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Argues that, since 9/11, the US Supreme Court has failed as an active participant in addressing matters related to constitutional rights, rights that are being violated daily in the George W. Bush administration's "war on terror." Three cases that the Court has decided relevant to terrorism are reviewed, concluding that they deal with structural, not rights issues. The direct impact of the Court's failure to act on issues such as torture, wiretapping, the Patriot Act, or other questions concerning individual rights is discussed, & larger implications for the functioning of a healthy democracy are considered. Examples from Canada & the UK are drawn on to explore how high courts can effectively protect individual liberties without impeding counterterrorism efforts. K. Hyatt Stewart

That was fast. On 8 June, only 11 days after the Polish so-called 'Lex Tusk' was signed into force, the Commission launched an infringement procedure against Poland. For the first time, the Commission is relying on the principle of democracy in Art. 10 TEU as an autonomous plea, dropping another bombshell shortly after the first direct invocation of Art. 2 TEU in infringement proceedings against Hungary earlier this year. This contribution discusses both the perks and potential perils of the direct enforcement of the principle of democracy in Art. 10 TEU. On the one hand, a shift from what is arguably better called 'militant rule of law' towards more literally EU militant democracy is a positive development, as it better captures the nature and range of the principles which are de facto under threat in several EU Member States. On the other hand, the present infringement action illustrates the principled challenge of militant democracy to preserve the possibility of democratic regime change, all whilst not lapsing into a form of institutional conservatism.

It has been noted that the basic principles of holding democratic elections have been reflected in national legislation of many modern democracies, and the Ukrainian state was no exception. The Constitution of Ukraine states that elections to state power agencies and local self-governments are free and proceed on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot. The study of these principles is important and is an integral part for studying the institution of electoral law. One of the main places among the principles of elections has the principle of universal adult suffrage. Its main task within the electoral process is to provide citizens with access to participation in the formation of government agencies, and it has two sides of implementation: on election (active) and on the ballot on state positions (passive law of public elections). Consequently, the study of the legal nature of universal adult suffrage has both theoretical and practical value, since the legislative consolidation of the principle of universal adult suffrage and the state of its implementation provide the elections with a characteristic of democracy. The principle of universal adult suffrage has a rich history of formation and transformation, which is directly connected with the processes of democratization of the state. The urgency of the study of the principle of universal adult suffrage is due to the fact that the content of this principle and the limits of its legislative regulation affect the determination of the number of persons eligible to take part in elections and the establishment of certain conditions regarding the participation of persons in the election process, and therefore it reflects the level of democracy of electoral processes in the state. The legal nature of universal adult suffrage as one of the main constitutional principles of elections has been analyzed; its content and role in the formation of democracy in the state have been revealed. The influence of universal adult suffrage on the realization of eligibility for public office and elective franchise has been determined; the relationship of universal adult suffrage and democratic elections has been determined by the way of conducting analysis, in particular, the historical transformation of the principle of universal adult suffrage. ; Проаналізовано правову природу загального виборчого права як одного з головних конституційних принципів виборів, розкрито його зміст та роль у становленні демократії в державі. Визначено вплив загального виборчого права на реалізацію пасивного й активного виборчого права, встановлено взаємозв'язок загального виборчого права та демократичних виборів шляхом проведення аналізу, зокрема, історичної трансформації принципу загального виборчого права.

Seit 1956 in Baden-Württemberg erstmals Bürgerbegehren eingeführt wurden, kam es in der Universitätsstadt Tübingen zu 17 Anwendungsfällen von Bürgerbegehren bzw. Bürgerentscheid. Die Themen waren dabei so vielfältig wie die Diskussionen im Gemeinderat: Sie reichen von der Bebauung eines Geländes am Neckarufer über die Verhinderung von Verkehrsprojekten bzw. der Errichtung eines Kaufhauses bis zum aktuell betriebenen "Radentscheid". Die langjährige Praxis hat zu einem partizipatorischen Verständnis der Kommunalpolitik beigetragen und die Zusammensetzung des Gemeinderats nachhaltig beeinflusst. Nun haben Studierende der Hochschule Esslingen unter Anleitung von Prof. Dr. Christopher Schmidt dieses spannende Kapitel Tübinger Geschichte unter die Lupe genommen. Mit Beiträgen von Christopher A. Schmidt (Hrsg.), Roberto Fietz, Justyna Golenia, Judith Hain, Angela Parussis, Marius Scheinert

The topic of the present article concerns the ways of expressing the speaker's communicative intent and highlighting the perlocutionary effect of the discursive move in political discourse. The aim of the research is to study the ways of making an impact on the audience in the communicative context of mass media communication. For the purpose of analysis the transcript of a political interview published on the website of the news program Democracy Now is taken. The language material is analysed with the application of contextual-semantic and pragmatic methods of analysis. The study of the dialogic moves of the partners in the question-answer sequences provides ample grounds to suggest that the conversational unit under analysis can be interpreted as a case of macro-warning which creates the perlocutionary effect of alarming. Furthermore, both participants contribute to creating the integrative communicative intent of the interview.

Basic categories of democratic processes in local scope, their correlativity within its limits are analysed in the article. A view at formalisation of these notions is suggested and was made an attempt to schematize them as a general vector of human evolution that intents its direct realization on practice. Key words: local democracy, legal status, legal modus, municipal self-government, local democracy correlate. ; Проаналізовано основні категорії демократичних процесів у локальному просторі, їхня корелятивність у його межах. Запропоновано погляд на формалізацію цих понять іздійснено спробу їх схематизації як загального вектора розвитку людства, що інтенціює його безпосередню реалізацію на практиці. Ключові слова: локальна демократія, правовий статус, правовий модус, місцеве самоврядування, корелята локального середовища.

Democratization of the legislative process is not only aimed at providing citizens with the opportunity to participate in the legislative process, as well as not using innovative technologies, but the main goal of democratization is to create an effective end product. At the same time, the process of developing this product should include the participation of citizens, and the using of innovative technologies. The democratization of the legislative process is often studied in the legal literature, but the relevance of this master's work is that the subject of the research is the legislative process and its democratization in the context of the global growth of innovative achievements that affect many areas of activity of states and their citizens. Since the LegalTech revolution is widespread, and also affects the legislative process, it is necessary to start preparing for the use of innovative technologies into the usual operating processes, and also expect to use completely new methods that will contribute to the emergence of fundamentally new processes in legislative process. The aim of this master's work is to study ways to democratize the legislative process in the Republic of Belarus, including through the use of innovative technologies. In this regard, the causes of democratization problems and the search for modern solutions to strengthen the citizen-state dialogue were studied. At the same time, the research is carried out taking into account the likely use of innovative technologies in the future legal practice of the Republic of Belarus, and also considers the future development of innovation reform until the stage when it becomes possible to use artificial intelligence into the legislative process. The main tasks of the work are the following: (1) to study the legislative process in the Republic of Belarus; (2) explore the problems of democratization of the legislative process; (3) to propose ways to increase the possibility of citizen participation in legislative process; (4) to consider the use of crowdsourcing as a civil initiative in the future legal practice of the Republic of Belarus; (5) to consider the prospects for the introduction of artificial intelligence in legislative process as a condition for its democratization; (6) to formulate conclusions regarding the necessary measures for democratization of the modern legislative process; (7) to formulate recommendations for the potential application of innovative technologies in the legal practice of the Republic of Belarus. The master's work used a method of analysis of national and international legislation, the practice of crowdsourcing in foreign democratic states, the method of research of legal literature of Belarusian and foreign authors, as well as comparative legal and formal legal methods, the basis of which concluded that the fundamental factor on the way to democratization of the legislative process is the political regime in the state. Only with its reconstruction in the direction of direct democracy can democratization of legislative process be possible. Since this process is lengthy and time consuming, along with the democratization of the political regime, it is necessary to carry out procedures that would contribute to the "publicity" of legislative process — (1) improvement of legislation that sets the conditions for the introduction of legislative initiative; (2) inclusion of public associations in the number of subjects of the right of legislative initiative; (3) inclusion the additions of regulations on working with crowdsourcing projects in the legislation. In addition, due to the rapid development of scientific and technological progress, the using of innovative methods in the legislative process is inevitable. Therefore, it is necessary today to consider the mechanisms of the new technologies, methods of their implementation and the consequences that may result from their use. This master's work may be useful for practicing lawyers, analysts, students, including those who study the theory of law and sociology of law, as well as the politically active civilian population of the Republic of Belarus and organizers of crowdsourcing projects, as it contains practical recommendations on the problems that can be encountered in the crowdsourcing process, and recommendations for amending current legislation.

Democratization of the legislative process is not only aimed at providing citizens with the opportunity to participate in the legislative process, as well as not using innovative technologies, but the main goal of democratization is to create an effective end product. At the same time, the process of developing this product should include the participation of citizens, and the using of innovative technologies. The democratization of the legislative process is often studied in the legal literature, but the relevance of this master's work is that the subject of the research is the legislative process and its democratization in the context of the global growth of innovative achievements that affect many areas of activity of states and their citizens. Since the LegalTech revolution is widespread, and also affects the legislative process, it is necessary to start preparing for the use of innovative technologies into the usual operating processes, and also expect to use completely new methods that will contribute to the emergence of fundamentally new processes in legislative process. The aim of this master's work is to study ways to democratize the legislative process in the Republic of Belarus, including through the use of innovative technologies. In this regard, the causes of democratization problems and the search for modern solutions to strengthen the citizen-state dialogue were studied. At the same time, the research is carried out taking into account the likely use of innovative technologies in the future legal practice of the Republic of Belarus, and also considers the future development of innovation reform until the stage when it becomes possible to use artificial intelligence into the legislative process. The main tasks of the work are the following: (1) to study the legislative process in the Republic of Belarus; (2) explore the problems of democratization of the legislative process; (3) to propose ways to increase the possibility of citizen participation in legislative process; (4) to consider the use of crowdsourcing as a civil initiative in the future legal practice of the Republic of Belarus; (5) to consider the prospects for the introduction of artificial intelligence in legislative process as a condition for its democratization; (6) to formulate conclusions regarding the necessary measures for democratization of the modern legislative process; (7) to formulate recommendations for the potential application of innovative technologies in the legal practice of the Republic of Belarus. The master's work used a method of analysis of national and international legislation, the practice of crowdsourcing in foreign democratic states, the method of research of legal literature of Belarusian and foreign authors, as well as comparative legal and formal legal methods, the basis of which concluded that the fundamental factor on the way to democratization of the legislative process is the political regime in the state. Only with its reconstruction in the direction of direct democracy can democratization of legislative process be possible. Since this process is lengthy and time consuming, along with the democratization of the political regime, it is necessary to carry out procedures that would contribute to the "publicity" of legislative process — (1) improvement of legislation that sets the conditions for the introduction of legislative initiative; (2) inclusion of public associations in the number of subjects of the right of legislative initiative; (3) inclusion the additions of regulations on working with crowdsourcing projects in the legislation. In addition, due to the rapid development of scientific and technological progress, the using of innovative methods in the legislative process is inevitable. Therefore, it is necessary today to consider the mechanisms of the new technologies, methods of their implementation and the consequences that may result from their use. This master's work may be useful for practicing lawyers, analysts, students, including those who study the theory of law and sociology of law, as well as the politically active civilian population of the Republic of Belarus and organizers of crowdsourcing projects, as it contains practical recommendations on the problems that can be encountered in the crowdsourcing process, and recommendations for amending current legislation.

1. Introduction -- 2. Referendums and Democratic Theory -- 3. History -- 4. The Rules of Referendums -- 5. Referendums and Parliaments -- 6. The Shifting Will of the People: The Case of EU Referendums -- 7. Two Hundred Years of Direct Democracy: The Referendum in Europe 1793-2018 -- 8. The King versus the People: Lessons from a Belgian Referendum -- 9. The Referendum Experience in France -- 10. The Referendum Experience in Switzerland -- 11. The Scottish and Welsh Devolution Referendums of 1979 and 1997 -- 12. The 1998 Good Friday (Belfast) Agreement referendums in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland -- 13. The United Kingdom parliamentary voting system referendum of 2011 -- 14. The Scottish Independence Referendum of 2014 -- 15. The 2017 Catalan Referendum in Comparative Perspective -- 16. The Irish Referendums on Marriage Equality and Abortion -- 17. Referendums, Institutional and Constitutional Change in Italy: The Very 'Crooked Timber' of the Italian Experience -- 18. Luxembourg: The 2015 Referendum on Voting Rights for Foreign Residents -- 19. Turkey's Constitutional Referendum: The 16 April 2017 Referendum in Historical Perspective -- 20. The Irish and Danish 1972 referendums on EC Accession -- 21. Referendums: Norway 1972 & 1994 -- 22. In or Out of 'Europe'? The 1975 and 2016 UK Referendums on Membership -- 23. The EFTA Enlargement -- 24. EU Accession Referendums -- 25. 'If You Can't Join Them…' – Explaining No Votes in Danish EU Referendums -- 26. The 2003 Swedish Euro Referendum -- 27. Referendums on EU Treaty Reform: Revisiting the Result in Second Referendums -- 28. The French and Dutch Block the Constitutional Treaty -- 29. Swiss Votes on Europe -- 30. The Greek Referendum on Bailouts 2015 -- 31. Hungary's EU Refugee Relocation Quota Referendum: 'Let's Send a Message to Brussels' -- 32. The Dutch Referendum on the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement -- 33. Issue Voting in Danish EU Referendums.

Introduction to the Research handbook on the politics of EU law /Marie-Pierre Granger and Paul James Cardwell --Governance as the meeting place of EU law and politics? /Paul James Cardwell --The politics of the Court of Justice of the European Union /Fabien Terpan and Sabine Saurugger --Litigation as a means to solve conflicts between the European Parliament and the Council : one size does not fit all /María-Luisa Sánchez-Barrueco --The European Semester : understanding an innovative governance model /Sonja Bekker --The law and politics of direct democracy in the EU /Fernando Mendez and Mario Mendez --The law and politics of exit from the EU /Nieves Pérez-Solórzano Borragán and Stijn Smismans --Locating gendered representation in European Union member states /Andrea S. Aldrich and William T. Daniel --Politicising Europe : liberating the technocratic? /Michelle Everson --Free movement of EU citizens between law and politics /Anita Heindlmaier and Michael Blauberger --Everyone is equal, but some more than others : judicial governance of EU antidiscrimination law /Amalie Frese --Law and sexual minority rights in the EU : navigating a political minefield /Alina Tryfonidou --Social Europe : a midsummer night's dream? /Konstantinos Alexandris Polomarkakis --The political dynamics of EU human rights law : scratching beneath the surface /Marie-Pierre Granger --The politics of European labour law /Rebecca Zahn --Mutual recognition of companies as an agency problem /Justin Borg-Barthet --The politics of EU law and the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice /Ester Herlin-Karnell --The unintended consequences of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy for local communities /Maria Gaglia Bareli, Miranda Geelhoed, Louisa Parks, Elisa Morgera, Elsa Tsioumani --The politics of EU migration law /Rachael Dickson --Critical EU international relations law : a research agenda /Elaine Fahey.

Anarchism as an ideology and social philosophy was treated marginally in academia for quite some time, which prevented us from measuring its real impact in the Latin American context, beyond the classic prejudices with this ideology. In this sense with the notion of social movement from the perspective of Latin American critical social sciences, a discussion that is not yet settled as to the definition of the term, we conduct an analysis of anarchism in the context of the social outburst of October 2019 in Chile, and through these analytical tools, we characterize anarchist practices from their own Latin American expression. For this reason, the previous political context of Latin America, prior to the social outbreak marked by the advance of neoliberalism, has seemed fundamental to us in understanding the phenomenon. Thus, the vindication of the horizontal assembly, the exercise of direct democracy, the barricade as a meeting place, among other forms of self-organization, are relevant elements in the new processes of social conflict in the continent. As this is not an isolated phenomenon and is replicated in several Latin American countries, the issue merits further research, based on several methodological tools, one of which is the discussion of social movements from our own categorical repertoires. ; ¿Puede ser considerado el anarquismo chileno como una expresión de los movimientos sociales? fue un actor relevante en el estallido social del 18 de octubre de 2019. ¿Qué características tiene el anarquismo en la región chilena, que lo podemos considerar en el abanico de los movimientos sociales? Repasamos ciertos hitos de la historia reciente del anarquismo en Chile, y los relacionamos a partir de los movimientos sociales y el estallido social del 18 de octubre de 2019.

En este artículo se reflexiona sobre la relación entre la participación política femenina en los barrios populares y las construcciones de subjetividad, teniendo en cuenta cómo dicha participación gravita en la totalidad de la experiencia de las mujeres. Para ello, se analizan las prácticas de deliberación que se producen en las organizaciones barriales tramadas a partir de la sostenibilidad de la vida y que promueven formas de democracia directa. Específicamente, a partir de analizar la práctica de la asamblea semanal de vecinxs organizadxs en el Frente Popular Darío Santillán Corriente Nacional del barrio Villa Argüello en Berisso entre los años 2012 y 2017, se atienden los modos de participación de las mujeres en este espacio, pero además se estudia cómo experimentan las tensiones y conflictos cotidianos vinculados a la división sexo-genérica del trabajo militante, la construcción de referencias, y su lugar en las prácticas de deliberación política. ; This article reflects on the relationship between female political participation in popular neighborhoods and constructions of subjectivity, taking into account how such participation gravitates on the totality of women's experience. To do this, deliberation practices that occur in grassroot organizations plotted from the sustainability of life and that promote forms of direct democracy are analyzed. Specifically, based on analyzing the practice of the weekly assembly of neighbors organized in the Popular Front Darío Santillán Corriente Nacional of Villa Argüello neighborhood in Berisso between 2012 and 2017, the modes of participation of women in this space are addressed, but It also studies how they experience the daily tensions and conflicts linked to the gender-gender division of community work, the construction of references, and their place in the practices of political deliberation.