Suchergebnisse

Актуальность. В процессе функционирования различных организационных экспертных систем – экономических, социальных, военизированных – возникает задача обнаружения, локализации и измерения уровня коррупции в системе. Эти задачи решают на основе разнообразных данных, получаемых в ходе наблюдений и экспериментов над системой. Однако единой методики обработки информации с целью решения указанных задач не существует. В работе предложена такая методика, основанная на сравнении оценок одних и тех же показателей оцениваемых объектов, даваемых различными экспертами.Цель статьи. Целью статьи является разработка полностью формализованного метода обнаружения, локализации и измерения уровня коррупции в организационной системе, состоящей из экспертов, на основе оценок, даваемых объектам.Метод. Предложенный в статье метод заключается в представлении организационной системы из m экспертов, проводящей экспертизу объекта с n показателями, посредством (m × n) -матрицы B = bij . Здесь bij – оценка, данная i -м экспертом j-му показателю объекта. При этом системе с идеальными (некоррумпированными) экспертами соответствует матрица B с равными элементами в любом столбце и, соответственно этому, с совпадающими строками. В системе с неидеальными (коррумпированными) экспертами матрица B не обладает таким свойством. Это позволяет ввести показатель абсолютного уровня коррупции в системе как сумму расстояний между результатами экспертизы у различных экспертов.Результат. Получено общее аналитическое выражение показателя абсолютного уровня коррупции в системах с произвольными B,m и n . Найдено максимальное возможное значение этого показателя. Дан алгоритм обнаружения коррупции ворганизационных системах, основанный на сравнении вычисленного абсолютного уровня коррупции и его предельно допус-тимого уровня. Решена также задача обнаружения коррупции в сложной системе, где экспертизу проходят объекты с несколь-кими показателями. Приведены примеры обнаружения и измерения коррупции в реальных экспертных системах.Выводы. Предложен новый подход к математическому моделированию коррупционных процессов в организационных экс-пертных системах, основанный на использовании матрицы оценок различных показателей оцениваемых объектов различнымиэкспертами системы. Этот подход, в отличие от сложившейся практики, позволяет подходить одинаково к решению различныхзадач изучения коррупции в системах этого типа. Таковы задачи обнаружения, локализации и измерения коррупции. Направ-ление в целом предложено называть корруметрией. ; Актуальність. В процесі функціонування різних організаційних експертних систем – економічних, соціальних, воєнізо-ваних – виникає завдання виявлення, локалізації та вимірювання рівня корупції в системі. Ці завдання вирішують на основірізноманітних даних, одержуваних в ході спостережень і експериментів над системою. Однак єдиної методики обробки інфор-мації з метою вирішення зазначених завдань не існує. В роботі запропонована така методика, заснована на порівнянні оці-нок одних і тих же показників оцінюваних об'єктів, які дають різними експертами.Мета статтi. Метою статті є розробка повністю формалізованого методу виявлення, локалізації та вимірювання рівнякорупції в організаційній системі, що складається з експертів, на основі оцінок, які дають об'єктам.Метод. Запропонований в статті метод полягає в поданні організаційної системи з m експертів, яка проводить експерти-зу об'єкта з n показниками, за допомогою (m× n) -матриці B = bij . Тут bij – оцінка, дана i -м експертом j-му показникуоб'єкта. При цьому системі з ідеальними (некорумпованими) експертами відповідає матриця B з рівними елементами в будь-якому стовпці і, відповідно до цього, з співпадаючими рядками. В системі з недосконалими (корумпованими) експертами мат-риця B не володіє такою властивістю. Це дозволяє ввести показник абсолютного рівня корупції в системі як суму відстанейміж результатами експертизи у різних експертів.Результат. Отримано загальний аналітичний вираз показника абсолютного рівня корупції в системах з довільними B,mі n . Знайдено максимальне можливе значення цього показника. Дано алгоритм виявлення корупції в організаційних системах,заснований на порівнянні обчисленого абсолютного рівня корупції та його гранично допустимого рівня. Вирішено такожзавдання виявлення корупції в складній системі, де експертизу проходять об'єкти з кількома показниками. Наведені при-клади виявлення та вимірювання корупції в реальних експертних системах.Висновки. Запропоновано новий підхід до математичного моделювання корупційних процесів в організаційних експертнихсистемах, заснований на використанні матриці оцінок різних показників оцінюваних об'єктів експертами системи. Цей підхід,на відміну від практики, що склалася, дозволяє підходити однаково до вирішення різних завдань вивчення корупції в систе-мах цього типу. Такі завдання виявлення, локалізації та вимірювання корупції. Напрямок в цілому названо корруметріей. ; Context. In the process of functioning of various organizational expert systems – economic, social, militarized – the task of detecting,localizing and measuring the level of corruption in the system arises. These tasks are solved on the basis of various data obtainedduring observations and experiments on the system. However, there is no single method for processing information to solve these problems.This paper proposes such a technique, based on a comparison of assessments of the same indicators of evaluated objects, givenby various experts.Objective. The purpose of the article is to develop a fully formalized method for detecting, localizing and measuring the level ofcorruption in an organizational system consisting of experts, based on the assessments given to objects.Method. The method proposed in the article consists in the presentation of an organizational system of m experts conducting anexamination of the object with n indicators by means of a (m× n) -matrix B = bij . Here bij – is the assessment given by the i -thexpert to the j-th indicator of the object. In this case a system with ideal (non-corrupted) experts corresponds to a matrix B with equalelements in any column and, accordingly, with matching lines. In a system with non-ideal (corrupt) experts, the matrix B does not havethis property. This allows you to enter an indicator of the absolute level of corruption in the system as the sum of the distances betweenthe results of the examination of various experts.Result. A general analytical expression is obtained for absolute level of corruption in systems with arbitrary B,m and n . The maximumpossible value of this indicator is found. An algorithm for detecting corruption in organizational systems is given, based on acomparison of calculated absolute level of corruption and its maximum allowable level. The problem of detecting corruption in a complexsystem, where objects with several indicators pass the examination, is also solved. Examples of detecting and measuring corruptionin real expert systems are given.Conclusions. A new approach to mathematical modeling of corruption processes in organizational expert systems, based on the useof a matrix of assessments of various indicators of evaluated objects by different experts of the system, is proposed. This approach, incontrast to the established practice, allows us to find uniform solutions of various problems of studying corruption in systems of thistype. These are tasks of detecting, localizing and measuring corruption. The direction as a whole is proposed to be called corrumetry.

Today, there is a need to introduce medical devices into everyday medical practice with the goal to self-administer injectional drugs. The speed and safety of auto-injectors / pre-filled syringe pens use (AI/PFS) is the introduction of an injectional form drug in a special medical device, which allows patients to enter a pre-designated therapeutic dose due to the characteristics of the structure of the product, automatic dosing, data of the interactive display on some devices, comfortable design, etc. Considering that AI/PFS were developed to improve the quality of life of patients with various pathological conditions, therefore the creation of affordable medical devices for low-income groups of the population is relevant today. Also an actual issue is the provision of high-quality first-aid kits for soldiers, which is a vital component for medical care in the context of active combat conditions and the lack of the required number of field hospitals.The speed of administration, the onset of effect and ease of use provides significant advantages for AI / PFS. Therefore, the issue of affordability for the low-income groups of the population and the army with the necessary drugs should be sufficiently supported by state regulation.Purpose of study – study of the international experience in the implementation and use of drugs (drugs) in the form of affordable, safe and effective modern dosage forms in the form of autoinjectors.Materials and methods – foreign and domestic literature on the use of AI/PFS in complex and monotherapy treatment of various diseases. State registries of medicines of Ukraine, the USA and some EU countries. The study used systematic, statistical and comparative analyzes, as well as the generalization of information. The data used is freely available among various medical scientific and metric bases, the Internet and international scientific conferences.The analysis of the use of AI/PFS indicates that today the world market of medicines and medical devices contains a large number of drugs under different trade names. However, many patients in the world refrain from using these dosage forms due to the significant cost of medical devices, which makes impossible the required regular use of such drugs for the low-income population groups. This is a significant disadvantage, since AI / PFS is implemented to correct not only chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, but also to provide emergency careinurgent conditions (anaphylactic reactions, intense pain, etc.).In the global market for drugs and medical devices, injectable medicines in the form of AI/PFS are widely represented. The effectiveness of the use of such devices indicates the advantages and prospects for the use of existing AI/PFS on the global market for patients and medical personnel. Today, the most commonly used drugs in AI/PFSare for the treatment of diabetes, emergency conditions in civil and military medicine, chronic diseases of various etiologies, pediatric practice. The use of AI /PFS significantly improves patient compliance for the treatment of chronic diseases due to ease of use and reduction of adverse reactions at the site of administration. Most of the analyzed sources indicate a low level of economic affordability of drugs in the form of AI/PFS for the population and the government sector of drug supply due to the high cost of the medical devices, compared to traditional syringes. But the results of the study indicate a high level of advantages and prospects in the use of drugs in AI/PFS in medical practice for both medical personnel and patients. ; Сьогодні існує потреба у впровадженні в повсякденну лікарську практику медичних виробів для самостійного введення ін'єкційних лікарських засобів (ЛЗ). Швидкість та безпечність застосування автоінжекторів/попередньо заповнених шприц-ручок (АІ/ПЗШР) – це ін'єкційна форма ЛЗ, у спеціальному медичному виробі, що дозволяє вводити пацієнтам попередньо зазначену терапевтичну дозу за рахунок особливостей будови виробу, за рахунок автоматичного дозування, даних інтерактивного дисплею на деяких приладах, зручного дизайну та ін. Враховуючи, що АІ/ПЗШР були розроблені для поліпшення якості життя пацієнтів з різними патологічними станами, тому створення доступних медичних виробів для малозабезпечених категорій населення є на сьогодні актуальним. Також актуальним питанням є забезпечення солдатів якісними аптечками, що є життєво необхідним компонентом для медичної допомоги за умов активних бойових дій та відсутності необхідної кількості польових госпіталів. Швидкість введення, настання ефекту та зручність у використанні надає значні переваги АІ/ПЗШР. Тому питання економічної доступності для малозабезпечених верств населення та армії необхідними лікарськими засобами має бути достатньо підтримано з боку державного регулювання. Мета дослідження -- вивчення міжнародного досвіду впровадження та використання лікарських засобів (ЛЗ) у вигляді доступних, безпечних та ефективних сучасних лікарських форм у вигляді автоінжекторів (автоінєкторів). Матеріали і методи -- зарубіжні та вітчизняні літературні джерела щодо застосування АІ/ПЗШР у комплексній та монотерапії лікування різних захворювань. Державні реєстри лікарських засобів України, США, та деяких країн ЄС. У ході дослідження використовувались системний, статистичний та порівняльний аналізи, а також узагальнення інформації. Використані дані, розміщені у вільному доступі серед різних медичних науково-метричних баз, мережі Інтернет та міжнародних наукових конференцій. Проведений аналіз застосування АІ/ПЗШР вказує, що на сьогодні світовий ринок лікарських засобів та медичних виробів містить велику кількість найменувань ЛЗ під різними торговими назвами. Однак багато пацієнтів у світі утримуються від застосування цих лікарських форм внаслідок значної вартості медичних виробів, що унеможливлює потребу регулярного використання таких ЛЗ для малозабезпеченого населення. Це є значним недоліком, оскільки АІ/ПЗШР впроваджені для корекції не лише хронічних захворювань, таких як ревматоїдний артрит, розсіяний склероз, але й для забезпечення швидкої допомоги при невідкладних станах (анафілактичні реакції, інтенсивний біль тощо). На світовому ринку лікарських засобів та медичних виробів широко представлені ін'єкційні лікарські засоби у формі АІ/ПЗШР. Ефективність використання таких пристроїв вказує на переваги та перспективи застосування наявних на світовому ринку АІ/ПЗШР для пацієнтів та медичного персоналу. На сьогодні найчастіше застосовуються ЛЗ в АІ/ПЗШР для лікування цукрового діабету, невідкладних станів у цивільній та військовій медицині, хронічних захворювань різної етіології, дитячій практиці. Застосування АІ/ПЗШР значно підвищує комплаєнс пацієнтів для лікування хронічних захворювань за рахунок зручності застосування та зменшення проявів побічних реакцій в місці введення. Більшість проаналізованих джерел вказують на низький рівень економічної доступності ЛЗ у АІ/ПЗШР для населення та державного сектору забезпечення ЛЗ у зв'язку з високою вартістю медичного виробу і порівнянні з традиційними шприцями. Але результати дослідження вказують на високий рівень переваг та перспектив у застосуванні ЛЗ у АІ/ПЗШР у медичній практиці як для персоналу так і для пацієнтів.

One of the main directions of logistic support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is medical support which is aimed at life safeguard and health of military personnel, well-timed and efficient provision of medical care in the event of injuries, injuries and diseases, fast renewal of combat power and ability to work in different conditions of its handling and at different period of time. The readiness of medical service of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to the medical support of the troops depends on the well-timed organization of medical supplies and the refilling of medical supplies full and complete. The qualitative and efficient allocation of medical equipment and medical supplies is a determining factor in this process. The aim of the work – reasoning of the irregularity of distribution logistics in the unified logistic system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and the study of the main aspects of management of the distribution of medical supplies from the position of military pharmaceutical logistics. To get the purpose of the research, the analysis of domestic scientific sources and the current normative and legal base of Ukraine have been carried out. Research methods are: information search, comparison, systemization, semantic analysis, synthesis and modeling. In the conditions of logistic support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and other components of the security and defense forces of Ukraine, the logistic function of the distribution of logistical equipment, inventory, military equipment and services (food, bath and laundry services, etc.) should ensure the activity of troops (forces) in peacetime and war time. It is the guarantee of the ability to ensure the defense of the state and appropriate response to military threats to the national security of Ukraine, efficiently using available potential and resources. Distribution logistics from the position of military pharmaceutical logistics is the management of all functional subsystems of the medical supplies and health services of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine in order to optimize the distribution of the material flow (purchased medical supplies) from the supplier to the final consumer (according to the applications of the Military Medical Clinical Centers of the Regions). Same, distributive logistics in the structure of a unified logistic support system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine does not carry a commercial component, and its functions consist in planning, organization of distribution, control and regulation of the logistic process of distribution of material and technical means (including medical equipment and supplies), inventory, military equipment, services (catering, bath and laundry service, etc.). According to the authors, the term «marketing logistics» is not possible to use as a single system of logistic support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and in its subsystems. To sum it up, it was suggested to use the term «distributive logistics». On the basis of theoretical generalization of the data of scientific literature and normative legal acts, the main aspects of management of the distribution of medical equipment and supplies from the standpoint of military pharmaceutical logistics are studied. The functions of distributive logistics are defined, the model of the current logistic chain of distribution of medical equipment and supplies in the medical service of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is constructed. It is noted that in order to ensure the qualitative and efficient distribution of medical equipment and supplies, a regulatory and legal framework which regulates the division of powers between institutions and units of medical supplies and defines the responsibility for their implementation in the current conditions of the reformation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. ; Одним з основних напрямів логістичного забезпечення Збройних Сил України є медичне забезпечення, яке спрямовано на збереження життя і здоров'я військовослужбовців, своєчасне та ефективне надання медичної допомоги у разі поранень, уражень і захворювань, якнайшвидше відновлення боєздатності та працездатності в різних умовах їх застосування та в різні періоди часу. Готовність медичної служби Збройних Сил України до медичного забезпечення військ безпосередньо залежить від своєчасної організації медичного постачання та поповнення медичного майна в повному обсязі. Визначальне місце в цьому процесі займає якісний та ефективний розподіл медичної техніки та медичного майна. Мета роботи – обґрунтування особливості розподільчої логістики у єдиній системі логістичного забезпечення Збройних Сил України та вивчення основних аспектів управління розподілом медичної техніки і майна з позиції військово-фармацевтичної логістики. Для досягнення мети дослідження проведено аналіз вітчизняних наукових джерел та діючої нормативно-правової бази України. Методами дослідження є інформаційний пошук, порівняння, систематизація, семантичний аналіз, синтез та моделювання. В умовах логістичного забезпечення Збройних Сил України та інших складових сил безпеки і оборони України, логістична функція з розподілу матеріально-технічних засобів, озброєння, військової техніки та послуг (харчування, лазне-пральне обслуговування тощо) має забезпечити діяльність військ (сил) у мирний та воєнний час. Це, в свою чергу, є запорукою здатності гарантовано забезпечити оборону держави та адекватного реагування на воєнні загрози національній безпеці України, раціонально використовуючи при цьому наявний потенціал та ресурси. Розподільча логістика з позиції військово-фармацевтичної логістики – це управлінням всіма функціональними підсистемами закладів медичного постачання і охорони здоров'я Міністерства оборони України з метою оптимізації розподілу матеріального потоку (закупленого медичного майна) від постачальника до кінцевого споживача (за заявками Військово-медичних клінічних центрів регіонів). Проведено дослідження з обґрунтування особливості розподільчої логістики у єдиній системі логістичного забезпечення Збройних Сил України та вивчено основні аспекти управління розподілом медичної техніки і майна з позиції військово-фармацевтичної логістики. Запропоновано замінити термін «збутова логістика» на «розподільча логістика» у зв'язку з неможливістю його використання як у єдиній системі логістичного забезпечення Збройних Сил України, так і в її підсистемах. Отже, розподільча логістика у структурі єдиної системи логістичного забезпечення Збройних Сил України не несе комерційної складової, а її функції полягають у плануванні, організації розподілу, контролю і регулюванню логістичного процесу розподілу матеріально-технічних засобів (в т.ч. медичної техніки та майна), озброєння, військової техніки, послуг (харчування, лазне-пральне обслуговування тощо). Побудовано модель діючого логістичного ланцюга розподілу медичної техніки та майна в Збройних Силах України. Встановлено, що для забезпечення якісного та ефективного розподілу медичної техніки та майна необхідно створення нормативно-правової бази, яка б регламентувала розподіл повноважень між закладами і підрозділами медичного постачання Міністерства оборони України та визначала відповідальність за їх виконання в сучасних умовах реформування Збройних Сил України.

Until the last major recession, there was an approach in macroeconomics that income distribution was not significant for macroeconomic processes. However, the recent major recession has prompted policymakers and economists to take into account the phenomenon of income inequality, its economic and social causes and consequences related to poverty, social inclusion, social trust, support of democratic institutions, economic growth, financial and other issues. In recent years, income inequality has been rising in many countries, and the International Monetary Fund, the OECD and other organizations underline the importance of addressing this problem. It is important to choose the right measures to make the right decisions in order to address the issues of growing income inequality. Their choice is influenced by the identification of factors influencing the change of income inequality and the impact assessment. The scale and change of income inequality can be influenced by the factors related to the market economy (globalization, technological progress) and the institutional factors (setting the rules of the game on the market, creating a certain environment). According to the factors analysed in the research, three groups of authors can be distinguished. Some authors (Asteriou, Dimelis, Moudatsou, 2014, Cabral, García-Díaz, Mollick, 2016, Lim, McNelis, 2016, Sheng, 2015, Haan, Sturm, 2017, Wade, 2004, Alvarez, 2015, Elmawazini, Sharif, Manga, Drucker, 2013, Jaumotte, Lall, Papageorgiou, 2013, Çelik, Basdas, 2010, Hermes, 2014, Richmond, Triplett, 2017, Franco, Gerussi, 2013, Stockhammer, Guschanski, Köhler, 2016, Soons, 2016, Jaumotte, Lall, Papageorgiou, 2008) investigate and assess the impact of market factors (globalization, financialization, technological progress) on income inequality, while other authors or the group of authors (IMF, 2014, Arestis, Gonzalez-Martinez, 2016, Checchi, Josifidis, Supic, Beker Pucar, 2017, Feld, Schnellenbach, 2014, Obadić, Šimurina, Sonora, 2014, Calderón, Chong, 2009, Checchi, García-Peñalosa, 2008, Saez, 2017, Jaumotte, Buitron, 2015, Bastagli, Coady, Gupta, 2012, Kenworthy, Pontusson, 2005) distinguish the impact of institutional factors (labour market institutions, welfare state) on income inequality. According to J. E. Stiglitz (2016), the market does not operate in a vacuum – it operates within an institutional setting. Therefore, the third group of authors can be identified that assess the impact of both market and institutional factors on inequality (Stiglitz, 2016, Atkinson, 2003, Josifidis, Supic, 2017, Josifidis, Mitrović, Supić, Glavaški, 2016, Huber, Stephens, 2014, Darcillon, 2015, Lin, Fu, 2016, Ghossoub, Reed, 2017, Kristal, Cohen, 2017, Alderson, Nielsen, 2002, Kus, 2012, Tridico, 2015, Dabla-Norris, Kochhar, Ricka, Suphaphiphat, Tsounta, 2015, Jain-Chandra, Kinda, Kochhar, Piao, Schauer, 2016). The results of empirical studies assessing the impact of different factors on income inequality are contradictory. There is a disagreement on the distinction between different factors influencing the change of inequality as well as the direction and strength of their impact. Therefore, it is relevant to determine what factors determine income inequality and what is their impact on income inequality. The aim of the research is on the basis of empirical research to analyse the impact of factors influencing the change of income inequality, to identify which factors have the greatest impact. Research methods are as follows: analysis, grouping and generalization of scientific articles. On the basis of the analysis of the studies, which evaluated the factors determining income inequality, five groups of factors determining income inequality have been identified: 1) globalization; 2) technological progress; 3) financialization; 4) labour market institutions; 5) welfare state. It is possible to state that some studies assess the impact of only one set of factors on the change of income inequality: globalization, financialization, labour market institutions or technological progress, while other studies assess more than two groups of factors. This reflects the authors' differing views on the factors and how they influence the change of income inequality. On the basis of the empirical results analysed in this research, it can be concluded that globalization tends to increase income inequality. However, the results of some studies show that globalization increases income inequality in both developed and developing countries, while the results of other studies show that globalization reduces income inequality in developing countries. The research assessing the impact of factors determining income inequality in EU countries (Asteriou, Dimelis, Moudatsou, 2014) found that in some countries (Austria, Belgium, Germany, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, Spain) the globalization led to the decrease in income inequality and in other countries (Finland, Sweden, Denmark and the new EU countries) it led to the increase. It has been found that: 1) the impact of trade globalization on changes of income inequality is ambiguous: in some studies it reduces income inequality, in others it increases income inequality or the impact is insignificant; 2) the impact of financial globalization on changes of income inequality is usually positive. Summarizing the impact of technological progress on income inequality, it has been found that technological progress increases income inequality, but the use of information and communication technologies (Internet and mobile communication) reduces income inequality. The impact of the group of financialization factors on income inequality is also ambiguous: 1) financial deepening increases income inequality by investigating the impact in many countries of the world, but it decreases it in developed countries; 2) if the impact of some financial development indicators on inequality is insignificant, then the impact of ratio between bank credits and GDP increases income inequality; 3) financial liberalization increases income inequality; 4) banking crises increase income inequality; 5) the intensity of microfinance reduces income inequality. One of the indicators of labour market institutions (trade union membership) is mentioned in the studies as both reducing and increasing (through channels of wage differences and unemployment rate) income inequality. The results of empirical research show that income inequality is reduced by labour protection laws, bargaining power in wage setting, and it is increased by labour market flexibility, capital per worker (through part of work and unemployment channels) and the ratio of minimum and average wage (through the gap of pay and unemployment rate channels). The factors of welfare state have a positive impact and reduce income inequality. The results of the research do not provide an unambiguous answer, but most evidence shows that labour market institutions and welfare state factors reduce income inequality, while factors of technological progress and financialization increase income inequality. In summary, technological advances, labour market institutions and globalization have the greatest impact on changes of income inequality.

The relevance of the research. The emergence of temporary employment as an atypical form of work organization has become a relevant topic in the research of human resource management processes. Researchers analyze temporary employment not only as an atypical form of work organization, but also note that its practical use in labour market is characterized by flexibility while integrating workers into labour market and improving the productivity of the companies. The problem of the research. There is the lack of research and findings in scientific literature on temporary employment companies, empowering to reveal the flexibility of temporary employment management, its improvement and factors affecting it. There is little discussion among researchers about temporary employment as a flexible form of work organization, the tripartite relationship between a temporary employee, a temporary employment company and a user of temporary work. Specific and narrow issues are most often analysed. The description of the problem in this article can be summarized by the following problematic question: What are the factors that influence the management of a temporary employment company? Object of the research: factors that influence the management of a temporary employment company. Aim of the research: to disclose the factors determining the management of the activities of a temporary employment company. Research methods: Focus group, analysis of scientific literature, systematization, generalization and comparison, analysis of the contents of legal acts, statistics and other documents, methods of deduction and theoretical modelling, analysis, comparison and generalization of scientific statements and empirical research findings based on them, presentation of interpretations. Temporary employment is one of the forms of precarious employment and non-standard employment relationships. Unconventional employment patterns, in particular short-term and temporary work, have spread in many countries over the last few decades, but there is no universally accepted definition of temporary employment in scientific literature, as each country sets up their own specific regulation of employment. Temporary workers are usually considered to be workers who have concluded employment contracts for a specific period or for specific jobs, or those who have seasonal, casual or occasional work. It is widely recognized that temporary work improves the flexibility of labour market, has a positive economic impact, reduces unemployment and rapidly addresses temporary human resource shortages in companies. The form of temporary employment is convenient for disabled people, people with children and students for flexible integration into labour market, as it allows to take into consideration the mutual interests of the company and the temporary worker. Temporary employment services are provided by companies and agencies officially registered for these activities, which include the following functions: search and selection of employees, employee work accounting, employment contracts, etc. In Lithuania, the activities of temporary employment companies are regulated by the Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania, and the criteria evaluation system of temporary employment companies is used to evaluate the activities of temporary employment companies. Every year, a temporary employment company has to submit a notice to the State Labour Inspectorate that it meets the established criteria. This article analyses a temporary employment company, coded as X at the request of its employees in order to maintain confidentiality. Information about the activities of this company in 2019 was provided by five company employees. The company has been providing temporary employment services in Northern Lithuania since 2012. The annual average number of temporary employees is about 70. The customers of the company – the users of temporary employment – are companies operating in manufacturing sector. The company establishes a tripartite employment relationship between a temporary employment user, a temporary employee and a temporary employment company, it employs a temporary employee and then sends an employee to work for a temporary employment beneficiary. The demand for services provided by Company X is determined by internal factors of collaboration with customers. Customers strive to minimize time and other resources and receive quality service. Manufacturing companies apply to Company X due to temporary increase in the scope of work, seasonality, sickness or holidays of employees. Company X expeditiously seeks the necessary employees for temporary employment in its existing database of job candidates or in labour market and then performs the necessary recruitment procedures. The company's activities are strongly influenced by external factors: legislative system, economic and demographic situation of the country, unemployment rate, the education level of employed employees and qualification improvement system of the country. A probabilistic analysis of opportunities of Company X and their impact on its business has disclosed that there is a high probability that a company can attract more customers in the course of different events and that this would have a significant impact on the company's business. The establishment of new divisions in other Lithuanian cities would also have a significant impact on this business, however, such establishment is unlikely. A probability analysis of threats and their impact on its business of Company X suggests that automation of workplaces for the company would be the factor that has the greatest negative impact on the company's business, as it would reduce the need for temporary workers. New competitors, as a medium impact factor, have negative impact, however, due to the fact that the terms and conditions for engaging in these activities for temporary employment companies are high, the likelihood of this threat is low. The highest probability of threats is related to temporary workers, their experience, their qualifications and competencies, low motivation to work, low wages and the impact of emigration. There are five temporary employment companies operating in Šiauliai city and region. The analysis of the competitive environment of Company X revealed that the price of the service is the most important factor for success of five companies in Šiauliai city and region, as the importance of this factor was evaluated by high scores of 2-3,5 by competitors. This is followed by the available base of temporary staff, the image of the company in society and among customers. The timing of service orders is significantly more important to Company X than to other four companies, and conversely, the cost of temporary employment service is much more important to other four companies. In terms of competitiveness, Company X is the second of five companies. As the gap in the estimates of competitiveness is not large, it can be stated that all five temporary employment service companies operating in Šiauliai city and region are similarly competitive.

Until the last major recession, there was an approach in macroeconomics that income distribution was not significant for macroeconomic processes. However, the recent major recession has prompted policymakers and economists to take into account the phenomenon of income inequality, its economic and social causes and consequences related to poverty, social inclusion, social trust, support of democratic institutions, economic growth, financial and other issues. In recent years, income inequality has been rising in many countries, and the International Monetary Fund, the OECD and other organizations underline the importance of addressing this problem. It is important to choose the right measures to make the right decisions in order to address the issues of growing income inequality. Their choice is influenced by the identification of factors influencing the change of income inequality and the impact assessment. The scale and change of income inequality can be influenced by the factors related to the market economy (globalization, technological progress) and the institutional factors (setting the rules of the game on the market, creating a certain environment). According to the factors analysed in the research, three groups of authors can be distinguished. Some authors (Asteriou, Dimelis, Moudatsou, 2014, Cabral, García-Díaz, Mollick, 2016, Lim, McNelis, 2016, Sheng, 2015, Haan, Sturm, 2017, Wade, 2004, Alvarez, 2015, Elmawazini, Sharif, Manga, Drucker, 2013, Jaumotte, Lall, Papageorgiou, 2013, Çelik, Basdas, 2010, Hermes, 2014, Richmond, Triplett, 2017, Franco, Gerussi, 2013, Stockhammer, Guschanski, Köhler, 2016, Soons, 2016, Jaumotte, Lall, Papageorgiou, 2008) investigate and assess the impact of market factors (globalization, financialization, technological progress) on income inequality, while other authors or the group of authors (IMF, 2014, Arestis, Gonzalez-Martinez, 2016, Checchi, Josifidis, Supic, Beker Pucar, 2017, Feld, Schnellenbach, 2014, Obadić, Šimurina, Sonora, 2014, Calderón, Chong, 2009, Checchi, García-Peñalosa, 2008, Saez, 2017, Jaumotte, Buitron, 2015, Bastagli, Coady, Gupta, 2012, Kenworthy, Pontusson, 2005) distinguish the impact of institutional factors (labour market institutions, welfare state) on income inequality. According to J. E. Stiglitz (2016), the market does not operate in a vacuum – it operates within an institutional setting. Therefore, the third group of authors can be identified that assess the impact of both market and institutional factors on inequality (Stiglitz, 2016, Atkinson, 2003, Josifidis, Supic, 2017, Josifidis, Mitrović, Supić, Glavaški, 2016, Huber, Stephens, 2014, Darcillon, 2015, Lin, Fu, 2016, Ghossoub, Reed, 2017, Kristal, Cohen, 2017, Alderson, Nielsen, 2002, Kus, 2012, Tridico, 2015, Dabla-Norris, Kochhar, Ricka, Suphaphiphat, Tsounta, 2015, Jain-Chandra, Kinda, Kochhar, Piao, Schauer, 2016). The results of empirical studies assessing the impact of different factors on income inequality are contradictory. There is a disagreement on the distinction between different factors influencing the change of inequality as well as the direction and strength of their impact. Therefore, it is relevant to determine what factors determine income inequality and what is their impact on income inequality. The aim of the research is on the basis of empirical research to analyse the impact of factors influencing the change of income inequality, to identify which factors have the greatest impact. Research methods are as follows: analysis, grouping and generalization of scientific articles. On the basis of the analysis of the studies, which evaluated the factors determining income inequality, five groups of factors determining income inequality have been identified: 1) globalization; 2) technological progress; 3) financialization; 4) labour market institutions; 5) welfare state. It is possible to state that some studies assess the impact of only one set of factors on the change of income inequality: globalization, financialization, labour market institutions or technological progress, while other studies assess more than two groups of factors. This reflects the authors' differing views on the factors and how they influence the change of income inequality. On the basis of the empirical results analysed in this research, it can be concluded that globalization tends to increase income inequality. However, the results of some studies show that globalization increases income inequality in both developed and developing countries, while the results of other studies show that globalization reduces income inequality in developing countries. The research assessing the impact of factors determining income inequality in EU countries (Asteriou, Dimelis, Moudatsou, 2014) found that in some countries (Austria, Belgium, Germany, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, Spain) the globalization led to the decrease in income inequality and in other countries (Finland, Sweden, Denmark and the new EU countries) it led to the increase. It has been found that: 1) the impact of trade globalization on changes of income inequality is ambiguous: in some studies it reduces income inequality, in others it increases income inequality or the impact is insignificant; 2) the impact of financial globalization on changes of income inequality is usually positive. Summarizing the impact of technological progress on income inequality, it has been found that technological progress increases income inequality, but the use of information and communication technologies (Internet and mobile communication) reduces income inequality. The impact of the group of financialization factors on income inequality is also ambiguous: 1) financial deepening increases income inequality by investigating the impact in many countries of the world, but it decreases it in developed countries; 2) if the impact of some financial development indicators on inequality is insignificant, then the impact of ratio between bank credits and GDP increases income inequality; 3) financial liberalization increases income inequality; 4) banking crises increase income inequality; 5) the intensity of microfinance reduces income inequality. One of the indicators of labour market institutions (trade union membership) is mentioned in the studies as both reducing and increasing (through channels of wage differences and unemployment rate) income inequality. The results of empirical research show that income inequality is reduced by labour protection laws, bargaining power in wage setting, and it is increased by labour market flexibility, capital per worker (through part of work and unemployment channels) and the ratio of minimum and average wage (through the gap of pay and unemployment rate channels). The factors of welfare state have a positive impact and reduce income inequality. The results of the research do not provide an unambiguous answer, but most evidence shows that labour market institutions and welfare state factors reduce income inequality, while factors of technological progress and financialization increase income inequality. In summary, technological advances, labour market institutions and globalization have the greatest impact on changes of income inequality.

With the increase of sonic life in digital spaces, new platforms for the exhibition of sound are emerging; from multisensory web interfaces, open access databases, apps for playing with sound, to experimental locative and geo-located pieces. From iPods, mobile phones, and noise cancelling headphones, new technological tools are constantly remediating how we listen and relate to the sonic spaces around us. The collaboration between digital humanities, sound studies, locative media and cartography holds many possibilities for challenging silent and text-centric cultures of communication into rich multi-sensory experiences that accommodate diverse knowledges and abilities. By thinking through new modes for staging cultural memory and presenting ephemera like sound, digital mapping tools can facilitate alternative forms of sensory relationships to the social and physical spaces around us. Tempelhofer: Human Scale is a web-based and locative sound mapping project based in Berlin's Tempelhofer Feld. What was once an airport, military base, and monument of Nazi Germany, the grounds have only recently been transformed into a public park, recreation area, and event space; a blank slate for human potential. On the north side, a Shaolin Temple lies just opposite a mini golf course made up of 18 interactive sculptures designed by local artists. DIY garden communities make up another corner. Recreational activities such as cycling, Segway clubs, and kite flying roam in and around the empty airport runways. A "grillplatz" barbeque area accommodates hundreds of families and youth, emitting thick clouds of smoke that mirror, in a historical juxtaposition, the airplane exhaust of a once operating airport. Bearing the aroma of a new Berlin, Tempelhofer Feld now embodies a melting pot of different foods, activities, and cultures coming into sensory contact. In the shadows of the massive airport structure lies a refugee camp, producing complex questions around heritage, conservation, and the politics of public space. Tempelhofer Feld is a space that is highly politicized with its own contentious history and questions of preservation. Originally designed as a cornerstone for Hitler's "world capital," the airport sought to "crystalize claims of racial supremacy and world domination through architecture" (Parsloe 2017). Locating a refugee camp on this site not only creates complex associations between past and present but it also illuminates the tensions around living conditions on a site upheld by many strict heritage and conservation bylaws. Tempelhofer Feld is Europe's largest protected historical monument, meaning complex tensions around preservation/conservation and development/change are consistently playing out. To explore these tensions, my project utilizes mapping technologies to trace how new emerging ephemeral activities are interacting with place, along with its complex politics, preserved history, and cultural memory. These ephemeral activities emerging out of the public spaces of the park produce fascinating tensions between the vital idealism of Berlin's present and the turbulent history of its recent past. Recycled and reactive spaces like Tempelhofer Feld display the complex tensions between the re-adaptive and ephemeral nature of the park against its permanent state of preservation and commemoration of history. It underscores how charged public spaces in the city can be: "how should Berliners remember the past in a way that will most intelligently inform how they will move forward into the future?" (Malamud 2013). The series of sound recordings focus on the quiet, intimate, and ephemeral scale of human activity – from walking, jogging, barbequing, lounging, kite-flying, socializing, gardening. These different sound activities are placed as destinations on a map that can be explored on a web interface as well as through geo-located points when walking through the park. To recreate the locative experience of the park on the web interface, sound clips are set against photographs of the different landscapes of the airport; expansive, barren, and sometimes empty of human activity. The intimacy of these sounds set against the open landscapes is meant to invert a space originally designed for technical infrastructure, transportation, and nationalist domination – a scale in which the individual human body often becomes erased. The question of scale is central to these explorations: how can sound on the intimate human scale be used to invert the scale of a massive airport/urban park? How does sound, with its embodied/sensory functions, invert questions around remote sensing that goes into mapping satellite imagery? What aspects of human sensory experience are erased or go unnoticed through remote, vision-based satellite and mapping technologies? Soundscapes embody the complex relationship between human and environment in a complex system of information exchange. To the World Soundscape Project, soundwalking is a method for deep listening and participation in our everyday soundscapes: it involves "not simply a passive monitoring, but an active mental and physical participation in the ongoing composition forever being created" (Truax 1974, 38). This idea that the soundscape is not only something we passively listen to but something we also actively engage in and contribute to is central to the interactivity of this project. Sound can be activated through the user's touch (on the web, through the mouse and in person, through their location). Different sound nodes can be activated simultaneously, building up a more complex and layered soundscape. By interacting with these different sounds, the user can acoustically design and recompose the soundscape around them, contributing to a greater sense of spatial and aural awareness. The ephemeral nature of these activities/happenings is also emphasized through sound's own elusive materiality, intangibility, and ephemerality. How the temporal and ephemerality of sound can be used as an archival tool to map out the contingent and ephemeral nature of memory is an essential question to this project. In Mark Smith's theorization of sonic geographies, he states, "if we listen to it, the landscape is not so much a static topography that can be mapped and drawn, [but] a fluid and changing surface that transforms as it is enveloped by different sounds" (Bull and Back 2016, 11). The sonic geography of Tempelhofer Feld therefore represents its transformative and constantly evolving surface. While urban spaces (and its associated cartographic technologies) have dominantly been understood as visual spectacles, sound mapping foregrounds the vital role that sound plays in understanding the everyday cultural, political, and physical spaces around us.

The authors especially thank the PREDIMED-Plus participants for their enthusiastic collaboration, the PREDIMED-Plus personnel for their outstanding support, and the personnel of all associated primary care centers for their exceptional effort. Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) and Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM) are initiatives of Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. We thank the PREDIMED-Plus Biobank Network, part of the National Biobank Platform of ISCIII for storing and managing biological samples. Food companies, Hojiblanca and Patrimonio Comunal Olivarero, donated extra-virgin olive oil and Almond Board of California, American Pistachio Growers and Paramount Farms donated nuts. ; The PREDIMED-Plus trial was supported by the official funding agency for biomedical research of the Spanish government, ISCIII through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (four coordinated FIS projects led by Jordi Salas-Salvadó and Josep Vidal, including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926, the Especial Action Project entitled: Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensives obre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-PLUS grant to Jordi Salas-Salvadó, the European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2013-2018; 340918) grant to Miguel Ángel Martínez-Gonzalez, the Recercaixa grant to Jordi Salas-Salvadó (2013ACUP00194), the grant from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013; PS0358/2016), grants from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013; PS0358/2016; PI0137/2018), the PROMETEO/2017/017 grant from the Generalitat Valenciana, the SEMERGEN grant and FEDER funds (CB06/03), Olga Castaner is granted by the JR17/00022, ISCIII. Christopher Papandreou is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship granted by the Autonomous Government of Catalonia (PERIS 2016-2020 Incorporació de Científics I Tecnòlegs, SLT002/0016/00428). Jadwiga Konieczna is supported by the "FOLIUM" program within the FUTURMed project. Talent for the medicine within the future from the Fundació Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears. This call is co-financed at 50% with charge to the Operational Program FSE 2014-2020 of the Balearic Islands. José C. Fernández-García is supported by a research contract from Servicio Andaluz de Salud (SAS) (B-0003-2017). None of the funding sources took part in the design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. The corresponding authors had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility to submit for publication. ; The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to national data regulations and for ethical reasons, including the possibility that some information might compromise research participants' consent because our participants only gave their consent for the use of their data by the original team of investigators. However, these data can be requested by signing a data sharing agreement as approved by the relevant research ethics committees and the steering committee of the PREDIMED-Plus study. ; Research examining associations between objectively-measured napping time and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate daytime napping in relation to T2D and adiposity measures in elderly individuals from the Mediterranean region. A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from 2190 elderly participants with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome, in the PREDIMED-Plus trial, was carried out. Accelerometer-derived napping was measured. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for T2D were obtained using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression with constant time. Linear regression models were fitted to examine associations of napping with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Participants napping ≥90 min had a higher prevalence of T2D (PR 1.37 (1.06, 1.78)) compared with those napping 5 to <30 min per day. Significant positive associations with BMI and WC were found in those participants napping ≥30 min as compared to those napping 5 to <30 min per day. The findings of this study suggest that longer daytime napping is associated with higher T2D prevalence and greater adiposity measures in an elderly Spanish population at high cardiovascular risk. ; Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (four coordinated FIS projects led by Jordi Salas-Salvadó and Josep Vidal, including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926 ; Especial Action Project entitled: Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensives obre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-PLUS grant to Jordi Salas-Salvadó, the European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2013-2018; 340918) ; Grant to Jordi Salas-Salvadó (2013ACUP00194), the grant from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013; PS0358/2016), grants from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013; PS0358/2016; PI0137/2018), the PROMETEO/2017/017 grant from the Generalitat Valenciana, the SEMERGEN grant and FEDER funds (CB06/03), Olga Castaner is granted by the JR17/00022, ISCIII ; Autonomous Government of Catalonia (PERIS 2016-2020 Incorporació de Científics I Tecnòlegs, SLT002/0016/00428)

Problem setting. The system of state management of regulatory and legal regulation of social and economic relations in construction adopted by the countries of the European Union can today be considered as an effective model for international cooperation, since its creation envisaged the formation of a single economic space. North America, Europe, Asia and the Pacific, and, likewise, most of the economically advanced states in the region have a state policy of denationalizing the system of managing socio-economic relations in construction. They lose the monopoly of managing this system by passing state regulatory functions to the private sector. These actions are usually driven by a number of objective reasons, they can be both political and economic, and may be social. Therefore, in the world, the refusal of the monopoly on regulation of socio-economic relations in construction, which was formed historically and the transition to self-regulatory systems, is gradually increasing. In Ukraine, today, there is a shortage of skilled personnel, financial, material and human potential in the public sector, which prompts the transfer of the regulatory functions of the state to the private sector, which, as historically, is a state prerogative. Moreover, the situation is close to a deadlock, because simply increasing financial support and expanding the staff of skilled personnel, the problems of handling huge engineering data arrays that are accompanied by a stream of innovations will not find a solution. That is why international practice of solving such problems is so important in order to be able to identify all possible risks in a timely manner and possibly take additional measures to reduce them.Recent research and publications analysis. Theoretical and methodological analysis of public administration by the regulation of social and economic relations in construction has devoted its scientific works to such domestic scientists as: V. Averyanov, Y. Brusentsov, A. Vorobyov, D. Isaenko, A. Korotich, V. Logvinenko, O. Nepomnyashchy, N. Nyzhnik, V. Romosko and many other scholars.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Many scientific foreign and domestic studies are devoted to the analysis and evaluation of mechanisms of self-regulation in the field of socio-economic relations in construction. However, today, the situation in our country affects the development of the construction industry, which is why the issue of the dissatisfied demand of the population for services on the construction of social housing is very acute. Proceeding from the above it can be argued that the chosen topic of the article is relevant and timely.Paper main body. The purpose of the paper is to determine the essence of international approaches to the formation and implementation of mechanisms for self-regulation of socio-economic relations in construction.Emphasized on the relevance of the formation of an effective mechanism of self-regulation of socio-economic relations in construction, which requires the analysis of scientific research and will allow the formation of alternative solutions, taking into account international experience. Studies are based on the use of information resources, generalization of scientific developments of domestic and foreign scientists, personal observations. The purpose of the article is to determine the essence of international approaches to the formation and implementation of mechanisms for self-regulation of socio-economic relations in construction. Indicates the need for a conscious transfer of state functions in the regulatory and legal regulation of socio-economic relations in the construction of the non-state sector. In Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, it is these organizations that have the functions of licensing business activities, which is associated with the construction of buildings, professional certification. Such procedure is carried out by architects, design engineers, technicians and experts who regulate admission to the market of these categories of persons, etc. Thus, these organizations (the so-called chambers) have certain powers of authority, which, as a rule, are monopolistic powers of the state.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The conducted researches have shown that the change of the structure of the modern system of legal regulation of socio-economic relations in construction is determined by many factors. The most influential ones are globalization of the world economy; close economic integration; the fact that the national trade and economic frontiers collapse; a technical revolution that is increasingly affecting the construction industry and caused by the growth of various technical regulation objects. On the latter, we can say, as the biggest economic reason for the denationalization of such systems, since it is likely that, in many cases, the public sector does not have adequate resources to track new technologies, materials, products, methods and processes, and especially, for a qualified assessment their safety and suitability for practical use.In the long run, the importance of studying the state policy on strengthening the institutional capacity of self-regulatory organizations to regulate socio-economic relations in construction and formulating a legislative framework in order to be able to implement a European model of the organizational structure of the technical support system of the industry is not diminished. ; Акцентовано увагу на актуальності питання формування ефективного механізму саморегулювання в сфері соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві, що потребує здійснення аналізу наукових досліджень та дасть змогу формувати альтернативні рішення, беручи до уваги міжнародний досвід. Узагальнено інформаційні ресурси, що представляють наукові розробки вітчизняних і закордонних вчених. Визначено сутність міжнародних підходів до формування і реалізації механізмів саморегулювання в сфері соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві. Вказано на необхідність свідомої передачі державою частини функцій із нормативно-правового регулювання соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві недержавному сектору. Зазначено, що у Німеччині, Великобританії, США саме саморегулюючим організаціям належать функції з ліцензійного забезпечення господарської діяльності, яка пов'язана зі створенням будівель та споруд, проведенням професійної атестації. Зауважено, що таку процедуру професійної атестації проходять архітектори, інженери-проектувальники, інженери технічного нагляду та експерти, що дає змогу врегулювати допуск на ринок цих категорій осіб тощо. Доведено, що зазначені організації (т. зв. палати) володіють певними владними повноваженнями, що, як правило, є монопольними повноваженнями держави. Обґрунтовано, що для впровадження світових тенденцій та підтримки напряму подальшого роздержавлення національної системи нормативно-правового регулювання соціально-економічних відносин у галузі будівництва необхідно посилити інституційну спроможність організацій саморегулювання та удосконалити законодавче підґрунтя, щоб мати можливість впровадити європейські та кращі світові моделі його організаційної структури.

IntroducciónMéxico, posteriormente a la celebración de la Convención Interamericana para Prevenir, Sancionar y Erradicar la violencia contra la Mujer, «Convención Belém do Pará» de 1994, ha pretendido adecuar su legislación interna para dar cumplimiento a las obligaciones internacionales adquiridas. El Estado de Veracruz (México), a partir del año 2010, consideró la violencia obstétrica como delito en su código penal. Tras ocho años de su tipificación, se considera oportuno revisar los efectos de su implementación.MetodologíaA través del análisis de la norma vigente, de algunos programas de salud que con motivo de la violencia obstétrica se han sugerido, y de la información sobre conciliaciones médicas, recomendaciones y denuncias que se han realizado, el presente texto pretende hacer una crítica a las medidas tomadas en México sobre violencia obstétrica, haciendo hincapié en que el derecho penal no es por si solo suficiente para prevenir esta clase de violencia.Resultados y Discusión:Los mecanismos adoptados por el gobierno mexicano para prevenir y erradicar la violencia obstétrica parecen quedarse a nivel normativo: no existen juicios penales por el delito de violencia obstétrica en el Estado de Veracruz a ocho años de su tipificación; las recomendaciones de los organismos de derechos humanos nacionales, que versan sobre violencia obstétrica no sugieren el uso del derecho penal para la sanción de las personas que la han ejercido y solo se contempla violencia obstétrica cuando hay muerte del feto o secuelas en el mismo; el organismo nacional de arbitraje médico, tiene en relación a la práctica médico ginecológica porcentualmente un índice de laudos condenatorios inferior a los absolutorios y/o a los convenios.ConclusionesLa experiencia de México puede ser tomada en consideración por otros países a efecto de no incurrir en los mismos errores o adoptar medidas que generen aciertos. Se requiere poner en el foco de atención la normalización que existe respecto a este tipo de violencia, así como la falta de medidas tendentes a una sanción de las prácticas de violencia obstétrica institucional, que permea en el poco interés que se demuestra en el respeto o aplicación de protocolos específicos diseñados para prevenirla. ; IntroductionMexico, following the conclusion of the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women, «Convention Belém do Pará» of 1994, has sought to adapt its domestic legislation to comply with the corresponding international obligations. The state of Veracruz (Mexico) has considered obstetric violence as a crime in its criminal code since 2010. After eight years, it is time to review the effects of its implementation.MethodologyThrough the analysis of the current norm, some health programs that have been suggested as a result of the obstetric violence, and information on medical conciliations, recommendations and denunciations, this text intends to criticize the measures taken by Mexico on obstetric violence, emphasizing that criminal law alone is not enough to prevent this kind of violence.Results and DiscussionThe mechanisms adopted by the Mexican government to prevent and eradicate obstetric violence seem to remain at the normative level: there are no criminal trials for the crime of obstetric violence in the state of Veracruz, eight years after its classification; the recommendations of national human rights organizations, which deal with obstetric violence, do not suggest the use of criminal law for the punishment of those who have exercised it, and obstetric violence is contemplated only when the fetus dies or is seriously affected by it; the national body of medical arbitration has, in relation to gynecological medical practice, a percentage of lower rate of convictions as compared with acquittals and/or agreements.ConclusionsThe experience of Mexico can be taken into consideration by other countries in order not to repeat the same mistakes and adopt measures that generate more positive outcomes. It is necessary to focus on the process of «normalization» with regard to this type of violence—as well as on the lack of measures that punish the practices of institutional obstetric violence—which tells us about the little interest shown in the respect or application of specific protocols designed to prevent it. ; IntroducciónMéxico, posteriormente a la celebración de la Convención Interamericana para Prevenir, Sancionar y Erradicar la violencia contra la Mujer, «Convención Belém do Pará» de 1994, ha pretendido adecuar su legislación interna para dar cumplimiento a las obligaciones internacionales adquiridas. El Estado de Veracruz (México), a partir del año 2010, consideró la violencia obstétrica como delito en su código penal. Tras ocho años de su tipificación, se considera oportuno revisar los efectos de su implementación.MetodologíaA través del análisis de la norma vigente, de algunos programas de salud que con motivo de la violencia obstétrica se han sugerido, y de la información sobre conciliaciones médicas, recomendaciones y denuncias que se han realizado, el presente texto pretende hacer una crítica a las medidas tomadas en México sobre violencia obstétrica, haciendo hincapié en que el derecho penal no es por si solo suficiente para prevenir esta clase de violencia.Resultados y Discusión:Los mecanismos adoptados por el gobierno mexicano para prevenir y erradicar la violencia obstétrica parecen quedarse a nivel normativo: no existen juicios penales por el delito de violencia obstétrica en el Estado de Veracruz a ocho años de su tipificación; las recomendaciones de los organismos de derechos humanos nacionales, que versan sobre violencia obstétrica no sugieren el uso del derecho penal para la sanción de las personas que la han ejercido y solo se contempla violencia obstétrica cuando hay muerte del feto o secuelas en el mismo; el organismo nacional de arbitraje médico, tiene en relación a la práctica médico ginecológica porcentualmente un índice de laudos condenatorios inferior a los absolutorios y/o a los convenios.ConclusionesLa experiencia de México puede ser tomada en consideración por otros países a efecto de no incurrir en los mismos errores o adoptar medidas que generen aciertos. Se requiere poner en el foco de atención la normalización que existe respecto a este tipo de violencia, así como la falta de medidas tendentes a una sanción de las prácticas de violencia obstétrica institucional, que permea en el poco interés que se demuestra en el respeto o aplicación de protocolos específicos diseñados para prevenirla.

It is estimated that around 8 % of the Indian population is driven into poverty by high health care costs every year. Despite this, financial protection in the form of health insurance coverage remains low at around 25 % among the Indian population. Health Microinsurance (HMI) schemes have emerged throughout the country to protect the low-income population from catastrophic health care expenditures and to improve their access to care. HMI are based on the same insurance principles as conventional insurance but due to targeted and limited portfolios, they can offer their products at lower prices. Because of an underdeveloped public health care sector, private Non-Degree Allopathic Practitioners (NDAPs) are the most important source of care for acute illness episodes in rural areas in India. These providers lack a formal qualification in Western medicine, but practice it anyway. Their inclusion into insurance arrangements could be a chance to improve financial access to care. Therefore, in 2010, three newly established HMI schemes in rural northern India integrated NDAPs into their portfolio. According to our knowledge, they were the first HMI scheme in India to have done so, which makes it particularly valuable to study the effect on access to outpatient care. The present thesis consists of various independent publications which together address the question whether the inclusion of NDAPs in HMI schemes can improve access to quality outpatient health care in rural India. The focus lies on the subjective experiences of the insured themselves and how they perceive the effect of being insured on their access to outpatient care from NDAPs. I make use of an analytical framework which differentiates between three dimensions of access: physical access (availability), financial access (affordability) and cultural access (acceptability). A cross-cutting issue is quality of care, defined within this framework as the perceived technical ability of health services to affect people's health. The thesis follows a qualitative, exploratory research approach as the research questions address how the insured themselves perceive the effect of insurance to access and what facilitators or barriers they experience. This information is important for understanding dynamics in place when insured make or not make use of insurance-related health care services and for improving accessibility of these. Ultimately, the insureds' subjective perception of the impact of being insured is also fundamental for understanding their decision to (re-)enroll into a scheme or not. Each independent study follows its own qualitative, exploratory research approach, adapted to the specific sub-question under study. These approaches comprise a systematic review (analyzed by applying a thematic synthesis), a cross-sectional study based on focus-group discussions (analyzed using a directed qualitative content analysis) as well as longitudinal case study with insured and non-insured households based on in-depth interviews (and analyzed by applying case description and analysis and explanation of themes and patterns, both within and across cases). The systematic review of existing qualitative studies on access to care through HMI shows that a lack of physical access to care provided under HMI and dissatisfaction with its quality are among the most frequently identified problems with access to care through HMI. This confirms the relevance of my research question for different countries and schemes, as the integration of local providers such as NDAPs in combination with an involvement of insurance clients into the selection of these providers tackles just these shortcomings. Second, the review also reveals the limitations of this approach. Given that health system-related barriers to accessing care can compromise the schemes' efforts, it makes clear that complementing measures addressing system-related shortcomings are indispensable. With regard to the initial health care seeking behavior for acute illness episodes among the HMI's target population and the popularity of NDAPs, the thesis presents evidence that because of their proximity, flexible payment options and familiarity with patients' belief systems, among other things, local NDAPs are physically, financially and culturally accessible. They have a "high degree of fit" with their patients. Usually, they are the first contact points for patients before turning to qualified practitioners, and treat minor illnesses, provide first relief, refer patients to other providers and administer formally prescribed treatments. These findings again confirm specifically for the Indian case the relevance of our HMI schemes' decision to include NDAPs into their portfolio for the provision of outpatient care. Finally, the thesis shows what effect on access to outpatient care is perceived by the HMI-clients under study, how they utilize the services offered and what factors facilitate or hamper their access to services. It shows that households appreciate to have immediate access to outpatient care from NDAPs without co-payment. Perceived low quality of care and limited physical access are important barriers experienced by the insured. Both factors are partly caused by how HMI-associated NDAPs are integrated into the insurance schemes. While some households do not consult them due to the barriers perceived, others integrate them and their services into their health care seeking behavior or even use them exclusively. Based on the evidence presented, it is concluded that HMI has the potential to improve access to quality outpatient care services in India from the point of view of the insured by including popular providers such as NDAPs into their portfolio and making use of their physical and social embeddedness. However, their inclusion needs to be designed carefully to not let external regulation of NDAP-patient-relationships restrict already existing access as it had happened in some cases in the insurance scheme under study. At the same time, it is necessary to also implement measures within the health care system itself, mainly addressing the quality of health care provision by NDAPs through qualification and formalization efforts by the Indian government. A close monitoring of the effect of these measures on accessibility of NDAPs would be necessary. This should also include the perspective of the NDAPs themselves on HMIs and its effect on their relations with their patients. Although the findings are not easily generalizable to other regions or countries, they can serve as valuable input for HMI schemes which aim to improve access to outpatient care while confronted with a similar significance of NDAPs.

Not Available ; Alien gene transfer in crop plants has emerged as a boon to humanity as well as science. Since the beginning of plant breeding as a systematic endeavour, scientists have spent a major proportion of their energy, time and resources in planning and executing sexual hybridizations with an objective to create additional genetic variability hitherto not available in nature, followed by selections of desirable recombinants to develop improved genotypes which would be even more beneficial to mankind. After the rediscovery of Mendelism and subsequently our improved understanding of plant traits, their genetic control and inheritance, interest started growing towards transferring genes conferring traits of interest from distant and wild relatives, and even from across genome boundaries. Wild crop genetic resources are rich reservoirs of useful alien genes. These have contributed tremendously in unleashing the basic and fundamental questions of life including those on origin, history and evolution of crop plants, their phylogenetic relationships and inheritance of simple as well as complex traits. Some of them have even served as excellent model plant species, helping to resolve several mysteries associated with crop flora as well as elucidation and interpretation of several plant species genomes. They also provided numerous donors for genetic improvement of the cultivated types providing sources for disease and insect-pest resistance, resistance/tolerance to climate extremities and problem soils, improved quality traits and keeping quality, and biofortification. During the progression of alien gene transfer technologies, several novel concepts and theories, for example, doubled haploid breeding, were also promoted. Encouraged by the success of alien transfers in genetic amelioration of crop plants, the researchers started looking for alien genes even across genome boundaries and devised horizontal gene transfer strategies, genetic transformation becoming one of the most powerful tools in changing our lives and way of living. The impact of genetic transformation can be realized from the fact that the development, application, and socio-economic and political implications of transgenic crops now affect the agrarian policies and economies of several countries despite the fact that a large group of environmentalists, scientists and consumers is highly sceptic about their use and after effects. Nevertheless, even Pref ace x severe criticism could also not deter the researchers in furthering their quest for newer genes and prompted them to come out with the concepts of cisgenesis and intragenesis to address the concerns of those worried about the safety and utility of GM crops. All these alien gene transfer techniques, aided by in vitro procedures, hormonal manipulations, polyploidization and mutation, and of late, molecular marker technology and precise detection of alien genes through molecular cytogenetics have led to introgression of hundreds of genes of interest in cultivated backgrounds of crop plants, thereby improving their genetic potential for yield, quality and economic viability. The introgression of Lrgenes in wheat, development of high-yielding and input-responsive rice and maize, noblization of sugarcane and development of Bt, Flavr Savr and Roundup Ready GM crops are just a few of the glorious examples of how alien gene transfer can revolutionize the global agriculture. Some of the early developments in alien gene transfer, of course most of them achieved through conventional breeding, coupled with better agronomic inputs and irrigation triggered the historical "Green Revolution," which changed the lives and fate of millions of people in the tropical wetlands of developing and newly industrializing countries such as India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Bangladesh and China. Fascinated by the miracle of alien gene transfer in crop plants and revisiting the green revolution of India several times during the course of our study and research, we initiated prebreeding work in two important food legumes of the Indian subcontinent, Vignaand lentil, when we joined our current position at the Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur. However, it was only then when we realized that alien gene transfer, whether vertical or horizontal, is associated with numerous promises and opportunities and even more problems and constraints. As we proceeded with the gene transfer procedures in our respective crops, each step required a lot of stopgap, discussions and relook into the literature, more so because hybridization, in general, is difficult in pulses and also, these are recalcitrant to in vitro techniques. We had to often look into so many periodicals, journals, reports, and research notes and search internet for long before we could find suitable literature helping us or even sometimes, nothing was found at all. We realized that while some crops have been tremendously benefited from alien gene transfer, in other crops it could not have been successful at all. It is then when we conceived the idea to bring the most relevant information on alien gene transfer at one platform so that the academicians, researchers and post-graduate students in agriculture and biology have a ready reference with them on the most important aspects of alien gene transfer. Nonetheless, the scope of this subject is so vast that we decided to go with two volumes; one on the theoretical aspect of innovations, methods and risks associated with alien gene transfer and the second one, of more practical nature, on the achievements and impacts of alien gene transfer, covering mainly the agricultural crop plants, which is the area of our specialization. The fi rst volume is already available, and probably you might have got a chance to read it. The second volume is now in your hands and has been divided into four sections dealing with cereals, pulses, oil crops and some other important crops. Cereals is the group that has been benefitted most from alien gene transfer. The first section describes achievements and impacts of alien transfer in cereals covered in first five Preface xi chapters, one each on wheat, barley, corn, oats and pearl millet. Achievements through alien gene transfer have been variable in pulses owing to diffi culties as mentioned earlier and the next section describes pulses in subsequent four chapters (Chaps. 6 – 9 ) each on four most important pulse crops viz., chickpea, pigeonpea, Vignaspecies and lentil. The third section is on oil crops and elaborates Brassica, oilpalm and coconut, groundnut and sunflower spread over four chapters from Chaps. 10 – 13 . The last section covers sugarcane, one of the most important commercial crops (Chap. 14 ) and two important vegetable crops of the Solanaceae family viz., tomato and eggplant (Chaps. 15 and 16 ). All the chapters have been well supported by classical as well as current references, tables and colourful illustrations, wherever necessary. ; Not Available

Problem The site of Tall Safut in Jordan was excavated under the direction of Donald Wimmer during the years of 1982-2001. Other than the preliminary reports and encyclopedia articles published by Wimmer, no detailed analysis of the remains and no final reports have been published since the conclusion of excavations in 2001. The site has received only brief mention in other articles and books dealing with archaeology because of its remains dating to the Middle Bronze Age, Late Bronze Age, and Iron Age. However, there is a significant gap in the scholarly understanding of the history of the northern hill country of Central Jordan due to the lack of publication. Safut has significant remains from these time periods, and a detailed analysis of these remains is important for understanding the ancient history of Jordan by placing Safut within its regional and global context. As the northern gateway to the hill country of Central Jordan, Safut had important interactions with local and imperial forces, and this role must be investigated and explicated. Method The research focuses on the stratigraphy of the areas excavated rather than on small finds or other remains, with the ultimate goal of placing the cultural remains from these strata in their regional and global contexts. The stratigraphy of the site was compiled, based on information from the excavation notebooks and pottery dating from each level represented. Since this project offers the benefit of working through the material after the excavation's completion, this site report is organized by archaeological periods excavated. In line with the process that is typically called in archaeology the "comparative" approach, the pottery excavated from the site was compared with that from other sites with known chronologies. After a date was assigned to the sherds, the loci in which they were found were assigned to a particular phase, and from these phases the overall stratigraphy of the site was determined. After the stratigraphy was clarified, the material culture was related to other interregional and intraregional sites, and historical and anthropological insights collated. These insights were brought into focus through the theories of great and little traditions and world-systems theory. The great and little traditions analysis emphasized ritual and agriculture at Safut while world-systems theory focused on Safut's role in the Kingdom of Ammon on the periphery of Assyrian Empire. Results In-depth study and analysis of the site of Tall Safut and its materials, which are housed in various locations, have contributed to the assessment, organization, and detailed analysis of the material finds and phases at Tall Safut. A new stratigraphy for the site was established following the examination of over 3,000 sherds and whole vessels. Material from the Middle Bronze III was identified including ceramics found mainly in the Central Jordan Valley and imports from as far as Cyprus. Architecture and finds from the Late Bronze II and Iron Age IA were observed. Special attention was paid to the Late Bronze Age IIB cultic area where a metal seated figurine was found with parallels in modern day Syria and Lebanon, but likely representing the eponymous founder of Safut indicating a little tradition in ritual at the site separate from the influence of great traditions. Six phases beginning in the Late Iron Age IIB and ending in the Late Iron Age IIC/Persian Period were clarified in the building complex found in Areas B and C. It is during this time that the site grew to a large size and evidence for large-scale agricultural production is evidenced including storage rooms with large pithoi and metal tools. These technological advances and agricultural intensification likely resulted from the impact of the great traditions of the Assyrian Empire on the little traditions of the kingdom of Ammon. Pottery and small finds such as seals and bullae show connections with the empires of Assyria and Babylonia, evidence of the little traditions of local elites being influenced by the great traditions of Neo-Assyria. Conclusions The study carried out from the Tall Safut material clearly shows the importance of the site for more fully understanding the history of the hill country in Central Jordan. The identification of Middle Bronze Age III pottery at Safut is significant because there was previously no known Middle Bronze Age presence at the site, and also because broad cultural connections between the Central Jordan Valley and further afield were revealed. As pottery was the only material found in this period it is hard to draw any strong anthropological conclusions other than to say that Tall Safut was likely under the influence of a polity in the Central Jordan Valley centered around the sites of Pella and Tall abu al-Kharaz. These broader regional connections from the Middle Bronze Age were followed by a lack of intraregional connections in the Late Bronze Age. Cultic material identified from the Late Bronze Age II at Safut is significant because of its ritual context, as well as what these ritual practices say about a shift in focus to a more localized region around Safut. The possible presence of a temple complex at Safut strengthens the possibility of the site being an integral part in a city-state polity centered around Amman. During this period local traditions were able to flourish at Safut likely due to its protection within the city-state polity of Amman and due to the lack of great traditions as the major empires largely avoided this area in the Late Bronze Age. The Iron Age II at Safut, in contrast, experienced expansive regional connections. The substantial archaeological evidence from the Iron Age II indicate the site's importance for the Ammonites and external empirical control from Assyria and Babylonia. When viewing the findings from the different time periods at Safut with a focus on agricultural and religious evidence it is clear that the site shifts from a local orientation, based only on little traditions in the Bronze Age to an extra-regional perspective in the Iron Age II where the little traditions reflected by ritual practices and agricultural production in and around Safut reflect core influences of the great traditions of the Assyrian Empire. It was likely that the elite at Safut borrowed at least symbolism from the core of Assyria in order to gain social or political advantages in Ammon.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To assess maternal health training priorities for primary care human resources for health (HRH) in nursing and allied health workers in Colombia, Honduras, and Nicaragua, to inform maternal care HRH strategic planning efforts. Methods. This Washington, D.C.–based study utilized cross-sectional survey methodology to collect country-level data. From October 2016 to March 2017, a needs assessment tool was developed by the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) and PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centers. Data collection was completed by PAHO/WHO country offices, in collaboration with national health authorities and other high-level government personnel. The collected data included information on the composition, capacities, and training priorities of traditional birth attendants (TBAs), community health workers (CHWs), registered nurses (RNs), and auxiliary nurses in the three study countries; the findings were summarized in a report. Results. Data on the health workforce composition in the three countries indicated reliance on HRH with low levels of education and training, with limited integration of TBAs. In all three countries, management of obstetric emergencies was a training priority for RNs, and identification of danger signs was a priority for CHWs and TBAs. Training priorities for auxiliary nurses varied widely across the three countries and included health promotion, preconception and prenatal care, and obstetric emergencies. There was also a wide range in the total number of HRH across the three countries. Conclusions. Reliance on health workers with low levels of training is concerning but can be mitigated through in-service training. Training priorities are consistent with the major causes of maternal mortality, and Latin America and Caribbean region training programs show promise for improving quality of care. In the long term, planning for maternal care HRH should seek to increase the concentration of health professionals that are more highly skilled. ; [RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Evaluar las prioridades de capacitación en el ámbito de la salud materna de los recursos humanos de enfermería y otros trabajadores de atención primaria en Colombia, Honduras y Nicaragua, y fundamentar los esfuerzos de planificación estratégica de los recursos humanos para la salud dedicados a la atención materna. Métodos. En este estudio, con sede en Washington, D. C., se empleó una metodología de encuesta transversal para recopilar datos a nivel de país. Entre los meses de octubre del 2016 y marzo del 2017, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS) y sus centros colaboradores elaboraron una herramienta para la evaluación de las necesidades. Las representaciones de la OPS/OMS, en colaboración con las autoridades nacionales de salud y otros funcionarios gubernamentales de alto nivel, realizaron la recopilación de datos. Los datos reunidos incluyeron información sobre la composición, las aptitudes y las prioridades de capacitación de las parteras tradicionales, los agentes comunitarios de salud, las enfermeras tituladas y las enfermeras auxiliares en los tres países del estudio. Los resultados se resumieron en un informe. Resultados. Los datos sobre la composición del personal de salud en los tres países indicaron que se depende de recursos humanos para la salud que presentan escasos niveles de educación y formación, y que la integración de las parteras tradicionales es limitada. En los tres países, el tratamiento de las urgencias obstétricas constituyó una prioridad de capacitación para las enfermeras tituladas, y la detección de los signos de peligro fue una prioridad en el caso de los agentes comunitarios de salud y las parteras tradicionales. Las prioridades de formación para las enfermeras auxiliares variaron sustancialmente entre los tres países y entrañaron la promoción de la salud, la atención pregestacional y prenatal, y las urgencias obstétricas. Asimismo, el número total de recursos humanos para la salud varió considerablemente entre los países. Conclusiones. Depender de personal de salud de escaso nivel formativo es motivo de preocupación, si bien la capacitación en el servicio puede mitigar este problema. Las prioridades de capacitación están en consonancia con las principales causas de mortalidad materna y los programas formativos de América Latina y el Caribe resultan prometedores para mejorar la calidad de la atención. A largo plazo, la planificación de los recursos humanos para la salud dedicados a la atención materna deberá procurar aumentar la concentración de profesionales de salud más capacitados. ; [RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar as prioridades de formação em saúde materna dos recursos humanos na área de atenção primária à saúde entre profissionais de enfermagem e outros profissionais da saúde na Colômbia, Honduras e Nicarágua, a fim de subsidiar os esforços de planejamento estratégico de recursos humanos para saúde materna. Métodos. Foi conduzido um estudo transversal, sediado em Washington, D.C., para coletar dados ao nível nacional. Uma ferramenta de avaliação das necessidades foi desenvolvida, de outubro de 2016 a março de 2017, pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde (OPAS/OMS) e Centros Colaboradores da OPAS/OMS. A coleta de dados foi concluída pelas representações da OPAS/OMS nos países, em colaboração com autoridades sanitárias nacionais e pessoal de alto escalão do governo. Foram coletados dados sobre a composição, as competências e as prioridades de formação de parteiras tradicionais, agentes comunitários de saúde, enfermeiros licenciados e assistentes de enfermagem nos três países de estudo. Os resultados foram compilados em um relatório. Resultados. Os dados relativos à composição da força de trabalho em saúde nos três países indicaram que eles contam com pessoal com baixo nível de instrução e formação, com integração limitada das parteiras tradicionais. Observou-se, nos três países, que a atuação em emergências obstétricas era uma prioridade de formação para enfermeiros licenciados e a identificação de sinais de perigo era uma prioridade para agentes comunitários de saúde e parteiras tradicionais. As prioridades de formação para os assistentes de enfermagem foram bastante distintas entre os países: promoção da saúde, cuidados pré-concepcionais e assistência pré-natal e emergências obstétricas. O número total de recursos humanos para a saúde também variou nos três países. Conclusões. É motivo de preocupação ter de contar com profissionais da saúde com baixo nível de formação, porém este problema pode ser reduzido com a capacitação no próprio serviço. As prioridades de formação nos países estudados são condizentes com as principais causas de mortalidade materna e os programas de formação profissional da Região da América Latina e Caribe têm potencial para melhorar a qualidade da atenção. O planejamento dos recursos humanos para saúde materna deve visar a longo prazo aumentar a concentração de profissionais que são mais capacitados.

Problem setting. The system of state management of regulatory and legal regulation of social and economic relations in construction adopted by the countries of the European Union can today be considered as an effective model for international cooperation, since its creation envisaged the formation of a single economic space. North America, Europe, Asia and the Pacific, and, likewise, most of the economically advanced states in the region have a state policy of denationalizing the system of managing socio-economic relations in construction. They lose the monopoly of managing this system by passing state regulatory functions to the private sector. These actions are usually driven by a number of objective reasons, they can be both political and economic, and may be social. Therefore, in the world, the refusal of the monopoly on regulation of socio-economic relations in construction, which was formed historically and the transition to self-regulatory systems, is gradually increasing. In Ukraine, today, there is a shortage of skilled personnel, financial, material and human potential in the public sector, which prompts the transfer of the regulatory functions of the state to the private sector, which, as historically, is a state prerogative. Moreover, the situation is close to a deadlock, because simply increasing financial support and expanding the staff of skilled personnel, the problems of handling huge engineering data arrays that are accompanied by a stream of innovations will not find a solution. That is why international practice of solving such problems is so important in order to be able to identify all possible risks in a timely manner and possibly take additional measures to reduce them.Recent research and publications analysis. Theoretical and methodological analysis of public administration by the regulation of social and economic relations in construction has devoted its scientific works to such domestic scientists as: V. Averyanov, Y. Brusentsov, A. Vorobyov, D. Isaenko, A. Korotich, V. Logvinenko, O. Nepomnyashchy, N. Nyzhnik, V. Romosko and many other scholars.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Many scientific foreign and domestic studies are devoted to the analysis and evaluation of mechanisms of self-regulation in the field of socio-economic relations in construction. However, today, the situation in our country affects the development of the construction industry, which is why the issue of the dissatisfied demand of the population for services on the construction of social housing is very acute. Proceeding from the above it can be argued that the chosen topic of the article is relevant and timely.Paper main body. The purpose of the paper is to determine the essence of international approaches to the formation and implementation of mechanisms for self-regulation of socio-economic relations in construction.Emphasized on the relevance of the formation of an effective mechanism of self-regulation of socio-economic relations in construction, which requires the analysis of scientific research and will allow the formation of alternative solutions, taking into account international experience. Studies are based on the use of information resources, generalization of scientific developments of domestic and foreign scientists, personal observations. The purpose of the article is to determine the essence of international approaches to the formation and implementation of mechanisms for self-regulation of socio-economic relations in construction. Indicates the need for a conscious transfer of state functions in the regulatory and legal regulation of socio-economic relations in the construction of the non-state sector. In Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, it is these organizations that have the functions of licensing business activities, which is associated with the construction of buildings, professional certification. Such procedure is carried out by architects, design engineers, technicians and experts who regulate admission to the market of these categories of persons, etc. Thus, these organizations (the so-called chambers) have certain powers of authority, which, as a rule, are monopolistic powers of the state.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The conducted researches have shown that the change of the structure of the modern system of legal regulation of socio-economic relations in construction is determined by many factors. The most influential ones are globalization of the world economy; close economic integration; the fact that the national trade and economic frontiers collapse; a technical revolution that is increasingly affecting the construction industry and caused by the growth of various technical regulation objects. On the latter, we can say, as the biggest economic reason for the denationalization of such systems, since it is likely that, in many cases, the public sector does not have adequate resources to track new technologies, materials, products, methods and processes, and especially, for a qualified assessment their safety and suitability for practical use.In the long run, the importance of studying the state policy on strengthening the institutional capacity of self-regulatory organizations to regulate socio-economic relations in construction and formulating a legislative framework in order to be able to implement a European model of the organizational structure of the technical support system of the industry is not diminished. ; Акцентовано увагу на актуальності питання формування ефективного механізму саморегулювання в сфері соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві, що потребує здійснення аналізу наукових досліджень та дасть змогу формувати альтернативні рішення, беручи до уваги міжнародний досвід. Узагальнено інформаційні ресурси, що представляють наукові розробки вітчизняних і закордонних вчених. Визначено сутність міжнародних підходів до формування і реалізації механізмів саморегулювання в сфері соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві. Вказано на необхідність свідомої передачі державою частини функцій із нормативно-правового регулювання соціально-економічних відносин у будівництві недержавному сектору. Зазначено, що у Німеччині, Великобританії, США саме саморегулюючим організаціям належать функції з ліцензійного забезпечення господарської діяльності, яка пов'язана зі створенням будівель та споруд, проведенням професійної атестації. Зауважено, що таку процедуру професійної атестації проходять архітектори, інженери-проектувальники, інженери технічного нагляду та експерти, що дає змогу врегулювати допуск на ринок цих категорій осіб тощо. Доведено, що зазначені організації (т. зв. палати) володіють певними владними повноваженнями, що, як правило, є монопольними повноваженнями держави. Обґрунтовано, що для впровадження світових тенденцій та підтримки напряму подальшого роздержавлення національної системи нормативно-правового регулювання соціально-економічних відносин у галузі будівництва необхідно посилити інституційну спроможність організацій саморегулювання та удосконалити законодавче підґрунтя, щоб мати можливість впровадити європейські та кращі світові моделі його організаційної структури.