and prioritized than women. (5) Indirect sexism. This new term is not related to the certain set of linguistic usage and features but contextually of a diction which replace and describe their speaker situation. Indirect sexism which found in this research is about metaphor and irony such as "How about 'imprisoned' in my own house'?" and "I'm ill at ease with male company for the moment.". (6) The last is sexism in swear words. There are various kinds of swear words which used by the character of the movie such as "hell" as like this utterance: "Give me a son and then do what the hell you want, as long as you do it discreetly.", "bastard" in this utterance:"Three boys??? Do you think I can make those bastards my heirs? Well, do you?" and the insulting term for women such as "whore", "Be quite you fool! (to Georgiana). Are you his whore?!". The usage of sexist swear words express their disagreement, anger or objectionable depends on the context and problem of the character. In addition, there is no general neutral term to replace the words. The last is In addition, some aspects of sexist language existing in the movie are character personality, language, background and its context. All of those aspects are interrelated and interconnected each other. Based on the finding, the character personality influences more because it reflects to their language they use. Their language will refer to their position as a centre role model that perceived by public. While the background and context reflects women stereotypical knowledge in Victorian era which bring the character of women discriminated by men. SUGGESTION Using a language without regard to the gender classification is expected to minimize the woman discrimination in the language. So, the researcher wants to contribute some suggestion for the next researcher. First, the next researcher can use and complete the analysis by new sexism which is indirect sexism. It used to analyze sexism without directly using linguistics markers but, it uses diction like in metaphorical, humors, irony or satire which trivializes women. Second, the researcher hopes that the next researcher analyzes the source of data by putting the historical background so that they can find out the characteristic of their style of writing. The historical background can use to prove why those sexist languages occurred. Lastly, the researcher hopes that the terms of English indirect sexism will be applied to avoid the use of sexism in written and spoken even it is not linguistically shown in the next research. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Aini, Nur, 2010. The Sexist Swear Words Used by the Characters in Shottas Movie, English Letters and Language Department, Faculty of Humanities and Culture, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang. Brannon, Linda. (2002). Gender: Psychological Perspectives. Chapter 7: Gender Stereotypes: Masculinity and Femininity (pp. 152-76). London: Allyn and Bacon. Cameron, Deborah. (1985). Feminism and Linguistic Theory. London: Macmilan Press Chaika, Elaine. 1982. Language the Social Mirror. Massachusetts: Newbury House Publishers, Inc. He, Guimei. 2010. Journal of Language Teaching and Research of An Analysis of Sexism in English. Academy Publisher manufactured in Finland: Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China. Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 332-335, May 2010. Holmes, Janet. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Addison Westley Longman, Inc., New York. Johnson, Allan G. 2000. The Blackwell dictionary of sociology: A user's guide to sociological language. ISBN978-0-631-21681-0. Retrieved November 21, 2011. Kent, Susan. 1990. Sex and Suffrage in Britain 1860-1914. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Lei, Xiaolan. (2006). Sexism in Language. Northwest Polytechnic University, China. Vol. 5, No.1. Lewin, Miriam (Ed.), In the shadow of the past: Psychology portrays the sexes. New York: Columbia University Press. Lexy J. Moleong, 2007. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosda Karya. Linda Sofia, 2008. The Sexist Language of Jokes Column in Hello Magazine. Thesis, English Letters and Language Department, Faculty of Humanities and Culture, The State Islamic University of Malang. Mills, Sara. 2008. Language and Sexism. Cambridge University Press, New York. Parks, J. B. & Roberton, M. A. (1998). Contemporary arguments against nonsexist language: Blaubergs (1980) revisited. Sex Roles, 39(5&6), 445-461. Smith, Philip M. 1953. Language, Sexes and Society. Basil Blackwell Inc, New York. Wardaugh, Ronald. 1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Page Bros. INTERNET SOURCE http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Sexism.aspx (accessed in January 10th 2013) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism). (accessed in January 10th 2013) http://digilander.libero.it/mgtund/sexism_in_language%202.htm (accessed in March 1st 2013) http://www.victorianweb.org/gender/sextheory.html (accessed in March 28th 2013) http://webpage.pace.edu/nreagin/tempmotherhood/fall2003/3/HisPage.html (accessed in March 28th 2013)
This guide accompanies the following article: The Animal Rights Movement in Theory and Practice: A Review of the Sociological Literature, Compass 6/2 (2012): pp. 166–181, 10.1111/j.1751‐9020.2011.00440.xAuthor's introductionThe animal rights movement has been described as one of the most neglected and misunderstood social movements of our era. However, social movement scholars are beginning to realise the political and moral significance of the world wide animal protection movement at a time when nature itself has been included in the specialist field of environmental sociology. Just as people are beginning to see that nature matters and is not separate from society, nonhuman animals (hereafter animals) too are increasingly perceived as worthy of our respect and consideration. The long‐running animal protection movement which began in England in the 18th century is today better known as the animal rights movement. It is the men and women of this movement who, atypically for a social movement, are campaigning for a species that is not their own. The movement's theories and practices are important for what they do for animals and also because of what the animal rights controversy reveals about human beings.Author recommendsGarner, Robert. 1998. Political Animals: Animal Protection Policies in Britain and the United States. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.The book describes the progress made by the animal protection movement in the two countries where animal rights protests have been most prominent. The author presents a comprehensive examination of animal welfare policies in Britain and the US thus providing an informative comparative study of the movement's relationship with the state in these two countries. Garner's focus on policy networks corresponds to the sociologist's concept of social movement organizations. More than fifty such organizations balanced evenly between animal protectionists and animal‐user industries are discussed in the book. Political Animals provides an excellent introduction to the politics of animal rights, although missing in the accounts are the voices of the animal activists and their opponents. In the final analysis, it is the meaning activists attribute to their cause that drives the movement, a fact which Garner tacitly acknowledges.Imhoff, Daniel (ed) 2010. The CAFO Reader: The Tragedy of Industrial Animal Factories. Published by the Foundation for Deep Ecology with Watershed Media, Berkeley, LA: University of California Press.The Reader's subject – concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO) – covers most of the topics relevant to factory farmed animals and is divided into seven parts: (1) The pathological mindset of the CAFO; (2) Myths of the CAFO; (3) Inside the CAFO; (4) The loss of diversity; (5) Hidden costs of CAFO; (6) Technological takeover; (7) Putting the CAFO out to pasture. The acronym CAFO suggests a bland, mundane practice and is therefore a name which the editor believes should be replaced by the more accurate label "animal concentration camps". The chapter titles indicate what is in store for the reader but the content is perhaps less confronting than the book's companion photo‐format volume of the same name. The reader is a very comprehensive survey of how living creatures are subjected to inhumane practices for their body parts by "corporate food purveyors" and is essential reading for anyone who cares about the future survival of all of the earth's species.Kean, Hilda. 1998. Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800. London: Reaktion Books Ltd.In this attractive book, the historian Hilda Kean provides one of the most comprehensive and interesting surveys of the early animal protection movement in England, the birthplace of animal rights. Kean tells a compelling story of how and why people's attitudes and practices involving animals changed over the past two centuries. She attributes these changes largely to the seemingly simple idea of "sight", or how people were influenced by seeing for themselves how animals such as horses and dogs were ill treated in public spaces such as in streets and markets. Animals "out of sight" in vivisection laboratories and in abattoirs also came to the attention of the early animal protectionists, most of whom were women. The sight and spectacle of animal abuse turned hearts and stomachs once a light was shone on these everyday cruelties by the pioneers of animal rights in England. Kean's book is nicely illustrated in keeping with the theme of seeing animals in their various relationships with humans.Munro, Lyle. 2005. Confronting Cruelty: Moral Orthodoxy and the Challenge of the Animal Rights Movement. Leiden & Boston: Brill.For most people animal cruelty is understood as unspeakable acts perpetrated by warped individuals mostly against dogs, cats, birds and sometimes horses. The animal rights movement seeks to broaden the issue of animal cruelty to include the vast numbers of animals that suffer and die in "the animal industrial complex" of intensive farming, recreational hunting and animal research and experimentation. The book draws on social movement theory to explain how and why an increasing number of people in the UK, US and Australia have taken up the cause of animals in campaigning against the exploitative practices of the animal‐user industries. Essentially, the thesis is that animal abuse is constructed by the animal rights movement as a social problem (speciesism) on a par with sexism and racism. This is the first book in the Human and Animal Studies Series which currently lists about a dozen monographs published by Brill under the editorship of Kenneth Shapiro of the Society & Animals Institute in the US.Noske, Barbara. 1989. Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology. London: Pluto Press.As an anthropologist, Noske brings a different perspective to our relationship with nature, especially in the long process of animal domestication. Her chapter on "the animal industrial complex" shows how both human and nonhuman animals suffer within this structure of domination; for example, slaughterhouse work takes a heavy toll on the meat workers while the animals experience atrocious pain and misery on the assembly line of mass execution. Noske's book is valuable for its broad treatment of animal‐human relations in which she describes cultural, historical, structural and sociological aspects of these relations particularly in America and Australia.Wilkie, Rhoda and Inglis David (eds.) 2007. The Social Scientific Study of Nonhuman Animals: A Five‐volume Collection–Animals and Society: Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences. (Vols 1–5), London: Routledge.This is a collection of 90 previously published articles and book chapters in approximately 2,000 pages on the social‐scientific study of animals. The papers range from the earliest in 1928 on "the culture of canines" to the latest in 2006 on "religion and animals." Three quarters of the papers were published in the last two decades and are derived from anthropology, sociology, psychology, geography, philosophy and feminist studies.Because Animals and Society is based mostly on work derived from more than 12 different specialist journals, it has a claim to comprehensiveness; however, the editors mention topics that are not covered in the collection: Ethical issues; Animal welfare; The characteristics of animal protectionists; "Wilderness"; The role of animals in the lives of children; and The animal rights movement. The main topics included in the collection provide a hint of its value to researchers:Vol I. Representing the animal (Introduction and critical concepts in the social sciences)Vol II. Social science perspectives on human‐animal interactions (I): Anthropology. Geography. Feminist studies. Vol III. Social science perspectives on human‐animal interactions (II): Sociology. Psychology. Vol IV. Forms of human‐animal relations and animal death – the dynamics of domestication: Human‐pet relationships. Human‐livestock relations. Animal abuse and animal death. Vol V. Boundaries and quandaries in human‐animal relations: Border troubles: are humans unique and what is an animal? The legal, ethical and moral status of animals. "The Frankenstein syndrome": animals, genetic engineering, and ethical dilemmas. NB. The above is a shorter version of my review in Society & Animals, 16. 91–93, 2008. I thank the journal for publishing the original review and for permission to include the above version in Sociology Compass.Online materialshttp://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2007/s2159904.htmThis is the story of a protest against the live animal export trade from Australia to the Middle East. The 7.30 Report of 11 February 2008, was one of several media stories on the cruelty involved in the transport and slaughter of cattle, goats and sheep which outraged thousands of Australians when they witnessed footage shot by animal activists. The four minute video recording provides commentary and images that explain why the live animal export trade is a "hot cognition" issue in Australia and the UK. More recently, in June 2012, the callous treatment of cattle in a number of Indonesian abattoirs became a major media story that prompted public outrage and calls for an immediate and permanent ban on the trade.http://www.sharkwater.com/For many people, sharks are the most feared of all creatures and also the most misunderstood. They have been called "the mother of otherness" and as a result when they are hunted and killed there is very little concern for their welfare. This groundbreaking film explains the importance of sharks to the ocean and seeks to dispel the main stereotype of the shark as the creature from hell. The film is the work of Rob Stewart whose lifelong fascination with sharks was the catalyst for his mission to save the great predator from extinction.http://www.wspa‐international.org/Regular internet users will probably have come across the advertisements from the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA), particularly its campaign against the cruelty involved in bear dancing. The WSPA, as an international animal welfare organization, is one of a very select few animal and environmental organizations recognized by the United Nations. Another campaign which is featured on their website is "The Red Collar Campaign", the motto for which is "Collars not Cruelty". Viewers are warned that the two and a half minute video clip contains some confronting images of cruelty to dogs suspected of being infected by rabies. WSPA's objective is to end the brutality inflicted unnecessarily on thousands of dogs perceived as a human health and safety risk; its solution to the problem of rabies is simple, cheap and effective.http://www.awionline.orgThe Animal Welfare Institute (AWI) is one of the most effective animal protection societies in the US. Its founder, the late Christine Stevens, worked most of her life as an advocate and lobbyist for animals. The AWI's attractive website provides many useful features such as the AWI Quarterly and details of its seminal campaigns which include research animals, companion animals, farm animals, marine animals and wildlife. Since it was established in 1951, the AWI has had access to the US Congress and in gaining the attention of powerbrokers, the organization has succeeded in securing animal welfare improvements that are legislated in law, which owes much to the work of Christine Stevens.http://www.league.org.ukHunting is a controversial issue in England which has developed into what is actually a class war between the aristocratic class and the "great unwashed". Founded in 1924, the League is virtually a household name in England. Its website contains some revealing film clips about the cruelty involved in the hunting of foxes, deer, rabbits and other animals in the English countryside. There is a great deal of information contained in the blogs and its FAQs as well as elsewhere on its website. Mention is also made of one of the latest hunting fads, "trophy hunting" which is apparently gaining popularity in some parts of the USA.Topics for lectures & discussionPart I: introduction and overviewWhat is the animal rights movement? Why do people campaign on behalf of a species that is not their own? How do individuals and social movements make their claims on behalf of nonhuman animals? These are some of the questions that would traditionally be posed in introducing the animal rights movement.ReadingMunro, Lyle. 2012. 'The Animal Rights Movement in Theory and Practice: A Review of the Sociological Literature'. Sociology Compass6(2): 166–81.Waldau's recent book is a good introduction to what the movement is all about:Waldau, Paul. 2011. Animal Rights: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.There are three main discourses on animal rights which provide insights into our constructions of "the animal": (1) Animals in this discourse are constructed as social problems (see Irvine, 2003 below for an example); (2) in this second discourse, animal defenders are demonised with labels ranging from "sentimental animal lovers" to "extremists" and even "terrorists" (see Munro, 1999 below for an example); (3) finally, the animal rights movement constructs our cruel treatment of animals as morally wrong and therefore deserving of the strongest condemnation (see Shapiro, 1994 below for an example). How and why people campaign against the exploitation of animals are issues explored in the following papers:Irvine, Leslie. 2003. 'The Problem of Unwanted Pets; A Case Study in How Institutions 'Think' About Clients' Needs'. Social Problems50: 550–66.Munro, Lyle. 1999. 'Contesting Moral Capital in Campaigns Against Animal Liberation'. Society & Animals7: 35–53.Shapiro, Kenneth. 1994. 'The Caring Sleuth: Portrait of an Animal Rights Activist'. Society & Animals2: 145–65.Part II: animal crueltyThis section includes some important contributions to explaining cruelty to animals.Agnew, Robert. 1998. 'The Causes of Animal Abuse: A Social‐psychological Analysis'. Theoretical Criminology2: 177–209.Munro, Lyle. 1997. 'Framing Cruelty: The Construction of Duck‐Shooting as a Social Problem'. Society & Animals5: 137–54.D'Silva, Joyce and John Webster. 2010. The Meat Crisis: Developing More Sustainable Production and Consumption. London and Washington: Earthscan.Merz‐Perez, Linda and Kathleen Heide. 2004. Animal Cruelty: Pathway to Violence Against People. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Ltd.Ascione, Frank. 2008. 'Children Who Are Cruel to Animals: A Survey of Research and Implications for Developmental Psychology.' Pp. 171–89 in Social Creatures: A Human‐Animals Studies Reader, edited by Clifton, Flynn. New York: Lantern Books.Winders, Bill and David Nibert. 2009. 'Expanding "Meat" Consumption and Animal Oppression.' Pp. 183–9 in Between the Species: Readings in Human‐Animal Relations, edited by Arnold, Arluke and Clinton Sanders. Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc.Part III: social movement theory and animalsThere is a large literature on social movement theory with relatively little that refers to nonhuman animals. Some of those which do take up the issue are included below along with the following books that provide a general introduction to the study of social movements.Lowe, Brian and Caryn Ginsberg. 2002. 'Animal Rights as a Post‐Citizenship Movement'. Society & Animals10: 203–15.Jasper, James. 2007. 'The Emotions of Protest: Affective and Reactive Emotions in and around Social Movements.' Volume 4 Pp. 585–612 in Social Movements: Critical Concepts in Sociology Volumes 1–4, edited by Jeff, Goodwin and James Jasper. London and New York: Routledge.Buechler, Steven. 2011. Understanding Social Movements: Theories from the Classical Era to the Present. Boulder and London: Paradigm Publishers.Cochrane, Alasdair. 2010. Chapter 6 'Marxism and Animals.' Pp. 93–114 in An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory, edited by Cochrane's. Basingstoke Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.Einwohner, Rachel. 2002. 'Bringing the Outsiders in: Opponents' Claims and the Construction of Animal Rights Activists' Identity'. Mobilization7: 253–68.Part IV: animal advocacy and activism: strategy and tacticsThe above readings reveal to some extent at least why people campaign against animal cruelty. In this section's readings, the focus is on how animal activists run their campaigns in the streets (grassroots activism) and in the suites (organizational advocacy).Carrie Freeman Packwood. 2010. 'Framing Animal Rights in the "Go Veg" Campaigns of US Animal Rights Organizations'. Society & Animals18: 163–82.Paul, Elizabeth. 1995. 'Scientists' and Animal Rights Campaigners' Views of the Animal Experimentation Debate'. Society & Animals3: 1–21.Upton, Andrew. 2010. 'Contingent Communication in a Hybrid Multi‐Media World: Analysing the Campaigning Strategies of SHAC'. New Media & Society13: 96–113.Munro, Lyle. 2001. Compassionate Beasts: The Quest for Animal Rights. Westport, CT: Praeger.Munro, Lyle. 2002. 'The Animal Activism of Henry Spira (1927–1998).'Society & Animals10: 173–91.Munro, Lyle. 2005. 'Strategies, Action Repertoires and DIY Activism in the Animal Rights Movement.'Social Movement Studies4: 75–94.Jasper, James. 1997. The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Singer, Peter. 1998. Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement. Lanham MD: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers Inc.Part V: academic/activist collaborationShould academic teachers collaborate with activists in their campaigns? Like the church/state relations debate this is a controversial question since there are arguments both for and against academic involvement in political and social movements. Most of the readings in the original Compass article and below tend to see more benefits than costs to collaboration; however, higher education administrators don't like dissent and it is hard to imagine an academic holding down his or her job if they were seen to be working with animal activists on a particularly controversial campaign. It might be seen as acceptable if the collaboration was with the SPCA in the US or the RSPCA in Britain but not if the activists were affiliated with members of a radical animal liberation group. Furthermore, an academic‐animal activist who campaigned say against the practice of animal experimentation at his or her university would surely be dismissed or at least threatened with dismissal unless they cut their ties with outside activists.Burnett, Cathleen. 2003. 'Passion through the Profession: Being Both Activist and Academic.'Social Justice30: 135–50.Kleidman, Robert. 1994. 'Volunteer Activism and Professionalism in Social Movement Organizations.'Social Problems41: 257–76.Focus questions Is the animal rights movement a genuine social movement when nonhuman animals are widely understood not to belong to society as it is generally understood? How would you respond to the claim that cruelty to animals is our worst vice. From your experience of seeing animal rights protests either on television or as the real thing, what do you think are the dominant emotions exhibited by the campaigners and their opponents? From what you've read or heard or seen of social movement protests, do you believe the most effective strategy is non‐violence or violence; and which of these two strategies do you think is more acceptable for the animal protection movement to follow and why? Should academics who lecture on social movements practice what they preach? What are some of the main benefits and problems associated with academic analysts of social movements collaborating with grassroots activists? The animal rights movement has been described as one of the fastest‐growing social movements in the West – and one of the most controversial. What evidence is there for these claims? Seminar/project ideaPlease suggest an exercise to help bring the subject to life, appropriate either for undergraduate or graduate students, e.g. an assessment, a presentation, or other practical assignment.Project idea or presentation Compare and contrast the website of an animal welfare organization and an animal rights group in relation to (a) their objectives; (b) their most important campaign; and (c) their preferred overall strategies and tactics. Which of these organizations has the most potential in attracting new supporters and why? What advice would you give to these two organizations on how they might enhance their communicative effectiveness with the general public? (see Munro's Compass article for some clues). Do an oral presentation on a radical animal liberation group such as the Animal Liberation Front or SHAC in which you describe its stated objectives, its seminal campaigns, its preferred tactics and its communication strategy as indicated by the group's website. Explain how effective the group is in terms of improving the lives of animals and how the activists justify the use of violence in their campaigns.
NOTICIAS / NEWS ("Transfer", 2016) 1) CONGRESOS / CONFERENCES: 1. Languages & the Media – Agile Mediascapes: Personalising the Future, Hotel Radisson Blu, Berlín, 2-4 Nov. 2016 www.languages-media.com 2. Third Chinese Drama Translation Colloquium Newcastle University, UK, 28-19 Junio 2016. www.ncl.ac.uk/sml/about/events/item/drama-translation-colloquium 3. 16th Annual Portsmouth Translation Conference – Translation & Interpreting: Learning beyond the Comfort Zone, University of Portsmouth, UK, 5 Nov. 2016. www.port.ac.uk/translation/events/conference 4. 3rd International Conference on Non-Professional Interpreting & Translation (NPIT3) Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Suiza 5-7 Mayo 2016. www.zhaw.ch/linguistics/npit3 5. 3rd Postgraduate Symposium – Cultural Translation: In Theory and as Practice. University of Nottingham, UK, 18 Mayo 2016. Contact: uontranslation2016@gmail.com 6. 3rd Taboo Conference – Taboo Humo(u)r: Language, Culture, Society, and the Media, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona) 20-21 Sep. 2016. https://portal.upf.edu/web/taco 7. Postgraduate Conference on Translation and Multilingualism Lancaster University, UK, 22 Abril 2016. Contacto: c.baker@lancaster.ac.uk 8. Translation and Minority University of Ottawa (Canadá), 11-12 Nov. 2016. Contacto: rtana014@uottawa.ca 9. Translation as Communication, (Re-)narration and (Trans-)creation Università di Palermo (Italia), 10 Mayo 2016 www.unipa.it/dipartimenti/dipartimentoscienzeumanistiche/convegni/translation 10. From Legal Translation to Jurilinguistics: Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Language and Law, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, 27-28 Oct. 2016. www.tinyurl.com/jurilinguistics 11. Third International Conference on Research into the Didactics of Translation. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 7-8 Julio 2016 http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/pacte/en/content/second-circular-1 12. EST Congress – Expanding the Boundaries or Strengthening the Bases: Should Translation Studies Explore Visual Representation? Aarhus University (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016 http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/panels/18-expanding-the-boundaries-or-strengthening-the-bases-should-translation-studies-explore-visual-representation/ 13. Tourism across Cultures: Accessibility in Tourist Communication Università di Salento, Lecce (Italia). 25-27 Feb. 2016 http://unisalento.wix.com/tourism 14. Translation and Interpreting Studies at the Crossroad: A Dialogue between Process-oriented and Sociological Approaches – The Fourth Durham Postgraduate Colloquium on Translation Studies Durham University, UK. 30 Abril – 1 Mayo 2016. www.dur.ac.uk/cim 15. Translation and Interpreting: Convergence, Contact, Interaction Università di Trieste (Italia), 26-28 Mayo 2016 http://transint2016.weebly.com 16. 7th International Symposium for Young Researchers in Translation, Interpreting, Intercultural Studies and East Asian Studies. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1 Julio 2016. http://pagines.uab.cat/simposi/en 17. Translation Education in a New Age The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China 15-16 Abril 2016. Contact: Claire Zhou (clairezhou@cuhk.edu.cn) 18. Audiovisual Translation: Dubbing and Subtitling in the Central European Context, Constantine the Philosopher University, Nitra (Eslovaquia). 15-17 Junio 2016. https://avtnitraconference.wordpress.com 19. Cervantes, Shakespeare, and the Golden Age of Drama Madrid, 17-21 Oct. 2016 http://aedean.org/wp-content/uploads/Call-for-papers.pdf 20. 3rd International Conference Languaging Diversity – Language/s and Power. Università di Macerata (Italia), 3-5 Marzo 2016 http://studiumanistici.unimc.it/en/research/conferences/languaging-diversity 21. Congreso Internacional de Traducción Especializada (EnTRetextos) Universidad de Valencia, 27-29 Abril 2016 http://congresos.adeituv.es/entretextos 22. Translation & Quality 2016: Corpora & Quality Université Charles de Gaulle Lille 3 (Francia), 5 Feb. 2016 http://traduction2016.sciencesconf.org/?lang=en 23. New forms of feedback and assessment in translation and interpreting training and industry. 8th EST Congress – Translation Studies: Moving Boundaries, Aarhus University (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016. www.bcom.au.dk/est2016 24. Intermedia 2016 – Conference on Audiovisual Translation University of Lodz (Polonia), 14-16 Abril 2016 http://intermedia.uni.lodz.pl 25. New Technologies and Translation Université d'Algiers (Argelia). 23-24 Feb. 2016 Contacto: newtech.trans.algiers@gmail.com 26. Circulation of Academic Thought - Rethinking Methods in the Study of Scientific Translation. 11 - 12 Dec. 2015, University of Graz (Austria).https://translationswissenschaft.uni-graz.at/de/itat/veranstaltungen/circulation-of-academic-thought 27. The 7th Asian Translation Traditions Conference Monash University, Malaysia Campus, 26-30 Sep. 2016. http://future.arts.monash.edu/asiantranslation7 28. "Translation policy: connecting concepts and writing history" 8th EST Congress – Translation Studies: Moving Boundaries Aarhus University (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016 http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/panels/13-translation-policy-connecting-concepts-and-writing-history 29. International Conference – Sound / Writing: On Homophonic Translation. Université de Paris (Francia), 17-19 Nov. 2016 www.fabula.org/actualites/sound-writing-on-homophonic-translationinternational-conference-paris-november-17-19-2016_71295.php 30. Third Hermeneutics and Translation Studies Symposium – Translational Hermeneutics as a Research Paradigm Technische Hochschule, Colonia (Alemania), 30 Junio-1 Julio 2016 www.phenhermcommresearch.de/index.php/conferences 31. II International Conference on Economic Financial and Institutional Translation. Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (Canadá), 17-18 Agosto 2016. www.uqtr.ca/ICEBFIT 32. International Congress - liLETRAd 2016-Cátedra LILETRAD. Literature Languages Translation, Universidad de Sevilla, 6-8 Julio 2016. https://congresoliletrad.wordpress.com 33. Transmediations! Communication across Media Borders Linnæus University, Växjö (Suecia), 13–15 Oct. 2016 http://lnu.se/lnuc/linnaeus-university-centre-for-intermedial-and-multimodal-studies-/events/conferences/transmediations?l=en 34. Translation Education in a New Age, 15-16 Abril 2016. School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen. Contacto: chansinwai@cuhk.edu.cn 35. Translation and Time: Exploring the Temporal Dimension of Cross-cultural Transfer, 8-10 Diciembre 2016. Departamento de Traducción, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Contacto: translation-and-time@cuhk.edu.hk. 36. Du jeu dans la langue. Traduire les jeux de mots / Loose in Translation. Translating Wordplay, 23-24 Marzo 2017, Université de Lille (France) https://www.univ-lille3.fr/recherche/actualites/agenda-de-la-recherche/?type=1&id=1271. Contacto: traduirejdm@univ-lille3.fr, julie.charles@univ-lille3.fr 37. Translation and Translanguaging across Disciplines. EST Congress 2016 "Translation Studies: Moving Boundaries", European Society for Translation Studies, Aarhus (Dinamarca), 15-17 Sep. 2016 http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/panels/12-translation-and-translanguaging-across-disciplines/ Contacto: nune.ayvazyan@urv.cat; mariagd@blanquerna.url.edu; sara.laviosa@uniba.it http://bcom.au.dk/research/conferencesandlectures/est-congress-2016/submission/ 38. Beyond linguistic plurality: The trajectories of multilingualism in Translation. An international conference organized jointly by Bogaziçi University, Department of Translation and Interpreting Studies, and Research Group on Translation and Transcultural Contact, York University, Bogaziçi University, 1-12 Mayo 2016. Contacto: sehnaz.tahir@boun.edu.tr, MGuzman@glendon.yorku.ca 39. "Professional and Academic Discourse: an interdisciplinary perspective". XXXIV IConferencia Internacional de la Sociedad Española de Lingüística Aplicada (AESLA), 14-16 Abril 2016. Interuniversity Institute for Applied Modern Languages (IULMA) / Universidad de Alicante. http://web.ua.es/aesla2016. Contacto: antonia.montes@ua.es. 2) CURSOS, SEMINARIOS, POSGRADOS / COURSES, SEMINARS, MASTERS: 1. Seminario: Breaking News for French>English and English>French Translators King's College Cambridge, UK, 8-10 Agosto 2016 Contacto: translateincambridge@iti.org.uk 2. Curso on-line: Setting Up as a Freelance Translator Enero – Marzo 2016. Institute of Translation & Interpreting, UK https://gallery.mailchimp.com/58e5d23248ce9f10c161ba86d/files/Application_Form_SUFT_2016.pdf?utm_source=SUFT+December+Emailer&utm_campaign=11fdfe0453-Setting_Up_as_a_Freelance_Translator12_7_2015&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_6ef4829e50-11fdfe0453-25128325 3. Curso: Using Interpreters for Intercultural Communication and Other Purposes (COM397CE) http://darkallyredesign.com/what-we-do/using-interpreters-for-intercultural-communication 4. Workshop: How to Write and Publish Your Scholarly Paper In cooperation with the European Association of Science Editors (EASE) New Bulgarian University, Sofia (Bulgaria), 21-23 Marzo 2016 www.facebook.com/events/1511610889167645 http://esnbu.org/data/files/resources/ease-nbu-seminar-march-2016-fees.pdf 5. Posgrado: II Postgraduate Course on Spanish Law Taught in English "Global study". Universidad Internacional de Andalucía / Colegio de Abogados de Málaga. www.unia.es/cursos/guias/4431_english.pdf 3) CURSOS DE VERANO / SUMMER COURSES: 1. STRIDON – Translation Studies Doctoral and Teacher Training Summer School, Piran (Eslovenia), 27 Junio – 8 Julio 2016 www.prevajalstvo.net/doctoral-summer-school 2. Training in Translation Pedagogy Program School of Translation and Interpretation, University of Ottawa (Canadá), 4-29 Julio 2016. https://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs 3. 2016 Nida School of Translation Studies. Translation, Ecology and Entanglement, San Pellegrino University Foundation, Misano Adriatico, Rimini (Italia), 30 Mayo – 10 Junio 2016. http://nsts.fusp.it/Nida-Schools/NSTS-2016 4. TTPP - Intensive Summer Program in Translation Pedagogy University of Ottawa (Canadá), 4-29 Julio 2016. http://arts.uottawa.ca/translation/summer-programs-2016/ttpp 5. CETRA Summer School 2016. 28th Research Summer School University of Leuven, campus Antwerp (Bélgica), 22 Agosto – 2 Sep. 2016. Contacto: cetra@kuleuven.be. http://www.arts.kuleuven.be/cetra 4) LIBROS / BOOKS: 1. Varela Salinas, María-José & Bernd Meyer (eds.) 2016. Translating and Interpreting Healthcare Discourses / Traducir e interpretar en el ámbito sanitario. Berlín : Frank & Timme. www.frank-timme.de/verlag/verlagsprogramm/buch/verlagsprogramm/bd-79-maria-jose-varela-salinasbernd-meyer-eds-translating-and-interpreting-healthcare-disc/backPID/transued-arbeiten-zur-theorie-und-praxis-des-uebersetzens-und-dolmetschens-1.html 2. Ordóñez López, Pilar and José Antonio Sabio Pinilla (ed.) 2015. Historiografía de la traducción en el espacio ibérico. Textos contemporáneos. Madrid: Ediciones de Castilla-La Mancha. www.unebook.es/libro/historiografia-de-latraduccion-en-el-espacio-iberico_50162 3. Bartoll, Eduard. 2015. Introducción a la traducción audiovisual. Barcelona: Editorial UOC. www.editorialuoc.cat/introduccion-a-la-traduccion-audiovisual 4. Rica Peromingo, Juan Pedro & Jorge Braga Riera. 2015. Herramientas y técnicas para la traducción inglés-español. Madrid: Babélica. www.escolarymayo.com/libro.php?libro=7004107&menu=7001002&submenu=7002029 5. Le Disez, Jean-Yves. 2015. F.A.C.T. Une méthode pour traduire de l'anglais au français. París: Ellipses. www.editions-ellipses.fr/product_info.php?cPath=386&products_id=10601 6. Baker, Mona (ed.) 2015. Translating Dissent: Voices from and with the Egyptian Revolution. Londres: Routledge. www.tandf.net/books/details/9781138929876 7. Gallego Hernández, Daniel (ed.) 2015. Current Approaches to Business and Institutional Translation / Enfoques actuales en traducción económica e institucional. Berna: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com/download/datasheet/86140/datasheet_431656.pdf 8. Vasilakakos, Mary. 2015. A Training Handbook for Health and Medical Interpreters in Australia. www.interpreterrevalidationtraining.com/books-and-resources.html 9. Jankowska, Anna & Agnieszka Szarkowska (eds) 2015. New Points of View on Audiovisual Translation and Media Accessibility. Oxford: Peter Lang. www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?event=cmp.ccc.seitenstruktur.detailseiten&seitentyp=produkt&pk=83114 10. Baer, Brian James (2015). Translation and the Making of Modern Russian Literature, Londres: Bloomsbury. Translation and the Making of Modern Russian Literature is the inaugural book in a new Translation Studies series: Bloomsbury's "Literatures, Cultures, Translation." 11. Camps, Assumpta. 2016. La traducción en la creación del canon poético (Recepción de la poesía italiana en el ámbito hispánico en la primera mitad del siglo XX). Berna: Peter Lang. 5) REVISTAS / JOURNALS: 1. JoSTrans, The Journal of Specialised Translation, nº especial sobre Translation & the Profession, Vol. 25, Enero 2016. www.jostrans.org 2. Translation and Interpreting – Nº especial sobre Community Interpreting: Mapping the Present for the Future www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint. 3. inTRAlinea – Nº especial sobre New Insights into Specialised Translation. www.intralinea.org/specials/new_insights 4. Linguistica Antverpiensia NS-Themes in Translation Studies, 2015 issue, Towards a Genetics of Translation. https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be/index.php/LANS-TTS/issue/view/16 5. Quaderns de Filologia, Nº especial sobre Traducción y Censura: Nuevas Perspectivas, Vol. 20, 2015. https://ojs.uv.es/index.php/qdfed/issue/view/577 6. The Translator – Nº especial sobre Food and Translation, Translation and Food, 2015, 21(3). www.tandfonline.com/eprint/ryqJewJUDKZ6m2YM4IaR/full 7. Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E, 2015, 2 www.cttl.org/cttl-e-2015.html 8. Dragoman Journal of Translation Studies. www.dragoman-journal.org 9. Current Trends in Translation Teaching and Learning E. Edición especial sobre Translation Studies Curricula Across Countries and Cultures. www.cttl.org 10. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, Nº especial sobre Translation Policies and Minority Languages: Theory, Methods and Case Studies http://fouces.webs.uvigo.es/CallForPapersIJSLTranslationPolicies.pdf 11. Nº especial de The Interpreter and Translator Trainer 11(2) – Employability and the Translation Curriculum www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1750399X.2015.1103092 12. InTRAlinea. Nº especial sobre Building Bridges between Film Studies and Translation Studies www.intralinea.org/news/item/cfp_building_bridges_between_film_studies_and_translation_studies 13. Nº especial de TranscUlturAl: Comics, BD & Manga in translation/en traduction https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/TC/announcement/view/290 14. The Journal of Translation Studies 2015, 16(4) Nº especial sobre Translator and Interpreter Training in East Asia Contacto: Won Jun Nam: wjnam@hufs.ac.kr, wonjun_nam@daum.net 15. TRANS Revista de Traductología, 19(2), 2015. www.trans.uma.es/trans_19.2.html 16. Between, 9, 2015 – Censura e auto-censura http://ojs.unica.it/index.php/between/index 17. Translation Studies, Nº especial sobre Translingualism & Transculturality in Russian Contexts of Translation http://explore.tandfonline.com/cfp/ah/rtrs-cfp3 18. Translation & Interpreting, 7:3, 2016 www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint/issue/view/38 19. "The translation profession: Centres and peripheries" The Journal of Specialised Translation (Jostrans), Nº. 25, Enero 2016. The Journal of Translation Studies is a joint publication of the Department of Translation of The Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Chinese University Press. Contact: jts.tra@cuhk.edu.hk, james@arts.cuhk.edu.hk 19. Nuevo artículo: "The Invisibility of the African Interpreter" por Jeanne Garane, Translation: a transdisciplinary journal http://translation.fusp.it/. Contact: siri.nergaard@gmail.com.
Vocabulary learning is one of the major challenges for many learners as it is an essential part of foreign language learning. Words are important linguistic parts to convey meanings and even to eliminate misunderstandings in communication. Currently, a new attitude on vocabulary learning is that it is not memorizing words in the contexts of serial lists (Fallahchai, 2011) and vocabulary instruction must be redefined to include more than just memorizing the meanings of words; therefore, some suggestion about learning vocabulary is utilizing dictionaries since they play a vital role to empower users to find appropriate usage of words and to continue communication as well. The purpose of this study is to determine to what extent dictionaries satisfy needs of foreign learners of Turkish, what type of dictionary is more beneficial, the role of dictionary type in the retention of meaning, whether the type of dictionary used will influence learners' Turkish learning attitudes and improve their learning outcomes, and finally to evaluate the effects of implementing dictionary skills instruction. The participants are 42 Erasmus students majoring at different faculties at Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey and also learning Turkish as a foreign language. The results indicated learning new Turkish word is complicated but it can be overcome by using appropriate dictionaries (bilingual, multilingual and electronic dictionaries etc.). ; Sözvarlığı öğrenimi dil öğrenmenin en önemli parçası ve aynı zamanda da birçok öğrenci için en temel zorluklardan birisidir. Sözcükler manaları aktaran hatta iletişimde yanlış anlaşılmaları ortadan kaldıran canlı ve önemli dil parçalarıdır. Sözvarlığı ile ilgili yapılmış olan birçok çalışma olmasına rağmen son zamanlarda sözvarlığının öğrenilmesi ve iletişimde kullanılmasıyla ilgili yeni bir eğilim ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu eğilim, dil öğretiminde sözcüklerin listeler halinde metindeki şekliyle ezberletilmesi değil ama sözcük öğretiminin ezberlenmeden öğrenilmesini sağlayacak şekilde yeniden tanımlanmasıdır (Fallahchai, 2011). Bu yüzden, mesajı iletmede sözvarlığının uygun kullanımını bulmak, sözcüklerin biçimbirimlerini ayırt edebilmek ya da uygulayabilmek ve iletişimi devam ettirebilmek için kullanıcıların dilsel gücünü artırmada önemli rol oynayan sözlük kullanımı önerilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı da sözlüklerin ne dereceye kadar öğrencilerin ihtiyaçlarını karşıladıklarını, yabancı dil öğrenenler için ne tür sözlüklerin daha yararlı olduğunu, sözlük türlerinin sözcüklerin manasını hatırlamadaki rolünü, kullanılan sözlüğün Türkçe öğrenen öğrencileri etkileyip etkilemediğini ve sonuç olarak da sözlük kullanımı becerilerinin öğrencilerin dil edinimlerine ne tür etki yaptığını değerlendirmektir. Bu çalışmanın katılımcıları farklı fakültelerde eğitimlerine belirli bir süre Çukurova Üniversitesi'nde devam eden ve bu sürede Türkçeyi de yabancı dil olarak öğrenen 42 Erasmus öğrencisidir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, Türkçe sözcük öğrenmenin öğrenciler için zor olduğu ancak amaca uygun sözlük (ikidilli, çokdilli ve elektronik sözlük vb.) kullanımıyla bu zorluğun üstesinden gelinebileceği bulunmuştur.
AcknowledgementsCHAPTER ONE by Dani Snyder-Young & Matt OmastaContemporary Spectatorship ResearchCHAPTER TWO by Matt Omasta & Dani Snyder-YoungKey Methodological Concepts in Spectatorship ResearchCHAPTER THREE by Caroline HeimParticipant Observation in Practice and Techniques for Overcoming Researcher Insecurity: A Case Study at the Deutsches TheaterCHAPTER FOUR by Claire SylerPrioritizing Black Experience, or the Inevitability of Educating White Audiences: A Discourse AnalysisCHAPTER FIVE by Johnny SaldañaInterviewing Children about Theatre PerformanceCHAPTER SIX by Kelsey JacobsenHashtag Networks, "Live" Musicals, and the Social Media Spectator: Digital Theatre Audience Research MethodsCHAPTER SEVEN by Christopher CorboDrafting Harlem, Revising Melodrama: Archival Insights into Audience ExpectationCHAPTER EIGHT by Signy LynchThe Gaze Turned Inward: A Reflexive Autoethnographic Approach to Theatre ResearchCHAPTER NINE by Michelle Cowin GibbsThe Stony Silence: Negotiating Empathy and Audience Expectations in Solo Autoethnographic PerformanceCHAPTER TEN by Holly MaplesTouching Past Lives: The Limits of Evaluating Immersive Heritage Performance AudiencesCHAPTER ELEVEN by Celia PearcePlaying Ethnography: Participant Engagement in Role/PlayCHAPTER TWELVE by Martine Kei Green-Rogers & Dani Snyder-YoungPublic Facing Dramaturgy as Audience Research: An interview with Martine Kei Green-RogersCHAPTER THIRTEEN by Lisa Aikman & Jennifer Roberts-SmithTheatre for Relationality: A Case Study in Restorative Pedagogy, Relational Design, and Audience EngagementCHAPTER FOURTEEN by Jennica Nichols, George Belliveau, Susan M. Cox, Graham W. Lea, & Christopher Cook Key Questions in Evaluating Audience Impact: A Mixed Methods Approach in Research-Based TheatreCHAPTER FIFTEEN by Scott Mealey(Ac)counting for Change: A Quantitative Approach to Recognizing and Contextualizing Shifts in Spectatorial ThinkingCHAPTER SIXTEEN by Monica PrendergastPoetic Inquiry and/as Theatre Audience ResearchCHAPTER SEVENTEEN by Matthew ReasonPlayful ResearchAPPENDIX by Matt Omasta & Dani Snyder-YoungMethodologies and MethodsList of contributorsIndexList of contributorsLisa Aikman is an Educational Developer at the University of Western Ontario. She holds a PhD in Theatre Studies from the University of Toronto's Centre from Drama, Theatre, and Performance Studies.George Belliveauis Professor of Theatre/Drama Education at the University of British Columbia, Canada.He co-produced, directed and performed inContact!Unload. He has published six books includingContact!Unload: Military veterans, trauma, and research-based theatre(UBC Press, 2020) co-edited with Graham Lea.Chris Cookis a Ph.D. student in Counselling Psychology at the University of British Columbia. Chris is also a registered clinical counsellor and a playwright, and their work explores mental health through inquiry and art. Chris's play Quick Bright Things was a for finalist for the 2020 Governor General's Literary Award for drama.Chris Corbo is a PhD Candidate in Literatures in English at Rutgers University.Susan Coxis Associate Professor in Population and Public Health at the University of British Columbia. Her research focuses on the arts and health andethical issues in arts-based methods. She leads"Rock the Boat"a collaborativeresearch-based theatreproject addressing graduate supervisory relationships, inclusivity and wellbeing.Michelle Cowin Gibbs is an interdisciplinary scholar and solo performance artist whose work is situated in autoethnographic performance, performativity, and critical identity studies. Recent solo performance work includes: They Don't Really Care About Us: PO-lice, PoPos, Sandra, and Me, a performance movement exploration of the relationship among police, policing, and Black women as told through a reimagining of the last day of Sandra Bland's life.Martine Kei Green-Rogers(she/her) is the Interim Dean of the Division of Liberal Arts at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts. She is a freelance dramaturg and the Immediate Past President of the Literary Managers and Dramaturgs of the Americas.Caroline Heim is Associate Professor of Theatre at Queensland University of Technology, Australia and author of Actors and Audiences: Conversations in the Electric Air (Routledge 2020) and Audience as Performer: The changing role of theatre audiences in the 21st Century (Routledge 2016).Kelsey Jacobsonis Assistant Professor in the Dan School of Drama and Music at Queen's University and a co-founding director of the Centre for Spectatorship and Audience Research.Graham W. Leais assistant professor of Theatre/Drama Education at the University of Manitoba. Research interests include research-based theatre, and theatre in health and education research. He is co-editor, with George Belliveau, of the booksResearch-Based Theatre: An Artistic Methodology(Intellect, 2016) andContact!Unload: Military Veterans, Trauma, and Research-based Theatre(UBC Press, 2020)Signy Lynch is soon to defend her SSHRC-funded dissertation at Toronto's York University. She has published work in various journals and edited collections on subjects including intermedial performance, intercultural theatre, audience studies, and theatre criticism. She is co-editor of Canadian Theatre Review volume 186, Theatre after the Explosion (2021).Holly Maples is the Director of Impact and Postgraduate Research at East 15 School of Acting, University of Essex. A theatre director, performer, educator and scholar, her performance practice focuses on dramatized immersive and sensorial experience techniques in the heritage industry. Maples was Drama lead the Paston Footprints project.Scott Mealeyis an empirical researcher and consultant who supports educational and theatre organizations interested in how their work influences participation and sense-making.He is a founding co-director of the Centre for Spectatorship and Audience Research, and he currentlyleads multiple funded projects examining the impact of Zoom-based theatre.Jennica Nichols is an evaluator and arts-based researcher interested in patient-led chronic disease management and health service design. She is finishing her PhD at the University of British Columbia studying research-based theatre as a knowledge translation method. Jennica co-runs AND implementation, a consulting company using arts-based methods and meaningful measurement to close gaps in knowledge production.Matt Omasta is Professor of Theatre Arts and Associate Dean of the Caine College of the Arts at Utah State University. His works include co-author/editorship ofQualitative Research: Analyzing Life(SAGE 2021),Playwriting and Young Audiences(Intellect 2017) andPlay, Performance, and Identity (Routledge 2015).Celia Pearce is Professor of Game Design at Northeastern University at Northeastern University, a game designer, author and curator, and co-founder of the Playable Theatre Project.Dr. Monica Prendergast is Professor of Drama/Theatre Education at the University of Victoria, BC, Canada. Her books include Applied Theatre and Applied Drama (with Juliana Saxton) and two co-edited collections on poetic inquiry.Matthew Reason is Professor of Theatre at York St John University, UK.Jennifer Roberts-Smith is Professor and Chair of Dramatic Arts in the Marilyn I Walker School of Fine and Performing Arts at Brock University, and Managing Director of the qCollaborative (qcollaborative.com). Her research and creative practice focus on performance and emerging media, with an emphasis on history, pedagogy, and design for social justiceStan Ruecker is the Anthony J. Petullo Professor in Design at the University of Illinois. He is currently exploring how design research helps us to understand our preferred futures, how it may necessitate a change to prototyping, and how it can lead us to create physical interfaces for tasks such as analyzing text, modeling time, and designing experience.Johnny Saldaña is Professor Emeritus from Arizona State University's School of Film, Dance, and Theatre.
Zugriffsoptionen:
Die folgenden Links führen aus den jeweiligen lokalen Bibliotheken zum Volltext:
Absentee Landlords and Agriculture -- Access to Land and the Right to Food -- Aesthetic Value, Art, and Food -- Africa, Food, and Agriculture -- African Food Security Urban Network (AFSUN) -- Agrarianism and the Ethics of Eating -- Agricultural and Food Products in Preferential Trade Agreements -- Agricultural Cooperatives -- Agricultural Ethics -- Agricultural Science and Ethics -- Agricultural Sciences and Ethical Controversies of Biofuels -- Agriculture and Ethical Change -- Agriculture and Finance -- Agriculture of the Middle -- Alcohol Abstinence and Sobriety -- Alcohol as Food and the Good Life -- Alimentary Delinquency -- American Cuisine, Existence Of -- American Food Rhetoric -- Ancestral Cuisine and Cooking Rituals -- Animal Agriculture and Welfare Footprints -- Animal Welfare in the Context of Animal Production -- Animal Welfare: A Critical Examination of the Concept -- Aroid Production and Postharvest Practices -- Artisanal Food Production and Craft -- Asian Cuisine: Ethical Considerations -- Authenticity in Food -- Beef Production: Ethical Issues -- Biodiversity -- Biodiversity and Global Development -- Biodynamic Agriculture -- Bioethics at Purdue University -- Biofuels: Ethical Aspects -- Biopharming -- Biosecurity and Food Systems -- Biotechnology and Food Policy, Governance -- Body Image, Gender, and Food -- Brazilian Agriculture -- Brillat-Savarin and Food -- Buddhism, Cooking, and Eating -- Buddhist Perspectives on Food and Agricultural Ethics -- Canada, US-EU Beef Hormone Dispute -- Cannibalism -- Carbon Farming -- Carnism -- Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics -- Child Nutrition Guidelines and Gender -- Chinese Agriculture -- Chocolate: Ethical Dimensions -- Christian Ethics and Vegetarianism -- Christian Mysticism and Food -- Christian Perspectives on Food and Agricultural Ethics -- Christian Stewardship in Agriculture -- Christianity and Food -- Civic Agriculture -- Climate Change, Ethics, and Food Production -- Community-Supported Agriculture -- Company Identity in the Food Industry -- Conservation Agriculture: Farmer Adoption and Policy Issues -- Conventionalization Hypothesis -- Cooking Tools and Techniques: Ethical Issues -- Cooking, Food Consumption, and Globalization: Ethical Considerations -- Corporate Farms -- Corporate Social Responsibility and Food -- Cosmopolitanism, Localism and Food -- Cross-Contamination of Crops in Horticulture -- Cuban Agriculture -- Culinary Cosmopolitanism -- Culinary Tourism -- Derrida and Eating -- East European Agriculture -- Eating Disorders -- Eating Disorders and Disturbed Eating -- Eating Etiquette -- Eating and Nutrition -- Eating Invasive Species -- Eating, Feeding and the Human Life Cycle -- Eating, Feeding, and Disability -- Ecofeminist Food Ethics -- Economy of Agriculture and Food -- Ecosystems, Food, Agriculture, and Ethics -- Ecotopia -- Egg Production: Ethical Issues -- Emergency Food System: Soup Kitchens and Food Pantries -- Environmental and Animal Pragmatism -- Environmental Ethics -- Environmental Justice and Food -- Epicureanism and Food -- Equipment Sharing in Agriculture -- Escoffier -- Ethical Activism with Consideration of the Routine of Food Culture -- Ethical Assessment of Dieting, Weight Loss, and Weight Cycling -- Ethical Matrix and Agriculture -- Ethics and Food Taste -- Ethics of Agricultural Development and Food Rights in International Organizations -- Ethics of Dietitians -- Ethics of Nutrigenomics -- Ethics in Food and Agricultural Sciences -- Ethnicity, Ethnic Identity, and Food -- EU Regulatory Conflicts over GM Food -- European Cuisine: Ethical Considerations -- Expertise in Agriculture: Scientific and Ethical Issues -- Extraterritorial Obligations of States and the Right to Food -- Fair Trade in Food and Agricultural Products -- Farm Management -- Farmer Types and Motivation -- Farmers' Markets -- Farmer-Scientist Knowledge Exchange -- Farms: Small Versus Large -- Fasting -- Feeding Children -- Food "Porn" in Media -- Food Addiction -- Food Additives and International Trade -- Food Advertising to Children: Policy, Health, and Gender -- Food Allergies: Ethical Issues -- Food and Agricultural Trade and National Sovereignty -- Food and Agriculture in Bangladesh -- Food and Choice -- Food and Class -- Food and Health Policy -- Food and Life Chances -- Food and Place -- Food and Poverty in High Income Countries -- Food Rituals -- Food and the Avant-Garde -- Food Animal Production, Ethics, and Quality Assurance -- Food Assistance and International Trade -- Food Boycotts -- Food Culture and Chefs -- Food Deserts -- Food Ethics and Policies -- Food in Ancient Indian Philosophy -- Food Labeling -- Food Legislation and Regulation: EU, UN, WTO and Private Regulation -- Food Miles -- Food Not Bombs -- Food Preparation, Cooking, and Ritual in Judaism -- Food Riots, Historical Perspectives -- Food Risk Communication -- Food Risks -- Food Safety -- Food Security -- Food Security and International Trade -- Food Security and Rural Education -- Food Security in Systemic Context -- Food Standards -- Food Waste -- Food Waste and Consumer Ethics -- Food Worlds, Film, and Gender -- Food, Agriculture, and Trade Organizations -- Food, Class Identity, and Gender -- Food's Purposes -- Food-Body Relationship -- Foucault and Food -- Free Trade and Protectionism in Food and Agriculture -- Functional Foods -- Functional Foods as Commodities -- Functional Foods, Marketing of -- Gender and Dieting -- Gender Inequality and Food Security -- Gender Norms and Food Behavior -- Gender, Obesity, and Stigmatization -- Geographic Indications -- Geographical Indications, Food, and Culture -- Gluttony -- GM Food, Nutrition, Safety, and Health -- GMO Food Labeling -- Grocery Store Design -- Gustatory Pleasure and Food -- Hazon -- Herbicide-Resistant Crops -- Hinduism and Food -- Home Gardening -- Homesteading -- Horticultural Therapy -- Hospitality and Food -- Human Ecology and Food -- Human Rights and Food -- Humane Slaughter Association -- Hunting -- Hybridity in Agriculture -- In Vitro Meat -- Industrial Food Animal Production Ethics -- Industrialized Slaughter and Animal Welfare -- Infant Feeding -- Informed Food Choice -- Institute Technology-Theology-Natural Sciences (TTN), Munich -- Institutional Food Service -- Intellectual Property and Food -- Intellectual Property Rights and Trade in the Food and Agricultural Sectors -- International Food Quality Standards -- Islam and Food -- Islam and Food and Agricultural Ethics -- Jainism and Food -- Jefferson's Moral Agrarianism -- Judaism and Food -- Kristeva and Food -- Land Acquisitions for Food and Fuel -- Law and Regulatory Mechanisms for Food and Agriculture Research -- Literature, Food, and Gender -- Local and Regional Food Systems -- Local Food Procurement -- Marketing, Food Policy, Diet, and Health -- Meat: Ethical Considerations -- Medicalization of Eating and Feeding -- Metaphysics of Natural Food -- Molecular Gastronomy -- Montaigne and Food -- Multifunctional Agriculture -- Multifunctionality of Agriculture and International Trade -- Multilateral Trade Organizations, Food, and Agriculture -- NAFTA and the Food and Agricultural Industries -- Nanotechnology in Agriculture -- National Courts and the Right to Food -- Natural Food -- Nietzsche and Food -- Obesity and Consumer Choice -- Obesity and Responsibility -- Occupational Risks in Agriculture -- Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics -- Permaculture -- Pest Control -- Peter Singer and Food -- Plant-Based Diets and Scientific Value Judgments -- Plato and Food -- Political Agronomy -- Political Consumerism: Consumer Choice, Information, and Labeling -- Population Growth -- Pork Production: Ethical Issues -- Poverty and Basic Needs -- Pregnancy and Food -- Private Food Governance -- Provision of Agricultural Ecosystem Services -- Public Institutional Foodservice -- Punishment and Food -- Race, Racial Identity, and Eating -- Recipes -- Resource Conflict, Food, and Agriculture -- Responsible Innovation in the Food Sector -- Restaurant Reviewing -- Restaurant Workers -- Right to Food in International Law -- Rousseau and Food -- Saving Seeds -- School Lunch and Gender -- Seed Banking, Seed Saving, and Cultivating Local Varieties -- Slash-and-Burn Agriculture -- Slow Food -- Sub-Saharan African Agriculture -- Substantial Equivalence -- Sustainability and Animal Agriculture -- Sustainability of Food Production and Consumption -- Sustainable Consumption and Gender -- Synthetic Biology and Biofuels -- Synthetic Meat -- Systemic Ethics to Support Well being -- Taste, Distaste, and Food -- Technologies used for Animal Breeding, Ethical Issues -- Telos and Farm Animal Welfare -- The 2003–2006 WTO GMO Dispute: Implications for the SPS Agreement -- Trade and Development in the Food and Agricultural Sectors -- Trade Policies and Animal Welfare -- Trade Policies and Organic Food -- Transgenic Crops -- Urban Agriculture -- Vegetarianism -- Vertical Farms in Horticulture -- Vertical Integration and Concentration in US Agriculture -- Virtue Theory, Food, and Agriculture -- War and Food -- Waste and Food -- Water, Food, and Agriculture -- WTO Dispute Settlement and Food and Agricultural Trade -- You Are What You Eat -- Youth Food Activism
Zugriffsoptionen:
Die folgenden Links führen aus den jeweiligen lokalen Bibliotheken zum Volltext:
Die Inhalte der verlinkten Blogs und Blog Beiträge unterliegen in vielen Fällen keiner redaktionellen Kontrolle.
Warnung zur Verfügbarkeit
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Blogbetreiber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie einen Blog Beitrag zitieren möchten.
Let's be frank. David Petraeus never misses an opportunity to promote himself as a modern-day MacArthur, a genius in the art of war whose 2007 military campaign in Iraq is the gold-standard for aspiring strategists seeking to profit off the travesties of armed conflict. It should come as no surprise then that the former general and CIA director weighed in recently with a didactic primer for Israeli civilian and military leaders overseeing one of the worst war-related calamities of the 21st century. Follow my counsel, Petraeus submits, and you too shall succeed, as did I, in turning around a failing war. Last week Petraeus co-authored an opinion piece in Foreign Affairs with Harvard Kennedy School professor Meghan L. O'Sullivan and Richard Fontaine, the CEO of the Center for a New American Security. But make no mistake,this was no serious analysis of the ongoing Israeli conflict, rather a chance for the general himself to highlight his personal "successes" in Iraq and demonstrate their universal lessons to any conflict in the Middle East. In reality, what Petraeus and his co-authors penned was an example of why a lessons-based approach to history is wrongheaded at best and dangerous at worst. It also highlights how, nearly 15 years after U.S. troops departed Iraq, the retired general still aspires to both control and revise the narrative over America's disastrous intervention in Middle Eastern affairs. The authors begin by falsely comparing current Israeli military strategy against the Palestinians to the Iraq "regime change" approach under George W. Bush's administration. It seems clear through its actions, however, that the Netanyahu government has set its sights far higher than replacing Hamas with another entity capable of representing Palestinian political aspirations. Given Israeli Defense Force (IDF) operations over the past few months, we might ask if Netanyahu is seeking "regime change" or complete physical, political, and economic control over Palestinian lives, if not, some might argue, their eradication? Petraeus et al. describe Israeli actions as an "understandable response" to the appalling and indefensible terrorist attacks of October 7, 2023. Yet when such a response is so immensely disproportional, when the casualty disparities are so incredibly galling, how can it be understandable? Senior civilian and military leaders are supposed to manage violence on behalf of their state, not be the central proponents for its unfettered use. Yet Netanyahu decries any limitations to that violence and has been unsparing in his defense of what can only be described as wartime atrocities. So how can Netanyahu learn from American "successes" in Iraq? Of course, by examining the 2007 "surge" under Petraeus's command. What follows in the Foreign Affairs article are three broad "lessons" that, not surprisingly, form the central pillars of the surge myth that the general and his acolytes have advanced for more than a decade now. First, Israelis should "clear and hold" territory to root out Hamas terrorists, just as U.S. forces did to insurgents operating inside Iraq. While Petraeus, O'Sullivan, and Fontaine acknowledge civilian casualties "inevitably resulted" — thus conveniently sidestepping any responsibility for those casualties — they offer no proof that the IDF has any intention of protecting Palestinian civilians once territory is held. Indeed, the opposite seems to hold true as IDF soldiers routinely have been captured on film mocking civilians displaced by the fighting raging around them. In truth, the authors rarely, if ever, mention innocent Palestinians at all. Rather, they focus their arguments on those "criminals, insurgents, and reconstituted Hamas battalions" as they meekly suggest that Israelis should pledge to "make life better and more secure for civilians." One wonders how that might happen as they concurrently recommend the IDF construct gated communities, control points, biometric screenings, and engage in "constant patrols." Would not ordinary Palestinian civilians see this as little more than military occupation? Did not Iraqis who watched American troops roam their cities in fear of what followed the occupying forces? Next, Petraeus and company offer the lesson of "build and revive," the next pillar of the surge narrative and, more broadly, counterinsurgency theory. Here, the lessons are as simple as they are straightforward. In clearing and holding key Iraqi cities, they argue, American forces provided the security needed for political and economic initiatives to flourish. Benevolent U.S. troops offered an alternative to the violence of insurgency, all while giving the government in Baghdad the necessary breathing room to rebuild a war-torn nation. All was going well until feckless civilians back in Washington pulled the plug and called the troops back home. While the authors rightfully acknowledge some key American missteps in Iraq, like the de-Baathification program and disbandment of the Iraqi army — decisions conveniently made before Petraeus's arrival — the parallels to the current Israeli-Palestinian conflict are suspect at best. The authors note none of the Palestinian political goals or how they conflict with longstanding Israeli objectives, simply stating that the Palestinian Authority has "obvious flaws" and is in "need for reform." Given the brutality of IDF operations over the past few months, are we to believe that the Israeli military is interested in providing a just "security umbrella" under which the Palestinian Authority could administer governance and basic services? And, as in Iraq, a key question remains unanswered: who gets to define "secure" in such a hostile environment? Given the disproportionate response by the IDF to the Hamas terrorist attack, it seems doubtful that both sides would agree on an impartial definition of security. Moreover, Petraeus is sanitizing history here. He omits the limits of American counterinsurgency theory, the utter destruction of Iraq cities like Mosul when the United States had to return to contend with ISIS, or the failed surge in Afghanistan that he himself promoted. Where was the political-economic flourishing in the wake of American interventions? The general never says. Finally, Petraeus offers his most self-serving recommendation by advising the Israelis to "tell them how this ends." The title of a biography on the general, the term is shorthand for laying out a "clear desired end-state" in hopes of gaining and then sustaining political support to fight generational wars. To the general, this was the key failure of the American wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Policymakers failed to convince the nation of the need for a long-term occupation of foreign lands to provide security both at home and abroad. They erred in garnering lasting support for the "resource-intensive strategy that saw success during the U.S. surge in Iraq." At best, this is a narcissistic portrayal from a retired general seeking relevance by pontificating on all matters military. At worst, this is flawed history advocating for more bloodshed, conflating America's disastrous wars in Iraq with a slaughter-house in Gaza. In either case, it's time we stop trying to learn from David Petraeus and seek the one thing missing from the general's Foreign Affairs essay — a diplomatic end to the carnage of an increasingly unjust war.
Die Inhalte der verlinkten Blogs und Blog Beiträge unterliegen in vielen Fällen keiner redaktionellen Kontrolle.
Warnung zur Verfügbarkeit
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Blogbetreiber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie einen Blog Beitrag zitieren möchten.
A New York Times poll released this week found that 13% of voters defecting from President Joe Biden, those who voted for him in 2020 but will not do so in November, cite his handling of foreign policy and Israel's war in Gaza as the reason for pulling their support. But an investigation by Responsible Statecraft finds that those same policies likely benefit the president's re-election campaign in a different way: his biggest funders happen to support them. A review of campaign contributions, philanthropy, and public statements reveals that over one third of the president's top tier funders — those giving in excess of $900,000 to the Biden Victory Fund — appear to see little nuance in the conflict and show overwhelming sympathy for Israel, at times verging into outright hostility to Palestinians and anti-Muslim bigotry.That's in sharp contrast with 13% of defecting 2020 Biden voters who say they won't vote for the president's reelection - a group that could tip the scales this November toward Donald Trump - only 17% of whom sympathize with Israel over the Palestinians."I think many Victory Fund members are in a bubble and out of touch with political reality but they also seem indifferent to the suffering of over 1 million children in Gaza whose lives are treated by Netanyahu and Biden as worth far less than those of Israeli children," said Amed Khan, a former Victory Fund donor who resigned in November over Biden's handling of the war. "The American people see these policies as morally repugnant."Thus, Biden likely isn't hearing those voices opposing Israel's brutal war in Gaza at fundraisers with his top donors.Take for example, billionaire Haim Saban, who contributed $929,599 to the Victory Fund. Saban also serves on the board of Friends of the Israel Defense Forces and contributed $1 million to the United Democracy Project, the independent expenditure arm of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, or AIPAC, that runs ads supporting pro-Israel candidates and ads criticizing candidates deemed insufficiently supportive of Israel. Last week, in an email to Biden apparently forwarded by an intermediary, Saban slammed the president's decision to hold a weapons shipment to Israel, warning, "Let's not forget that there are more Jewish voters, who care about Israel, than Muslims [sic] voters that care about Hamas," suggesting that putting conditions on U.S. weapons transfers to Israel is akin to supporting Hamas.Saban made his priorities clear in a 2004 New York Times interview, saying, "I'm a one-issue guy and my issue is Israel."Saban's wife, Cheryl Saban, also donated $929,600 to the Victory Fund, gave $2.18 million to Friends of the Israel Defense Forces in 2022 (a gift made alongside her husband), and cheered on pro-Israel provocateur Ben Shapiro's statement that, "If Israel put down its guns tomorrow there would be a second holocaust. If the Palestinians put down their arms tomorrow there would be a Palestinian state." "Bravo," said Cheryl Saban last November.Mobile gaming pioneer Mark Pincus offered even more blunt statements. Pincus, who contributed $929,600 to the Victory Fund, is outspoken on Israel on social media."Why do we only see pro palestinians [sic] in acts of violence? Why has this become an accepted form of protest," he asked in a March 8 post on X."[T]heres [sic] no mention by nyt of baby beheading or Biden speech about it. [B]ut continued coverage of destruction in Gaza and Israeli military failures. [T]hey should rename as 'the new hamas times,'" wrote Pincus in an October 11 post, referencing the claim, walked back by the White House on October 12 that Biden had seen photographic evidence of babies beheaded by Hamas on October 7.LinkedIn co-founder and venture capitalist Reid Hoffman also has a history of praising elite IDF units. At the 2022 Aspen Security Forum, Hoffman said the U.S. needed a "digital ROTC" and used the Israeli 8200 signal intelligence unit as an example of what was necessary. (As it turned out, the 8200 unit was not active on October 7 because it doesn't operate on nights and weekends.)Hoffman currently funds a "1-year full scholarship executive excellence program" that is "specially tailored for outstanding alumni of IDF Elite Units," via the Hoffman Kofman Foundation.Attorney and political pundit George Conway, who also contributed $929,600 to the Victory Fund, regularly posts pro-Israel commentary on X while expressing little concern for Palestinians and expresses skepticism about the organizing behind college protests against Israel's actions.Other donors were less vocal but their recent philanthropy and political giving suggests a strong pro-Israel bent in their foreign policy views.Real estate and casino magante Neil Bluhm contributed $929,600 to the Victory Fund, $200,000 to the United Democracy Project, and $225,000 to the American Israel Education Foundation — the fundraising arms of AIPAC that arranges for congressional junkets to Israel, among other activities — via his family's charitable foundation in 2022.Entertainment and sports mogul Casey Wasserman donated $929,600 to the Victory Fund and $25,000 in 2022 to Israel Emergency Alliance (also known as Stand With Us), a pro-Israel group that works to oppose boycotts against Israel. Stand With Us, earlier this month in a press release, called for the resignation of Northwestern University president Michael Schill after he "announced a set of concessions to [student encampment protester] organizers Monday that included pledging to implement full-ride scholarships for Palestinian students and faculty positions for Palestinian academics."Pete Lowy, son of Australian-Israeli billionaire Frank Lowy, contributed $929,600 to the Victory Fund and maintains close ties to hawkish pro-Israel groups. "Retail industry tycoon Peter Lowy inspired and delighted over 100 IAC Supporters at a donor reception toasting Israel's 70th Independence Day on Tuesday, April 24," read a 2018 press release from the Israeli-American Council, a group that describes itself as "wholeheartedly support[ing] the State of Israel." And until 2020, Lowy served as a senior vice president at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP), a pro-Israel think tank formed by AIPAC. Another Biden Victory Fund supporter, developer Eli Reinhard, who is listed as giving $1.84 million, also contributed $300,000 to WINEP and $50,000 to Friends of the IDF via his foundation in 2022.In total, nine out of the 25 donors who gave more than $900,000 to the Biden Victory Fund had either contributed funds to staunchly pro-Israel groups or made statements that showed a strong pro-Israel bias. Other donors were largely silent on the Israel-Gaza war or, like film director Steven Spielberg, have responded to the conflict by denouncing both anti-Semitism and anti-Muslim views.The New York Times warned that, "yearning for change and discontent over the economy and the war in Gaza among young, Black and Hispanic voters threaten to unravel the president's Democratic coalition." But Biden's most important campaign funders appear to offer a very different coalition than those in the broader electorate: donors with a one-sided support for Israel even as it wages a brutal war in Gaza that's incurring a steep political cost on Biden's reelection effort.The Sabans, Pincus, Hoffman, Conway, Bluhm, Wasserman, Lowy and Reinhard did not respond to requests for comment.
Die Inhalte der verlinkten Blogs und Blog Beiträge unterliegen in vielen Fällen keiner redaktionellen Kontrolle.
Warnung zur Verfügbarkeit
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Blogbetreiber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie einen Blog Beitrag zitieren möchten.
Bossier City didn't quite get right new transparency requirements required under state law. And other parish governing authorities haven't even tried, in violation of that law, while some of those others have violated a different but related law for over a decade.
Last year, the Louisiana Legislature passed what would become Act 393 of 2023, effective last Aug. 1. This mandated for most state government boards and all local plenary governing authorities that they broaden their capacities for people with disabilities or their caregivers for direct participation in most meetings of those bodies, including those appointed or elected to such bodies.
The new law covers a lot so perhaps it's no accident that Bossier City didn't get around to changing its rules for compliance until its first meeting of this year, in conjunction with a change to its meeting dates. The new policy adopted enables both councilors and potential participants to participate remotely if the former "provide[s] a medical certification of disability on forms provided by the City Clerk" and the latter "complete[s] an application for remote participation and provide a medical certification of disability on forms provided by the City Clerk."
Some discussion occurred around the "medical certification," offered by Wes Merriott, a frequent commenter to the Council who has sued the city over his assertion that existing rules are facially unconstitutional – an area of the rules the Council didn't address with changes – who said that the state's Division of Administration had published guidance that said the Council couldn't require such a certificate.
This refers to the model regulation suggested by DOA, which reads "Upon receipt of an accommodation request, the designated agency representative is only permitted to ask if the requestor has an A[mericans with]D[isabilities]A[ct]-qualifying disability or is a caregiver of such a person (yes or no). The requestor shall not be required to complete a medical inquiry form or disclose the actual impairment or medical condition to support a disability accommodation request." Merriott alleged therefore that the new rule violated the law.
But in fact there is nothing in the ADA that prohibits a government agency from asking for this kind of documentation attendant to a public accommodation request if the supposed need is not obvious and the need on behalf of the public agency to evaluate and accommodate appropriately is necessary, as defined by that agency, with the exception of the use of service animals. Further, the DOA guidance is for rulemaking by state agencies and doesn't apply to local governments.
Thus, Bossier City's new rule on that score is compliant. The form released after the meeting asks for minimal information about a disability but does require documentation from a medical provider. Conveniently, it may be sent scanned by e-mail to the city clerk.
Regardless, the city does break the law in that, despite the explicit wording of the act that it applies to any "member of the public with a disability recognized by the Americans with Disabilities Act or a designated caregiver of such a person" (emphasis added), its new rule doesn't cover caregivers. To a degree this is overcome by the form including caregivers as a covered category, but technically to be on the safe side the Council should amend its rules to comply.
At least Bossier City got that out of the way, even if incomplete. That puts it way ahead of other parish-wide entities solely in the parish governed by plenary bodies that levy taxes – Bossier Parish, the Bossier Parish School District, the Cypress Black Bayou Recreation and Water Conservation District, and the Bossier Levee District – as none have come up with rules to deal with the act, now four months late (it's a bit difficult to confirm this in the cases of Cypress Black Bayou and the Levee Board, each of which are comprised of appointees from elected bodies in the parish, because for both they have not posted online minutes of multiple meetings since June and which violates the law).
However, their problems extend beyond accommodation. In order to make accommodation, information about the meeting must be made available so that those qualifying under the new law can know whether they want to participate in it and what to talk about. In the cases of Cypress Black Bayou and the Levee District, they will have to post online (or at the very least send by e-mail to any requestor) consistently and prior to the statutory deadline – which neither has – their meeting agendas.
Yet it should go beyond that, for a person with a disability or caregiver can't really intelligently prepare comments if all they have to go upon is a single brief phrase that typically comprises a published agenda item. The law likely requires that for each agenda item that the public body also attach additional documentation describing the item, even if it as is simple as the entire text of the ordinance, resolution, regulation, etc. After all, it's trying to simulate for those who can't get to them because of disability the ability to stroll up to a clerk's office prior to a meeting or at the meeting to receive public printed handouts, which would contain information like that.
Worse, both of these continue to violate a different but related law, R.S. 42:23. That makes optional for a public meeting to have it "video or tape recorded, filmed, or broadcast live." But, "any nonelected board or commission that has the authority to levy a tax shall video or audio record, film, or broadcast live all proceedings in a public meeting" – which neither district, both of which levy property taxes, has been doing for over a decade since that statute went into effect, and a complaint about which under state law can be filed by any resident to the district attorney or attorney general for enforcement purposes.
It's not an expensive proposition – for years, the Bossier Parish Police Jury has broadcast its meetings on the cheap using a tablet accessing Facebook Live with its frequent crashes, horrible audio that makes speaker identification difficult, and no way to discern who votes how, all of which the law lets it get away with. But it has to be done, and neither Cypress Black Bayou nor the Levee District are doing it.
The heightened pre-meeting information requirement also applies to the entities that are transmitting, the Jury and Bossier Parish School Board. The latter is (more often) hit or (sometimes) miss on this account, while the Jury is notorious for the paucity of information attached to its agendas, which it should correct to comply with the new law. Perhaps that will come about as it prepares to implement a presumably up-to-date transmission system in the Jury chambers.
Thus, the new law not only makes it easier for participation in meetings for some who up until now have faced almost insurmountable constraints, but it also increases transparency for all. That is, if public bodies actually follow the law that to date most Bossier entities have refused to do so, if not related ones a couple blatantly have disregarded.
Die Inhalte der verlinkten Blogs und Blog Beiträge unterliegen in vielen Fällen keiner redaktionellen Kontrolle.
Warnung zur Verfügbarkeit
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Blogbetreiber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie einen Blog Beitrag zitieren möchten.
Can an opera about drone warfare sponsored by a weapons maker ever really be considered "antiwar"? The head of New York's Metropolitan Opera certainly thinks so.Peter Gelb, the Met's general manager, said earlier this year that he feared a growing "misperception" that the new opera "Grounded" fails to provide a nuanced take on the costs of war. If that view took hold, Gelb lamented, "the work would be somehow tainted before anybody ever got a chance to see it."When I first saw Gelb's comment, I admit that I took it to heart. I had helped spin up an online controversy with a piece that slammed "Grounded" as militarist propaganda. My (brief) argument relied on two facts: The show's main sponsor was weapons contractor General Dynamics, and its primary advertisement was teeming with blithe comments about its "hot shot" pilot lead who, after having a baby and being relegated to the role of a drone operator, "tracks terrorists by day and rocks her daughter to sleep by night."The Washington National Opera, which is putting on the show's first production on the Met's behalf, responded by toning down the ad and highlighting that General Dynamics — the maker of main character Jess's beloved F-16 fighter jet — was the sponsor of the season, not just the show, and had no direct input on the production.I couldn't help but wonder if I had unfairly skewered a well-meaning attempt at conveying the horrors of war, so I took Gelb's warning as a challenge and secured a media ticket, promising myself and my editors that I would give the show a fair shake. (If you plan to see the opera, beware of spoilers ahead.)I'll start with the good. The show, which was composed by Jeanine Tesori and written by George Brant, featured massive, high definition LED screens that streamed captivating visuals of the view from a drone's camera and the desert road that Jess drove home from her base near Las Vegas. The vocal performances, to my ear at least, were excellent, led by an outstanding Emily D'Angelo in the role of Jess."Grounded" is at its best when it details the very real and very under-recognized trauma that drone operators experience through their work. When Jess kills a group of militants who were planting an improvised explosive device (IED), her confidence wavers when she sees their charred remains and slowly watches their heat signature disappear from her camera's view — something she never had to do in her fighter pilot days.Jess's worlds gradually collapse upon each other as she tracks a sedan that looks eerily like her own, and the line blurs between her world and the war, with any visible camera liable to set off a bout of paranoia that she is next on the kill list. The performance destroys the myth that drone warfare is more of a video game than real combat, and in so doing gives voice to the pain that drone operators often experience as a result of their service. As the program notes, drone operators are diagnosed with PTSD as frequently as their fighter pilot colleagues.But, in focusing narrowly on the personal struggles of a drone operator, "Grounded" dodges more profound questions about America's endless wars, which continue today in Niger, Somalia, Yemen, Iraq, Syria, and whichever other countries the Pentagon would rather not say it's operating in. (For those keeping score at home, this is the start of the "bad" section.)Like much supposedly "antiwar" work, "Grounded" falls short by restricting its critique to the conduct of war rather than its very nature. As Samuel Moyn has written in these pages, each side of the debate over U.S. military interventions "bicker[s] over how far to go in making ongoing war more humane, against the background of ongoing American militarism — even as questions about whether, where, and how long war is fought are relegated to the margins."In fact, "Grounded" goes further at times by suggesting that Jess's work as a fighter pilot was in some way more moral — or at least less psychologically tortuous — than her days as a drone operator. This suggestion will come as a surprise to the many American pilots who have returned from the frontlines of the Global War on Terror with PTSD, as well as the innocents who were all too often killed in the crossfire.Much like the film "American Sniper," the show urges us to sympathize first and foremost with the person whose finger rests on the trigger. "Grounded" reaches its climax when, after tracking a high-value target for days, Jess is ready to fire on him until his daughter suddenly emerges and runs toward him. Our "hot-shot" friend panics when she sees the girl's face — in implausible HD — and crashes the Reaper instead of taking the shot. The child in the crosshairs only becomes human when compared to Jess's own daughter, who earned a life free from fear of random immolation the old fashioned way: being born in America.These shortcomings are in part explained by the fact that the opera is an adaptation of a one-woman show, which by its nature would focus closely on the emotions of its protagonist. But the operatic version of "Grounded," which is twice as long as its predecessor, still struggles to find a place for the inherent humanity of civilians caught up in far-off killing fields.Even Jess's tragic ending — a court martial that will no doubt lead to a long sentence for destroying an expensive drone — fails to strike a resounding antiwar note. In the end, the show devotes far more energy to showing the eeriness of war than any of its deeper flaws and causes.Some shots of sleek Reaper drones verge on war porn. "Grounded" is peppered with long, fawning descriptions of the drone's cameras and missiles, which seem designed to make the audience salivate over the cutting edge tech that will finally — finally! — make war a moral endeavor.And while the special effects are remarkable, they felt tailored toward another great myth of American militarism: the so-called "revolution in military affairs," which allegedly made it possible to conduct war with made-for-TV precision. We're asked to believe that Jess knows exactly what she is firing at and chooses not to — far less disquieting than the reality, in which drone operators often shoot at vaguely understood targets that all too often contain civilians.In other words, "Grounded" musters an interesting critique of the hagiography of American warfare, but, by spending most of its time describing that idealized view, the show never bothers to imagine an alternative to endless war.Prior to the performance, an ad above the stage thanked General Dynamics for its generous sponsorship of the opera season. As I walked out, I couldn't help but wonder if General Dynamics was thanking them back.
Die Inhalte der verlinkten Blogs und Blog Beiträge unterliegen in vielen Fällen keiner redaktionellen Kontrolle.
Warnung zur Verfügbarkeit
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Blogbetreiber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie einen Blog Beitrag zitieren möchten.
Russlands Küche gilt nicht. Sie ist im allgemeinen westlichen Bewusstsein nicht präsent. Mit Polen assoziiert man vage Pierogi, ähnliche Pielmieni mit der Ukraine, ähnlich wie der in Ostdeutschland früher echt populärer Soljanka-Eintopf. Aber Russland?Witold Szabłowski, polnischer Journalist mit Koch-Erfahrung in Skandinavien, schaut den Russen in die Töpfe. Dabei zeichnet er russische, sowjetische und wieder russische Geschichte in zwölf Topf-Geschichten, die Personen, Regionen oder Ereignissen zugeordnet werden. Er beschränkt sich aber nicht etwa auf übliche Gastro-Literaturtipps, ganz im Gegenteil, die angegebenen Rezepte sind nicht immer "zum Probieren" gedacht, vielmehr geht es um die Geschichten hinter den Töpfen oder vor den Herdplatten. Und wer steht dort? Natürlich Köche und andere Kreml-Vertraute oder die man dafür hält, die ihre Lebensgeschichten erzählen.Eine übliche Rezepte-Sammlung zum Nachahmen oder um sie als Geschenk-Kochbuch herauszugeben wäre nur im ersten Fall der Zarenküche lohnend, denn viele könnte es heute noch interessieren, wie die Speisen am damaligen Zarenhof schmeckten. Klar hatte der Zar einen Hofstaat zu ernähren, in der Küche des Winterpalasts arbeiteten immerhin mehr als 150 Angestellte, davon haben zehn nur für den Zaren gearbeitet, seine Familie und die Privatgäste. Vier Köche waren mit dem Backen und Braten beschäftigt, vier weitere mit Suppen. Darüber hinaus gab es eine Menge "Praktikanten", die alle Bereiche durchlaufen mussten. An einem gewöhnlichen Tag aß die Familie zum Frühstück z.B. eine Spargelsuppe, einen Hummer, Gänsefleisch, Selleriesalat und Kaffee. Zu Mittag tischte man Graupensuppe (mit Sauergurken, Möhren und Erbsen) auf, dazu Kartoffelpuffer mit Lachspaste, Roastbeef, gebratene Hähnchenbrust, Birnen in Sherry und Kuchen mit Preiselbeeren und Zuckerguss. So gesehen aß die Zarenfamilie zwar ausgesucht, aber insgesamt eher bescheiden. Das alles wissen wir von Alexandra L., der Urenkelin eines Angestellten des letzten Zarenkochs, die die Geschichte Ivan Charitonows hütet und dem polnischen Journalisten Witold Szabłowski zum ersten Mal verrät. Charitonow war der erste und der letzte Russe als Zarenkoch und dies auch zum Schluss der Zarenära, nachdem der letzte Franzose den Petersburger Hof in den Wirren des Weltkriegs und der Revolution verließ. Von da an ging es mit dem imperialen Menü eher abwärts, die Familie musste zwar nicht hungern, bis es in Jekaterinburg, wohin die Bolschewiki sie verbannt hatten, dann so schlecht war, dass Charitonow auf der Straße um Nahrungsmittel für den Zaren betteln musste. Nach Aussagen aus der Umgebung des Zaren hat ihn die Oktoberrevolution ziemlich wenig interessiert, erbost war Nikolaus II. nur wegen der Plünderung und Zerstörung der Kellervorräte an Wein und ausgesuchten Alkoholika. Der Koch und der Butler gehörten zum Zaren wie die engsten Familienmitglieder, das erkannten die Bolschewiki auch so an und ließen die beiden gleich nach dem Zaren töten, erst danach die Zarin, ihre Zofe und die Kinder. Nachdem die Leichname übereinander in eine Grube geworfen wurden, war es nach der Exhumierung (erst 1990, nach dem Fall der UdSSR) unmöglich, die Gebeine Nikolaus II. und die seines Kochs Charitonows eindeutig zu identifizieren. "So liegt der Koch mit dem Zaren in einem Sarg, symbolisch, nicht wahr?", fragt Alexandra Z.Die russische Küche hatte es von nun an unter den Kommunisten schwer. Bis zum Fall der Sowjetunion hatte das beinahe 200 Millionen Menschen zählende "Volk" immer mit einem Ernährungsproblem zu kämpfen, die verstaatlichten Betriebe (Kolchosen und Sowcosen) fielen in der Produktivität so rasant zurück, dass Geschäfte eigentlich zu keiner Zeit genügend Ware angeboten, um den Menschen einen Essgenuss zu bieten. Von nun an durften nur einige Wenige über üppige Tische verfügen – im ganzen Land wurde die Ernährungssituation zum Politikum. Schuld daran waren die politischen Vorgaben – die rücksichtslose Kollektivierung, die Wegnahme des Saatguts, die Verbannung der Bauern aus der Ukraine nach Sibirien, die Veruntreuung in den staatlichen Betrieben, die räuberische Naturausbeutung und die politisch bedingte Verteilungspolitik, genauso wie z. B. der Getreideexport zu Hungerszeiten.Dabei aßen die kommunistischen Revolutionäre wenig, wie Lenin zum Beispiel, der sein Leben lang über Magen- und Verdauungsprobleme klagte. Auch Stalin war kein Gourmet, ihm reichten schon einfache Speisen wie Graupen mit Buttermilch. Erst mit der Zeit holte er Köche aus seiner georgischen Heimat in den Kreml samt den südländischen Sorten von Obst und Gemüse, wie in Russland bis dahin eher unbekannte Zucchini, Tomaten, Auberginen oder Paprika. Bei Lenin soll das Weißbrot an seiner gesundheitlichen Misere schuld gewesen sein. Die Uljanows, so die Erzählung, folgten der bürgerlichen Weißbrot-Mode, die im Schwarzbrot enthaltenen Mineralien und Ballaststoffe hatten sie aber kaum durch andere Speisen ergänzt und so waren Magenprobleme vorprogrammiert. Lenins Mutter, eine Wolga-Deutsche, achtete dabei auf Sauberkeit und vor allem auf Pünktlichkeit und Regelmäßigkeit bei der Ernährung. So soll Wladimir Ilitsch ärgerlich geworden sein, wenn Gäste sich verspäteten und dadurch feste Mahlzeiten verschoben werden mussten. Er war kein Snob, aß, was man ihm auftischte, es ist nicht überliefert, was und ob ihm irgendetwas mal besonders schmeckte. Nach der Revolution wohnte Lenin in Gorki bei Moskau, um seine Gesundheit aufzubessern. Dort hatte er eine eigene Köchin mit Namen Schura. In der Sowjetunion durfte man nicht davon sprechen, dass Lenin eine Köchin hatte, offiziell kochten seine Schwester oder seine Frau Nadeschda Krupska.Auch Stalin hatte zunächst kein Händchen für die Küche. Auch fürs Aufräumen nicht. Als er, vom Zaren wegen revolutionärer Umtriebe nach Sibirien verbannt, eine Hütte mit Swerdlow und Kamenew teilte, zeigte sich schnell, dass er nicht vorhatte, etwa wie alle anderen im Wechsel zu kochen, geschweige denn zu spülen. Nur für die Jagd konnte er sich erwärmen. Später in Moskau, schon als Funktionär und Parteisekretär, aß er tagein tagaus in der Kreml-Mensa. Aber es sollte anders kommen, was Szabłowski in Stalins Heimat Gori von Iwan Aliachnow, dem Nachkommen einer georgischen Gastronomenfamilie erfährt. Iwans Stiefvater Alexander Egnataschwilli war ein umtriebiger Unternehmer in der kurzen wirtschaftsliberalen Zeit der 1920er Jahre gewesen (der sogenannten NEP-Ära). Er führte in Tiflis mehrere Restaurants und eine Weingroßhandlung. Den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg legte er seiner aus Thüringen stammenden Nachbarin Liliana zu Füßen, die er aber erst nach dem Tod ihres Mannes ehelichen konnte. Alex kannte auch "Keke", Stalins Mutter, die in jungen Jahren bei seinem Vater als Köchin aushalf. Iwan beteuert, dass Alexanders Leben nicht spannender hätte sein können - im guten wie im schlechten Sinne. Nach der neuen Parteidevise nach dem Ende der NEP-Politik sollten alle Privatunternehmer durch Steuern drangsaliert werden. Und das im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes. Alex kam wegen Steuerschulden ins Gefängnis, von wo er von "Keke" gerettet wurde. Kurze Zeit danach ging er mit Liliana nach Moskau. Stalin empfing ihn freundlich und gab ihm eine Anstellung als Chef eines Partei-Erholungsheimes auf der Krim. Später übertrug er ihm die Leitung seiner Datscha in Kunzewo bei Moskau, wo Alex auch für ihn kocht. Stalin aß damals einfach, zu seinem 50. Geburtstag tischte er z.B. "nur" eine rustikale Sauerkrautsuppe mit Kalbsfleisch auf. Irgendwann fragte er Stalin, ob ihm die georgische Küche nicht fehlen würde. Szabłowski schreibt: "Der Wechsel der Küche brachte Stalin viel Freude". So kamen Farbe und Vitamine auf dem Tisch des Diktators.Aber der Parteichef hatte seine tagtäglichen Marotten und Phobien. Eine davon war die Angst, vergiftet zu werden. So wurde Alex, der selber zwar immer weniger kochte, zum "Versuchskaninchen", der Stalins Mahlzeiten kostete. Alle Nahrungsmittel wurden vor Ort, d.h. in Kunzewo angebaut, ebenfalls wurden dort alle zum Verzehr bestimmten Nutztiere gezüchtet, Fische kamen aus dem eigenem Teich. Iwan Alichanow erzählte Szabłowski noch die Geschichte seiner unglücklichen Mutter Liliana, die um nichts in der Welt Alex und die Sowjetunion verlassen wollte, als dieser sie vor dem deutsch-sowjetischen Krieg warnte und sie nach Deutschland schicken wollte. Liliana geriet als Deutsche in den Sog "antifaschistischer" Propaganda und einer allgemeinen Anti-Spion-Psychose. Und selbst Alex, Stalins Koch und Vertrauter, konnte ihr nicht helfen… eine dramatische, tragische Geschichte.An Dramatik sind jedoch einige weitere Fragmente, welche die Zeit des Hungertodes in der Ukraine und des Zweiten Weltkriegs behandeln, nicht zu übertreffen. Nicht erst seit dem aktuellen Getreideabkommen mit der Ukraine weiß man, was es bedeutet, wenn Russland der Welt mit Hunger droht. Schon früher wurde dort nämlich mit Nahrungsmitteln Politik gemacht. Die Welt merkte davon wenig oder wollte sich damit nicht befassen. Linke Intellektuelle besuchten die Sowjetunion in den 1930er Jahren, die Allermeisten davon waren von den schnellen Errungenschaften der jungen Sowjetmacht begeistert. Die andere Seite der Medaille – dass es sich bei den Erfolgen um Sklavenarbeit im Gulag-System handelte, wollten diese Menschen nicht wissen. So gehören die Kapitel über Kollektivierung der Landwirtschaft in der Ukraine, die zum Raub der Lebensmittelreserven und Saatgut und zur Verbannung der "Kulaken" nach Sibirien führte, zu den dramatischen Momenten der in der Regel verschwiegenen Geschichte des Sowjetstaates. Über den "Holodomor" durfte man in der Sowjetunion nicht sprechen und auch der Westen war nicht interessiert, brauchte dieser Stalins UdSSR doch zunächst als Verbündeten im Kampf gegen Hitler-Deutschland. Damals starben Millionen Ukrainer auf den ertragsreichsten landwirtschaftlichen Gebieten der Welt. Der Hungertod war auch im Zweiten Weltkrieg im Osten Europas allgegenwärtig. Ohne die Nahrungsmittelhilfe der verbündeten Amerikaner ist der schnelle Vormarsch der Roten Armee 1944 wohl nicht denkbar… Und dennoch mussten viele Städte im Krieg hungern, über die Versorgung der Flüchtlinge und der nach Sibirien Vertriebenen machte sich die Sowjetmacht nur allzu wenig Gedanken, wie an anderer Stelle, etwa bei Wiktor Krawtschenko, einem sowjetischen Dissidenten, nachzulesen ist. Und über den Hunger in der Ukraine erzählt der Film von Agnieszka Holland "Mr. Jones", der allerdings in Deutschland kaum Erfolg hatte.Und was geschah nach dem Krieg? Auch da blieb die sowjetische Landwirtschaft hinter den Erwartungen der Gesellschaft, aber auch im Vergleich zu vielen anderen Ländern zurück. Für die festlich hergerichteten Tafeln im Kreml hatte das keine allzu große Bedeutung, wie Viktor Belajew, einer der erfahrensten Chef-Köche im Kreml berichtet. Er kochte für Breschnew, Gorbatschow, Jelzin und Putin, dabei kannte er die Geheimnisse der Kreml-Küchen wie kein anderer. Belajew teilt die dortigen Köche in "allgemeine" und "personengebundene". So hatten die hohen Persönlichkeiten in Staat und Partei ihren eigenen Koch, der vom KGB abgeordnet war. Mit dem Ableben "seines" Prinzipals oder im Falle dessen politischen Karriereknicks waren sie ebenfalls verpflichtet zu gehen. Viktor war ein "allgemeiner" Koch, der bei großen Empfängen in der Breschnew-Ära tätig war, auch für den polnischen Parteiführer Edward Gierek. In Moskau gab es damals keine exotischen Früchte oder Gemüse, viele ausländische Gäste brachten eigene Köche und Vorräte mit. "Das Einzige, was die Polen mitbrachten, das waren die Würste, solche hatten wir in der Sowjetunion nicht!", so Viktor im Gespräch mit Szabłowski. Mit Wehmut erinnert er sich an die üppig ausstaffierten Tafelrunden bei Breschnew: "Die Kreml-Tische – das ist eine Geschichte für sich, es gab eine ganze Dekor-Philosophie, damit waren auch -zig Leute beschäftigt. Das Wissen, das sich seit der Zarenzeit mehrte, hatte damals seinen Zenit erreicht. Auf den Tischen standen hübsch dekorierte Störe, versilberte Schüsseln mit schwarzem und rotem Kaviar, Krabbensalat, alle Arten von Fleisch und Fisch", so Belajew. Merkwürdig dabei war irgendwie doch die Anknüpfung an die "Dekadenz" der Zarenzeit, da doch die Parteifunktionäre Chruschtschow und Breschnew aus kleinen ukrainischen Dörfern bzw. Kleinstädten stammten. Nach offiziellen Anlässen wurden sie dann noch von ihren "persönlichen" Köchen bekocht und nicht selten mit einfachen Stampfkartoffeln mit Buttermilch beglückt.Szabłowski geht noch weiter – über die Ära Gorbatschow, der die übertriebene Üppigkeit Kremlscher Ess- und Trink-Rituale wieder abschaffte, über den alkoholkranken Jelzin bis hin zu Putin und dessen Großvater Spiridon, der Koch in einem Sanatorium gewesen sein soll. Dieser hätte sein Fach noch zu Zarenzeiten absolviert, so Putin in einem Zeitungsgespräch in den 1990er Jahren, kurz bevor er zum ersten Mal für das Amt des Präsidenten kandidierte. Später soll sein Großvater bei Lenin in Gorki und in einer Stalin-Datscha gekocht haben, aber beweisen lässt sich das nicht. Szabłowski merkt, dass das Thema schwierig ist und bekommt als Antwort von einem seiner Gesprächspartner: "Wenn der Präsident sagte, dass sein Großvater hier arbeitete, dann bin ich sicher, dass solche Nachweise bald ans Tageslicht kommen", sagte er, der anonym bleiben will. Anonym bleiben? Ja, in Putins Russland gilt nach wie vor die Devise, dass man lieber zu wenig als zu viel sagt.Und dennoch liest sich das Buch prächtig, da der Autor ein Meister seines Fachs ist und bleibt. Es gelingt ihm auch noch, Frauen zu finden, die nach der Katastrophe von Tschernobyl dort für die Rettungsmannschaft kochten, oder Frauen, die in Afghanistan in der Armee-Mensa tätig waren.Kaluzas Pflichtlektüren befassen sich meistens mit polnischen Büchern, die ich gerne auf Deutsch sehen würde, bei diesem Buch ist es anders, es ist soeben übersetzt worden und es wird gerade gedruckt! Das spannende (Koch)-Buch erscheint zur Frankfurter Buchmesse im Katapult Verlag, die Übersetzung besorgte Paulina Schulz-Gruner, ich wünsche dem Buch viel Erfolg!
This edition is the first issue of Dewa Ruci's Journal, in which all articles are in English. We deliberately changed the language of publication to English to facilitate information delivery to a wider audience. We realize that English is the official language for many countries rather than other languages in this world. The number of people who have literacy awareness and need scientific information about visual and performing arts regarding the archipelago's cultural arts is also quite large.The decision to change the language of publication to English does not mean that we do not have nationalism or are not in love with the Indonesian language. This change is necessary to foster the intensity of scientific interaction among writers who are not limited to Indonesia's territory alone. We desire that the scientific ideas outlined in Dewa Ruci's Journal are read by intellectual circles of the arts internationally. We also want to express our scientific greetings to art experts from countries in New Zealand, the USA, Australia, Europe, especially Britain, and other English-speaking countries such as the Philippines, India, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, the Caribbean, Hong Kong, South Africa, and Canada. Of course, a change in English will also benefit intellectuals from countries that have acquired English as a second language, such as Malaysia, Brunei, Israel, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka. In essence, Dewa Ruci's Journal editor wants to invite writers to greet the scientific community at large.We are grateful that six writers can greet the international community through their articles. The first is Tunjung Atmadi and Ika Yuni Purnama, who wrote an article entitled "Material Ergonomics on Application of Wooden Floors in the Interior of the Workspace Office." This article discusses office interiors that are devoted to workspaces. The purpose of this study is to share knowledge about how to take advantage of space-forming elements in the interior design of a workspace by utilizing wooden floors like parquet. The focus is on choosing the use of wood by paying attention to the elements in its application. This research result has a significant meaning in the aesthetics, comfort, and safety of wooden floors in the workspace's interior and its advantages and disadvantages.The second writer who had the opportunity to greet the Dewa Ruci Journal audience was intellectuals with diverse expertise, namely Taufiq Akbar, Dendi Pratama, Sarwanto, and Sunardi. Together they wrote an article entitled "Visual Adaptation: From Comics to Superhero Creation of Wayang." This article discusses the fusion and mixing of wayang as a traditional culture with comics and films as contemporary culture products. This melting and mixing have given birth to new wayang creations with sources adapted from the superhero character "Avenger," which they now call the Avenger Wayang Kreasi. According to them, Wayang Kreasi Avenger's making maintains technical knowledge of the art of wayang kulit. It introduces young people who are not familiar with wayang kulit about the technique of carving sungging by displaying the attributes in the purwa skin for Wayang Kreasi Avenger. This creativity is an attempt to stimulate and show people's love for the potential influence of traditional cultural heritage and its interaction with the potential of contemporary culture.The next authors are Sriyadi and RM Pramutomo, with an article entitled "Presentation Style of Bedhaya Bedhah Madiun Dance in Pura Mangkunegaran." This article reveals a repertoire of Yogyakarta-style dance in Mangkunegaran, Surakarta, namely the Bedhaya Bedhah Madiun. The presence of this dance in Mangkunegaran occurred during the reign of Mangkunegara VII. However, the basic character of the Mangkunegaran style dance has a significant difference from the Yogyakarta style. This paper aims to examine the Bedhaya Bedhah Madiun dance's presentation style in Mangkunegaran to determine the formation of its presentation technique. The shape of the Bedhaya Bedhah Madiun dance style in Mangkunegaran did not occur in an event but was a process. The presentation style's formation is due to a problem in the inheritance system that has undergone significant changes. These problems arise from social, political, cultural, and economic conditions. The responses to these problems have shaped the Bedhaya Bedhah Madiun dance's distinctive features in Mangkunegaran, although not all of them have been positive.Hasbi wrote an article entitled "Sappo: Sulapa Eppa Walasuji as the Ideas of Creation Three Dimensional Painting." This article reveals Hasbi's creative process design in creating three-dimensional works of art, named Sappo. He got his inspiration from the ancient manuscripts written in Lontara, namely the manuscripts written in the traditional script of the Bugis-Makassar people on palm leaves, which they still keep until now. Sappo for the Bugis community is a fence that limits (surrounds, isolates) the land and houses. Sappo's function is to protect herself, her family, and her people. Sulapa Eppa means four sides, is a mystical manifestation, the classical belief of the Bugis-Makassar people, which symbolizes the composition of the universe, wind-fire-water-earth. Walasuji is a kind of bamboo fence in rhombus rituals. Eppa Walasuji's Sulapa is Hasbi's concept in creating Sappo in the form of three-dimensional paintings. The idea is a symbolic expression borrowing the Lontara tradition's idiom to create a symbolic effect called Sappo.Mahdi Bahar and his friends wrote an article entitled "Transformation of Krinok to Bungo Krinok Music: The Innovation Certainty and Digital-Virtual Contribution for Cultural Advancement." Together, they have made innovations to preserve Krinok music, one of Jambi's traditional music themes, into new music that they call Bungo Krinok. He said that innovation is a necessity for the development of folk music. In innovating, they take advantage of digital technology. They realize this music's existence as a cultural wealth that has great potential for developing and advancing art. The musical system, melodic contours, musical grammar, and distinctive interval patterns have formed krinok music's character. This innovation has given birth to new music as a transformation from Jambi folk music called "Bungo Krinok" music.Finally, Luqman Wahyudi and Sri Hesti Heriwati. They both wrote an article entitled "Social Criticism About the 2019 Election Campaign on the Comic Strip Gump n Hell." They explained that in 2019 there was an interesting phenomenon regarding the use of comic strips as a means of social criticism, especially in the Indonesian Presidential Election Campaign. The title of the comic is Gump n Hell by Errik Irwan Wibowo. The comic strip was published and viral on social media, describing the political events that took place. In this study, they took three samples of the comic strip Gump n Hell related to the moment of the 2019 election to analyze their meaning. From the results of this study, there is an implicit meaning in the comic strip of pop culture icons' use to represent political figures in the form of parodies.That is the essence of the issue of Volume 16 Number 1 (April Edition), 2021. Hopefully, the knowledge that has been present in this publication can spur the growth of visual and performing art science in international networks, both in the science of art creation and in scientific research of art in general. We hope that the development of visual and performing art science can reveal the various meanings behind various facts and phenomena of art life. Therefore, the growth of international networks is an indispensable need.Thank you.
While China undergone a rapid move from agriculture-based economies to industry production, the extraordinary intensity of economic and social changes triggered environmental problems. Industrial water pollution is particularly problematic due to its negative impact on health and the natural environment. With increasing environmental awareness of Chinese citizens, taking responsive action and building mutual dialogue with the local society are imperative for the government. This research proposes an analytical lens of communication interface to explore the emergence of industrial water pollution, as well as its social and political responses in Dongying City, the Yellow River Delta of China. The research examines the daily routines and implementation practices of the local water bureaucracy for pollution control. Drawn upon the empirical studies in the communities, the research also presents an analysis of people's perception and knowledge about pollution. Theoretically, the analytical lens of communication interface is drawn upon ideas from Long's (1989) interface analysis and Bateson's (1951) philosophy of "metacommunication". Embedding communication interfaces in the wider power structure and informed by Foucault's (2000) study, the research embraces the ambition to detect patterns in complexity, as well as the dynamic and multi-layered character of China's environmental management. Qualitative methods such as interviews, participation, Participatory Rapid Appraisal were adopted to investigate individual lived experience of local actors. Quantitative data collection based on a survey (N=110) was applied to investigate information access and people's demand for information in relation to their livelihood concerns. Reviews of policies, laws and local planning helped to generate a more sophisticated understanding on the industrial development in the Yellow River Delta. Information derived from media portrayals, online discussion forums, documentary films provided a rich source of material to trace the public debate on China's environmental management. Findings show thatlarge-scale technocratic interventions to mitigate industrial pollution have increased in Dongying. Action to enlarge the scope of public participation in environmental management, however, was far from effective. Through the illustrative example of the China Water Week campaign, it is argued that incoherent messages across different levels of the bureaucracy, as well as that the interrupted mutualflow of information between water administrators and local people hindered public participation in the water campaign. With reference to the mixed signals deployed by government authorities to local environmental activists, findings elucidate that the bureaucratic awareness of keeping situations under control is prevalent in minds of local cadres. This was attempted through the daily routines of taking preventive measures for avoiding omission and staying safe in their comfort zones, rather than getting things done to respond to people's request on water-relevant issues. In examining the processes of communication and interaction between government agencies and local actors, two situations (a) the virtual interface performing at the community level and (b) the non-virtual interface upheld via environmental activism were explored. Through the empirical studies in the communities, limited agency of local people, a lack of feedback channels and low support from brokerage were found to be key characteristics embedded in the virtual communication interface. Through the study of environmental activism, the research documented the trajectory of non-virtual communication interface. Probing into the strategy of incremental change adopted by activists to expand the boundary of negotiation with cadres, it shed light on the micro politics of choices as well as on officials' strategies of making room for manoeuvre. Beyond environmental activism in Dongying, the research explored the environmental initiatives promoted by one provincial environmental non-governmental organization (NGO). The NGO achieved a high performance of communication interface (managed to build mutual dialogue with top official from the province) via the strategy of promoting digital tools and information disclosure to the authorities. However, findings reveal that the "give-and-take" approach taken by the NGO leaves largely untouched the asymmetry of flows of information between government agencies, the general public and environmental NGOs.In relation to the debate on promoting digital sphere for environmental governance, whereas the approach was embraced by provincial authorities, finding shows that the local implementation still stuck in mud due to institutional deficiencies, resource limitations as well as low digital competencies of local cadres. Detecting the virtual and non-virtual communication interfaces in this research, it showed that information access and the availability of mutually-communicative channels are significant to reduce the communication barriers. Results of the survey pointed out that mass media is the main information access in local communities. The application of the digital tools for accessing environmental information, however, is still far from full. The issue of drinking water quality is perceived most concerned. Oral talks with relatives, friends, and colleagues provide the main source of information on drinking water quality. In relation to people's livelihood concerns, self-relevance (e.g. information about education for children, health care, medical insurance) and economic value (e.g. information about rural policies, economic development programs) are found to be important attributes of information perceived interesting by informants. To underline the agency of actors, the research proposed an underlying causality mechanism which sketches a dynamic recruitment process of people's coping strategies toward industrial water pollution. This mechanism highlights the causal linkage of communication, flow of information, perception and coping. To specify this, findings reveal that communication and information exchange shape people's perception and knowledge about pollution, thereby enabling them to interpret the issue and to develop a capacity to act upon it. Combining qualitative and quantitative data analysis, findings also demonstrated that people developed reflexive strategies to tackle environmental pollution, not through negating or resisting, but rather through accepting and– critically – re-appropriating it. This pinpoints the subtle meaning of coping in relation to power practices of local people. Whereas interface analysis in this research helped to map relational structures associated with episodes of environmental governance, the communication prism documented the claims and tracked the signalling mechanisms. To promote an inclusive approach to environmental governance, the co-constituting character between fractal and connective tissue – two key constituents of the analytical framework – offers practical implications to incorporate local perspective and their cultural practices into environmental management. In sum, integrating the lens of communication interface and the proposed analytical framework, the study redraws the contour of state-society relation by shedding a new light on the dynamic, fluid and multi-layered character of China's environmental governance. The focus of the domains of government agencies and local communities sensitizes the discrepant social interest, value and meaning, knowledge and power between the two. To base growth on accelerated prevention of pollution, it is important for decision makers and (or) practitioners to communicate the vision together with local communities who depend on the water resources on a daily basis, rather than talking about them. Stronger efforts to engage local people in dialogue, knowledge exchange and joint learning would be significant and meaningful. While the digital sphere is expanding fast for environmental governance in China, this research shows that it might take time for local people to accept and apply the digital tools for accessing environmental information. Thereby, cultivating mutually-communicative channels and utilising traditional media such as face-to-face talks in communities, might provide more effective services of informing people about water problems.
