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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gudigeri North-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 448ha in Koppaltalukand district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 98 per cent is covered by soils, two per cent bywaterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  About 67 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 23 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 8 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 65 per cent of the area has low (51-100 mm/m), 4 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 30 per cent very high (>200mm/m) available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  Entire area has moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 47 per cent has soils that are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0)and about 52 per cent are very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 69 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 30 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in the entire area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 24 major crops grown in the microwatershedwere assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 4 (<1) 326 (72 ) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Bajra - - Jamun - 133(29) Groundnut - 181 (40) Musambi 4(<1) 145 (32) Sunflower 4 (<1) 145 (31) Lime 4(<1) 145 (32) Chilli - - Cashew - - Tomato - - Custard apple 4 (<1) 326 (73) Drumstick - 149 (32) Amla 329 (73) Mulbery 329 (73) Tamarind - 133 (30) Pomegranate - 149 (33) Marigold - 329 (72) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 329 (73) Mango - - Jasmine - 181(40) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Gudigeri North-1 micro-watershed is located in between 15020' – 15021' North latitudes and 75054' – 75056' East longitudes, covering an area of about 448.57 ha and bounded by Kavalura, Gudigeri villages and Yelburga Taluk in Koppal taluk and district. It falls under Agro Ecological Region (AER)–3: (Deccan plateau, hot arid ecosubregion) Karnataka Plateau (Rayalseema as inclusion), hot arid ESR with deep loamy and clayey mixed red and black soils, low to medium AWC and LGP 60-90 days We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: We found that Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52 to 47 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age groups of population is around 54 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 54.3 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 87.5 per cent.  About 12.5 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 100 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 62.5 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.2 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevent among 37.5 per cent of farm households.  Women participation is decisions making are around 12.5 per cent of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.9 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 23 per cent and Agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 60 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs 24875 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs 197441 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers are owing tractors.  The average livestock value is around Rs 39067 per livestock; about 62.5 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 675 grams (1515 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 88 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 4909 per household. About 12.5 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs 752 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 7121 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 3086740 per year for the total area of 448.57 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs 1500/ ha/year. Per ha food production services is maximum in Bengal gram (Rs 5102/ha) followed by sunflower (Rs 2224/ha) and green gram (Rs 2149).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 2779/ ha/year. Per ha fodder production services is maximum in Sorghum (Rs 2964 /ha) followed by Maize (Rs 2470 /ha) (Rs 14/ha).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in Bengal gram (Rs 46909) followed by Green gram (Rs 32659), Sunflower (Rs 21683), sorghum (Rs 18821) and maize (Rs 12073). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is green gram (48.2%) followed by sunflower (23.1%), bengal gram (12.7 %), maize (9.5 %) and sorghum (6.4 %). 3  In Gudigeri North-1 micro watershed, major soils are Muttal (MTL) soil series are having very shallow soil depth covers around 25.1 % of area. On the soil farmers are presently growing are green gram (44.4 %), maize (16.7 %) and sorghum (11.1 %). Ravanaki (RNK) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 40.32 % of area, crops growing sunflower (41.9 %) and green gram (76.6 %). Gatareddihalla (GRH) soil series are having deep soil depth cover around 28.69 per cent of area; crops are bengal gram and sunflower.  The total cost of cultivation in the study area for green gram ranges between Rs.17355/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.09) and Rs.10274/ha in RNK soil (with BCR of 1.35).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation range between Rs 22200/ha in GRH soil (with of 1.03) and Rs.18544/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.13).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in MTL soil is Rs.17047/ha (with BCR of 1.08).  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation in GRH soil is Rs.22068/ha (with BCR of 1.23) and maize cultivation in MTL soil is Rs 18148/ha (with BCR of 1.12). Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthening institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bengal gram (23.6 %), sunflower (33.3 to 50.6 %), green gram (14 to 43.7 %), maize (82.6 %) and sorghum (66.7 %) ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Padasavli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 535 ha in Padasavli-1 microwatershed in Aland taluk of Kalaburgi district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 786 mm of which about 595 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 116 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, five per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 5 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 95 per cent area is suitable for agriculture  About 11 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) to moderately deep (75-100 cm), 73 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 11 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 18 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 68 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) and 14 per cent low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 23 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 72 per cent high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (1 ppm) in available boron.  About 8 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 69 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 18 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 33 (6) 131(25) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 164 (31) Jamun - 49 (9) Sunflower 33(6) 24 (5) Musambi 33(6) 24 (5) Cotton 33 (6) 131 (25) Lime 33(6) 24 (5) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 33(6) 131 (25) Custard apple 33(6) 131(25) Guava - - Amla 33(6) 131(25) Mango - - Tamarind - 49 (9) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.   Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the field bunds, hillocks, mounds and ridges. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Padasavli-1 micro-watershed (Padasavli sub-watershed, Aland taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17035'–17036' North latitudes and 76025'– 76028' East longitudes, covering an area of about 534.63 ha, bounded by Chincholi Khurd, Hiroli, Nagalogaon and Matki villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Padasavli-1 micro-watershed (Padasavli subwatershed, Aland taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 57 to 42.1 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 60.2 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 76.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) among all sample households.  Firewood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 20 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 89 per cent of sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample households  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all the sample households. Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 2.67 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated area by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 44.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is a subsidiary occupation about 55.3 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 6833. per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 3721 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart (50 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 28125 per household; about 78.5 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 844 grams (1774 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 65120 per household. About 70 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1995. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1260 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 640239 per year for the total area of 534 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 7231/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 15388) followed by sunflower (Rs. 5371) and greengram (Rs.934).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 42840), followed by green gram (Rs. 34116) and sunflower (Rs. 24122). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is red gram (83.7 %) followed by green gram (8.7 %) and sunflower (7.6 %).  In Padasavali-1 Microwatershed, major soil series are Novinihala series are having shallow soil depth covers around 38.7 % of area the major crops are green gram (60 %) and redgram (40 %). Mahagaon soil series having are very deep soils depth covers around 9.22 % of area the crops are redgram. Marugutti soil series are having very shallow depth covers around 9.2 % of area the crops are redgram (44.4 %) and sunflower (55.6 %). Gutti soil series are having moderately shallow depth covers around (4.64) of area the crops are red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 32931/ha in NHA soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs. 18116/ha in MAN soil (with BCR of 2.21). 3  In sunflower the cost of cultivation in MGT soil is Rs.16128/ha (with BCR of 1.33) and green gram the cost of cultivation in NHA soil is Rs.18826/ha (with BCR of 1.08).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (40.1 to 50.3 %), followed by sunflower (56.0 %) and greengram (42.2 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Govankop-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 600 ha in Shirahatti taluk of Gadag district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 633 mm of which about 363 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 165 mm during north-east and the remaining 105 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, four per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11 soil series and 32 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 96 per cent area is suitable for agriculture.  About 9 per cent of the soils are deep (100 - 150 cm) to moderately deep (75-100 cm), 59 per cent are moderately shallow to shallow (25-75 cm) and about 28 per cent are very shallow (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Entire area in the microwatershed is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 52 per cent area, medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 21 per cent area and high (>1.0 ppm) in 23 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient in about 15 per cent area and sufficient in 81 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Available zinc is sufficient (>0.6 ppm) in 4 per cent and deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 92 per cent area of the Microwatershed.  The land suitability for 21 major crops grown in the Microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 191 (32) Jackfruit - 16 (3) Maize - 72 (12) Jamun - - Bengalgram - 146 (24) Musambi - 52 (9) Groundnut - 72 (12) Lime - 16 (3) Sunflower - 52 (9) Cashew - 16 (3) Cotton - 138 (23) Custard Apple - 108 (18) Banana - 52 (9) Amla - 108 (18) Pomegranate - 52 (9) Tamarind - 16 (3) Mango - 16 (3) Marigold - 138 (23) Sapota - 16(3) Chrysanthemum - 138 (23) Guava - 16 (3) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Govankop-1 micro-watershed (Kanakvad sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) is located in between 1500' – 1501' North latitudes and 75038' – 75041' East longitudes, covering an area of about 600 ha, bounded by Kerikoppa, Belhatti, Kanakvad and Kerikoppa villages with length of growing period (LGP) 150-180 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Govankop-1 micro-watershed (Kanakvad sub-watershed, Shirahatti taluk, Gadag district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 52.3 to 47.7 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 67.8 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 80 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (SC) is around 80 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 70 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (50 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 per cent of sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 80 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 1.5 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making is among all the households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.02 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land of 80.6 % and irrigated land 19.4 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation among 90.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and government services are a subsidiary occupation for 1.5 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 97362 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 142619 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 29731 per household; about 71.43 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1014 grams (2227.5 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Among all sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.16631 per household. About 100 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1929. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1044 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 600606 per year for the total area of 600.4 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 3187/ha/year in maize crops.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2805/ ha/year.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in maize (Rs. 27159). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is maize (100 %).  In Govinkoppa-1 micro-watershed, major soil is Hanganakatti (HGK) and Shirol (SRL) soil series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 10.40 per cent and 17.43 per cent of areas, respectively. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize. Yelisirunj (YSJ) and Beladadi (BLD) soil series are having shallow soil depth cover around 6.38 per cent and 8.85 per cent of area, respectively the crop is maize. Kabulayathakatti Tanda (KKT), Attikatti Tanda (ATT) and Venkatapur (VKP) soil series are having moderately shallow soil 3 depth covers around 12.24 per cent, 5.0 per cent and 13.89 per cent of areas, respectively on crop is maize. Jelligeri (JLG) soil is having moderately deep soil depth cover around 6.0 per cent of area the crop on maize.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for maize ranges between Rs.48232/ha in BLD soil (with BCR of 1.34) and Rs.12643/ha in YSJ soil (with BCR of 1.80).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households. By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (63.1 to 79.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nelkud-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 649 ha in Nelkud-1 microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soils, six per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and four land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 82 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 12 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 73 per cent area has shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 22 per cent are very shallow (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 7 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm).  About 5 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 21 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 386 (59) Guava - - Maize - 386 (59) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 389 6(59) Jamun - - Sunflower - - Musambi - - Cotton - 386 (59) Lime - - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean - 386 (59) Custard apple - 386 (59) Bengal gram 296(46) 123 (19) Amla - 389 (59) Mango - - Tamarind - - Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the four identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps sustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.   Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Nelkud-1 micro-watershed (Halikher sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17039'–17041' North latitudes and 7706'–7708' East longitudes, covering an area of about 649 ha, bounded by Kathalli, Itga, Rampur, Patvada, Gobbarwadi and Chintkota villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Nelkud-1 Microwatershed (Halikher subwatershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 68.2 to 31.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 75 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 63.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 80.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  Only 30 per cent farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.3 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 30.0 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90.0 per cent of households 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated land is dry land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 22.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 68.2 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.19597 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.7389 per household, about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (30 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs.29375 per household; about 64.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 979 grams (1999.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 30 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.225742 per household. About 40 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2418. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 2388 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 1463607 per year for the total area of 649.02 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 22688/ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 28348) followed by redgram (Rs. 7027).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs.53573) and cotton (Rs.49758). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (88.2 %) and cotton (11.8 %). 3  In Nelked 1 Microwatershed, major soil is soil of Kinhi (KNH) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 5.8 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton. Dinsi (DSI) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 7.67 % of area; crops grown are red gram. Gutti (GTT) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 37.9 % of areas, crops grown are cotton (27.5 %) and redgram (72.5 %) and Hobli (HBL) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 13.8 % of area, crops grown are redgram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for redgram ranges between Rs.30897/ha in GTT soil (with BCR of 1.36) and Rs.11496/ha in DSI soil (with BCR of 3.29).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs.26856/ha in KNH soil (with BCR of 1.98 and Rs 15248/ha in GTT soil (with BCR of 2.99)).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthen agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (22.6 to 10.2 %) and cotton (33.3 to 22.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Adki Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 874 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 821 ha (94%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 52 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 94 percent of area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture  About 542 ha area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep (75- 100 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 13 per cent soils are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 23 per cent area is medium (101-150 mm/m) and 13 per cent area is very low (0.75) in organic carbon.  About 88 per cent of the area is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 66 per cent, low (20 ppm) in 16 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in maximum area of about 84 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 10 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 94 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 17 per cent of the soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 507(58) 198(23) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 705(81) Jamun - 542(62) Sunflower 507(58) 198(23) Musambi 467(53) 75(9) Cotton 507(58) 198(23) Lime 467(53) 75(9) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 507(58) 198(23) Custard apple 507(58) 198(23) Bengal gram 671(78) 45(5) Amla 507(58) 198(23) Guava - - Tamarind - 542(62) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Adki micro-watershed (Adki sub-watershed, Sedam taluk and Gulbarga district) is located in between 1705' – 1709' North latitudes and 76021' – 76024' East longitudes, covering an area of about 873.94 ha, bounded by Adki, Telangana state, and Kotanpalli villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Adki Microwatershed (Adki sub-watershed, Sedam taluk and Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 56.1 to 43.9 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 65.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 74.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 90.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 60.0 per cent.  About 20.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Only 10.0 per cent of the farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grain through public distribution system of all the sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 50 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in household in reported among all the sample households. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 0.9 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The total land among the sample farmers in dry lands. Agriculture is the main occupation among 18.5 per cent and agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 54.6 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.44781 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm asset is around Rs. 6396 per household, about 80 per cent of sample farmers having weeder and plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.31250 per household. Around 66.7 per cent of households are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 900.1 grams (2149.4 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 50 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.15499 per household. About 100 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2057 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.1259 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.1035071 per year for the total area of 873.94 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 4754/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs.8879) and black gram is (Rs. 630).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs.62285) followed by black gram (Rs 25587). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (92.6 %) followed by green gram (6.8 %) and black gram (0.6 %).  In Adki micro-watershed, major soil of Tonsanhalli (TNH) series is having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 18.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram. Dhandothi (DDT) are having very deep soil depth cover 23.4% of area, the main crops are black gram (64.5 %) and redgram (35.5 %). Dargah (DRG) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 34.0% of areas, main crops are redgram and Mathimuda (MTM) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 4.6 % of area, crops are red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs.61027/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 0.83) and 28852/ha in TNH soil (with BCR of 1.76). 3  In black gram the cost of cultivation in DDT soil is Rs. 16042/ha (with BCR of 1.04).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (0.2 to 24.1 %) and black gram (62.0 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kilankeri-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 428 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 384 ha (90%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 44 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 78 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 13 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 24 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 53 per cent clayey soils and 13 per cent are sandy at the surface.  Entire area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 76 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 13 per cent is severely eroded (e3).  An area of about 7 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3), 10 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 45 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (7.8-8.4), 22 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 5 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About 3 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorous.  About 3 per cent area is low (337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 4 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in an area of 73 per cent and high (>1.0 ppm) in 17 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Entire area in the microwatershed has sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Kilankeri-2 micro-watershed (Yadgir taluk and district) is located in between 16037' – 16039' North latitudes and 77014' – 77016' East longitudes, covering an area of about 426.72 ha, bounded by Kilanakera village with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kilankeri-2 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 62 to 38 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age group 18 to 50 of population is around 59.4 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 55.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) are around 31.4 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among all sample households.  About 22 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 17 per cent farm households having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 94 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 11 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 66.67 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers. The account for dry land of 13.67 ha among the total cultivated land among the sample households. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation is only 6.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 44.7 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 42585 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 88746 per household, about 20 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 51786 per household; about 25.71 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 486 grams (2651.2 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 47 per cent of sample households are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 34983 per household. About 100 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2273. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. Rs. 39285/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in paddy (Rs. 59848) followed by greengram (Rs.44806), groundnut (Rs. 39855), red gram (Rs. 33290) and sorghum (Rs. 18627).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 900/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in paddy (Rs. 1482) followed by groundnut (Rs. 1029) and sorghum (Rs.188).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The value of per hectare water used and value of water was maximum in greengram (Rs. 67432) followed by paddy (Rs. 47522), red gram (Rs. 46334), groundnut (Rs. 30063) and sorghum (Rs. 26469). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (59.1 %) followed by sorghum (14.2 %), groundnut (9.5 %), green gram (4.0 %) and paddy (3.8 %) which was taken during Kharif season and sorghum (4.7 %), redgram (3.3 %) and green gram (1.4 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area of greengram ranges between Rs. 46973/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.03) and Rs. 42639/ha in small farmers (with BCR of 1.09). 3  In red gram range between Rs. 40458/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 1.12) and Rs. 30121/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 1.32).  In sorghum ranges between Rs. 20399/ha in semi medium farmers (with BCR of 0.98) and Rs.19359/ha in marginal farmers (with BCR of 0.89).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soils to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (19 to 66.3 %), maize (62 %), paddy (54.2 to 56 %), and red gram (27.3 to 47.6 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Tonsanhalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 576 ha in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 762 mm, of which about 571 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 99 mm during north-east and the remaining 92 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area of the microwatershed is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 2 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2rd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  An area of about 96 per cent is suitable for agriculture  An area of about 93 per cent of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 2 per cent soils are moderately shallow (50-75 cm).  Entire area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface  An area of 82 per cent of the microwatershed soils are non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 96 per cent of the area has nearly level (0-1%) to very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 68 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 27 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  An area of about 65 per cent soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 30 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75) in organic carbon.  About 91 per cent of the area is low (57 kg/ha).  About 96 per cent of the soils are medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10 -20 ppm) in an area of about 36 per cent and low (4.5 ppm) in 94 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in 1 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in 96 per cent soils of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed. Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 414 (72) 136(24) Sapota - 550(96) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 550(96) Jamun - 537(93) Sunflower 414 (72) 123(21) Musambi 537(93) 13(2) Cotton 414 (72) 136(24) Lime 537(93) 13(2) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 414 (72) 136(24) Custard apple 550(96) - Bengal gram 355(62) 194(34) Amla 550(96) - Guava - 550(96) Tamarind - 537(93) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass.Thus helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology:Tonsanhalli-1 micro-watershed (Mulkod sub-watershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17012' – 17014' North latitudes and 7706' – 7709' East longitudes, covering an area of about 576 ha, bounded by Arjamga, Sangai, Mulkod, Mudbol and Invi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Tonsanhalli-1 micro-watershed (Mulkod subwatershed, Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 51.4 and 48.6 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 40.5 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 59.5 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 50 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent sample households.  About 10 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  About 10 per cent of farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 70 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production is among all the households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding 2.3 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to small and medium and large farmers. The total cultivated land by rainfed land condition is among all the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation around 24.3 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is the subsidiary occupation around 73.0 percent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 20298 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 208775 per household, about 50 per cent of sample farmers having bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.34167 per household; among all the samples household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1164.4 grams (2590 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 10 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 66814 per household. About 50 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.2060. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.629 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 345861 per year for the total area of 575.55 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs 22447/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 24925) and red gram (Rs. 19970).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 61136) and cotton (Rs. 54734). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (92.9 %) and cotton (7.1 %). 3  Tonsanhalli-1 micro-watershed, major soil is soil of Dhandothi (DDT) series is having very deep soil depth cover around 2.26 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing redgram (91.9 %) and cotton (8.1%). Dargha (DGR) are also having deep soil depth cover around 0.39 % of area, the crops are red gram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 30060/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 1.57) and Rs. 25022 /ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.94).  In cotton the cost of cultivation in DDT soil Rs 36208 ha (with BCR of 1.70).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (7.1 to14.0 %) and cotton (17.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bidarched Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 547 ha in Sedam taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 839 mm, of which about 639 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 109 mm during north-east and the remaining 91 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 513 ha (94%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 35 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 8 soil phases (management units) and 2 land use class  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 2nd week of June to 3rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 94 percent of area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture  About 84 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are deep (100-150 cm) to very deep (>150 cm) and 10 per cent soils are shallow (25-50 cm) in depth.  About 94 per cent area of the microwatershed has clayey soils at the surface  About 70 per cent area is non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity and 10 per cent area is low (51-100 mm/m) in available water capacity  About 84 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 10 per cent area is gently (3-5% slope) sloping lands  An area of about 10 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 84 per cent area is moderately (e2) erode  An area of about 94 per cent soils are moderately (pH 7.8-8.4) to strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0)in soil reaction  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in 17 per cent area is 337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in an area of about 30 per cent and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 64 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 92 per cent area and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 26 per cent of soils in the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 458(84) - Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Redgram - 458(84) Jamun - 458(84) Sunflower 458(84) - Musambi 458(84) - Cotton 458(84) - Lime 458(84) - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 458(84) - Custard apple 458(84) - Bengal gram 458(84) 54(10) Amla 458(84) - Guava - - Tamarind - 458(84) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fiber and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Bidarched micro-watershed (Mudhol sub-watershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 1705' – 1709' North latitudes and 76021' – 76024' East longitudes, covering an area of about 547.31 ha, bounded by Gopanpalli, Bidharcheda, Rudraram and Amarwadi villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and eco system services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Bidarched micro-watershed (Mudhol subwatershed, Sedam taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators  Male and female ratio is 54 to 45 Per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is 52.8 around per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 79.4 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) 50 percent.  Liquefied petroleum gas is the source of energy for a cooking among 60 per cent and firewood 40 percent.  About 10.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Farm households are having MGNREGA card only 10 per cent for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 90 per cent  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 10 per cent of sample households  Women participation in decisions making are around 10 per cent of households were found. Economic Indicators  The average land holding is 1.37 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 58.8 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 3.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.13805 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.105475 per household, about 20 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.37666 per household; about 53.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 665 grams (1474 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 90 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.94300 per household. About 70.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1784 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs.900 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.462635 per year for the total area of 547 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 18226/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 21013) and sorghum (Rs. 15439).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2099/ ha/year in sorghum.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 62927) and sorghum (Rs.37643). Economic Land Evaluation  The major cropping pattern is red gram (95.9 %) and sorghum (4.1 %).  In Bidarched micro-watershed, major soils series are Dhoandothi series having very deep soil depth covers around (19.1 %) of area major crops are red gram (93.8 %). Dargah soils series are having deep soil depth covers around (58.1 %) of area. on this soil farmers are presently growing sorghum (6.1 %) and red gram. 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 23953/ha in DDT soil (with BCR of 1.87) and Rs. 23927/ha in DRG soil (with BCR of 2.49).  In sorghum the cost of cultivation in DDT soil Rs. 33961/ha (with BCR of 1.52).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (12.4 %) and sorghum (56.0 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Dharjamga-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 511 ha in Dharjamga-2 microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 96 per cent is covered by soils, 4 per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 20 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 83 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 17 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro-forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 34 per cent of the soils are deep (100-150cm) to very deep (>150 cm), 10 per cent are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and 52 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) in available water capacity, 2 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and 60 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 22 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) and about 1 per cent low (1.0 ppm).  About 1 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 85 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 175 (34) 11 (2) Guava - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 186 (36) Jamun - 175(34) Sunflower 108 (21) 67 (13) Musambi 175 (34) - Cotton 175 (34) 11 (2) Lime 175 (34) - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean 175(34) 11 (2) Custard apple 175 (34) 11(2) Bengalgram 186(36) 39 (8) Amla 175 (34) 11(2) Mango - - Tamarind 175 (34) - Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would helps in not only supplementing the income but also provide fodder and fuel, generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance also help in mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Dharjamga-2 Microwatershed (Sonath sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17038' – 17039' North latitudes and 7703' – 7706' East longitudes, covering an area of about 511 ha, bounded by Dongaragaon, Hallikheda(K), Margutti, Mormanchi, Nelkud and Patvada villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Dharjamga-2 micro-(Sonath sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 65.8 to 34.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 63.2 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 65.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to scheduled caste (SC) is around 50 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 80 per cent.  About 30 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (70%) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among all sample households  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40 per cent of sample household  Rural migration to urban centre for employment is prevalent among 0.0 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making is around among all the households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding 1.2 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belonging to small and medium farmers. The dry land is total cultivated land area among all the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 7.9 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation around 78.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 22413 per household. Mobile and television are popular mass media communication.  The average farm assets value is around Rs. 3000 per household, about 10 per sample farmers having plough and sprayer.  The average livestock value is around Rs. 21595 per household; among all sample households are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 1219.5 grams (2802.78 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 50 Per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.31423 per household. About 80 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs. 2082. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 1865 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 919285 per year for the total area of 511.3 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 7096/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 14972) and paddy is negative returns.  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs. 2964/ ha/year. Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in paddy (Rs. 2964).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in redgram (Rs. 57811) and paddy (Rs. 18595). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (88.86 %) and paddy (11.14 %).  Dharjambaga-2 Microwatershed, major soil is Mannur soils series having is very deep soil depth cover around (20.37 %) of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram. Dimal (DIM) soils series having are deep soil depth cover around 2.92 % of area; the crops are paddy and redgram. Matki (MAT) soils series having very shallow soil depth cover around 2.10 % of area; the crops are red gram.  The total cost of cultivation in study area for red gram ranges between Rs. 29555/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.55) and Rs. 20390/ha in MAT soil (with BCR of 1.96).  In paddy the cost of cultivation in DIM soil is Rs 30790/ha (with BCR of 1.07).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in red gram (7.2 %), red gram (11.5 %), redgram (19.0 %), paddy (59.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The Crop resource inventory of Chik Hangargi-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 561 ha in Chik Hangargi-3 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm, of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 98 per cent area is covered by soils and 2 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the Crop resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 5 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 4 Crop use classes.  The length of Crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like Crop capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Crop suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural Crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with the constraints were generated.  98 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 2 per cent is not suitable.  About 42 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) and 29 per cent is deep (100- 150 cm), 1 per cent is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 19 per cent is shallow (25-50 cm) and 6 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) and 30 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 19 per cent low (50-100 mm/m) and very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) and 11 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 38 per cent, 50 per cent high (>20 ppm) and 10 per cent low (1.0 ppm) in about 7%.  Major area is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) and 3 per cent is deficient (<4.5ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Entire area is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The Crop suitability for 19 major Crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various Crops but what specific Crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Crop suitability for various Crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 406 (72) - Guava - 238 (42) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 406 (72) Jamun - 402 (71) Soybean 242 (43) 164 (29) Musambi 402 (71) 4 (1) Bengalgram 406 (72) 107 (19) Lime 402 (71) 4 (1) Sunflower 406 (72) - Cashew - - Cotton 402 (71) 4 (1) Custard apple 406 (72) - Sugarcane - - Amla 406 (72) - Mango - - Tamarind - 402 (71) Sapota - 238 (42) Apart from the individual Crop suitability, a proposed Crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable Crops for different Crops and Cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture Crops that helps in maintaining the productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to Crop production and conserve soil and Crop resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal Crops, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass.This would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Chick Hangargi-3 Microwatershed (Chick Hangargi sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, and Gulbarga district) is located in between 16047' – 16049' North latitudes and 76032' – 76034' East longitudes, covering an area of about 561.33 ha, bounded by Sumbada village with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Chick Hangargi-3 micro-watershed, (Chick Hangargi sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, and Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 54.9 to 45.1 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 47.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 64.7 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) among the sample households.  Fire wood and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 90 per cent.  About 40 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (20 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system among the all sample households.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities among the all sample households.  Women participation in decisions making in agriculture production of households were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1 .7 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated land by dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 62.8 per cent and agriculture as a main and agriculture labour is a subsidiary occupation is 35.2 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 16445 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 14750 per household; about 67 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 842.1 grams (211.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 30968 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs. 1850. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 586 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 321621 per year for the total area of 549 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 8692/ ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in cotton (Rs 15737) followed by red gram (Rs. 9993) and green gram (Rs. 346).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 65777) followed by cotton (Rs. 52738) and greengram (Rs. 39669). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is cotton (51.5 %) followed by red gram (44.9 %) and green gram (3.6%).  In Chick Hangargi-3 micro-watershed, major soils are of Marguti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 6.45 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (77 %) and red gram (23 %). Novinihala (NHA) are having shallow soil depth cover 19.04 % of area, the crops are red 3 gram, Dimal (DIM) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 29.22 % of area, crops grown are cotton (36 %) and redgram (64 %), Mannur (MAR) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 42.33 % of area, crops grown are cotton (62 %), green gram (16 %) and red gram (22 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton range between Rs. 52418/ha in DIM soil (with BCR of 1.13) and Rs 41561/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.43).  In redgram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 42881/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.09) and Rs 36388/ha in DIM soil (with BCR of 1.39).  In greengram the cost of cultivation in MAR soil Rs 28949/ha (with BCR of 1.01).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in cotton (32.0 to 19.3 %) and green gram (32.7 %) and red gram (4.3 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chik Hangargi-4 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 638 ha in Chik Hangargi-4 microwatershed in Jewargi taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 751 mm, of which about 538 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 75 mm during the rest of the year. 95 per cent area is covered by soils and 5 per cent is by habitation and waterbodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 6 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 1st week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with the constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture and 5 per cent is not suitable.  About 30 per cent of the soils are very deep (>150 cm) and 10 per cent is deep (100- 150 cm), 9 per cent is moderately deep (75-100 cm), 14 per cent is shallow (25-50 cm) and 32 per cent are very shallow (200mm/m) and 9 per cent is medium (101-150 mm/m) in available water capacity. About 14 per cent low (50- 100 mm/m) and very low (9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 337 kg/ha) and 33 per cent medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is medium (10-20 ppm) in 74 per cent, 16 per cent high (>20 ppm) and 5 per cent low (4.5 ppm) and 5 per cent deficient (<4.5ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Entire area that is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 19 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highlysuitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 311 (49) - Guava - 192 (30) Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 311 (49) Jamun - 256 (40) Soybean 311 (49) - Musambi 256 (40) 56 (9) Bengalgram 311 (49) 87 (13) Lime 256 (40) 56 (9) Sunflower 248 (39) 63 (10) Cashew - - Cotton 256 (40) 56 (9) Custard apple 311 (49) - Sugarcane - - Amla 311 (49) - Mango - - Tamarind 255 (40) - Sapota - 192 (30)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges that would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This would help in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Chik Hangargi-4 Microwatershed (Chik Hangargi sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 16047' – 16050' North latitudes and 76031' – 76033' East longitudes, covering an area of about 638.66 ha, bounded by Sumbada and Dummadri villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Chik Hangargi 4 micro-watershed (Chik Hangargi sub-watershed, Jewargi taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 67.5 to 32.5 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 65 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 80 per cent.  Social groups belong to general caste among the all farm households.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking is around 60 per cent.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 60 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 20 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making in agricultural production in the all sample households found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 1.74 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated land of dry land condition among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 22.5 per cent and agriculture as a main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 75.0 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.19280 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.5108 per household, about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer.  The average value of livestock is around Rs.39750 per livestock; about 66.7 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 913.8 grams (2236.3 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 20 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 35800 per household. About 90 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.746. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 945 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 570972 per year for the total area of 638.66 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grains production is around Rs. 16012/ ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 16294) and cotton (Rs. 15729).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 58479) and cotton (Rs. 41672). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern was red gram (57.4 %) and cotton (42.6 %).  In Chik hangargi 4 Microwatershed, major soil is soil of Marguti (MGT) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 32.23 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (30.3 %) and red gram (69.7 %), Mannur (MAR ) soil series having very deep soil depth cover around 30.13 % of area, the crops grown are cotton (19.8 %) and redgram (80.2 %). Dimal (DIM) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 9.89 % of areas, crops grown is red gram (50.0 %) and Novinihala (NHA) soil series having shallow soil depth cover around (6.73 %) of area, crops grown is cotton. 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for cotton ranges between Rs. 21176/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.97) and Rs.25630/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.69).  In red gram the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs 19350/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.83) and Rs.23475/ha in MGT soil (with BCR of 1.81).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in Redgram (1.1 to 23.6%) and cotton (27.7 to 45.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gudigeri-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 563 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, three per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 14 soil phases (management units) and 5 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  Major area of about 93 per cent has clayey soils at the surface and a small area of 4 per cent has loamy soils.  About 60 per cent of the area has non-gravelly soils, 26 per cent gravelly soils (15-35 % gravel) and 11 per cent very gravelly (35- 60% gravel) soils.  About 29 per cent area has low (51-100 mm/m), 9 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m) and 59 per cent area very high (>200mm/m) available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  About 9 per cent area has slightly eroded and about 88 per cent area has moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 6 per cent has soils that are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) and 91 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) to very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 3 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Entire area has high (>337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 58 per cent area and medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) in 40 per cent area.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in about 94 per cent area and deficient (<4.5 ppm) in about 4 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 24 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 2 (<1) 382 (68) Guava - - Maize - - Jackfruit - 336 (59%) Bajra - - Jamun - 336 (59%) Groundnut - 45 (8%) Musambi - 384 (68%) Sunflower - 384 (68) Lime - 384 (68%) Chilli - - Cashew - - Tomato - - Custard apple 2 (<1) 427 (76%) Drumstick - 429 (76%) Amla - 430 (76%) Mulbery 430 (76) Tamarind - 335 (59%) Mango - 18 (3%) Marigold - 385 (68%) Sapota - - Chrysanthemum - 385 (68%) Pomegranate - 384 (68) Jasmine - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 5 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Gudigeri-1 micro-watershed is located in between 15018' – 15020' North latitudes and 75053' – 75055' East longitudes, covering an area of about 563.04 ha and bounded by Kavalura and Gudigeri villages in Koppal taluk and district. It falls under Agro Ecological Region (AER) – 3: (Deccan plateau, hot arid ecosubregion) Karnataka Plateau (Rayalseema as inclusion), hot arid ESR with deep loamy and clayey mixed red and black soils, low to medium AWC and LGP 60-90 days We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: We found that Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 46 to 54 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age groups of population is around 65 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 85 per cent  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 50 per cent.  Around 50 % of farmers have taken yeshaswini health cards.  Majority of farm households (83 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 67 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 66 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 11 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevent among 33 per cent of farm households.  Women participation is decision making is not found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 3.29 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to marginal and small farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation only among 19 per cent and agricultural labours is predominant subsidiary occupation for 54 per cent of sample households. 2  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs 13500 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets values is around 5 lakhs, about 33 per cent of sample farmers are owing tractors.  The average per capita food consumption is around 707 grams (1530 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition recommendation at 827 gram. Around 75 per cent of sample farmers are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 13244 per household. About 83.3 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs 886 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 6389 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs 3501368 per year for the total area of 550 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food production is around Rs 2529/ ha/year. Per ha food production services is maximum in green gram (Rs 3948 /ha) followed by sunflower (Rs 2550/ha), bengal gram (Rs 178) and Bajra (Rs 61).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around Rs 1600/ ha/year. Per ha fodder production services is maximum in bajra (Rs 1600 /ha).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs 45488) followed by green gram (Rs 30135), bajra (Rs 27639) and sunflower (Rs 27796). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is green gram (43 %) followed by sunflower (28 %), Bajra (8.6 %) and bengal gram (6.5 %). Due to erratic and less rain fall farmers are having 13.5 % of land under fallow.  In Gudigeri-1 micro watershed, major soils are Maralapur (MLR) series area very deep. On this soil farmers are presently growing sunflower (56 %) and green gram (44 %), Muttal (MTL) soil series are having shallow soil depth cover around 22 per cent of area, major crops grown are sunflower (50%) followed by maize (31%) and bengal gram (19 %). Gatareddaha (GRH) and Nagalapur (NGR) soil series are having deep soil depth covers around 11 % and 9 % of area, respectively. The major crop grown is green ram, bengal gram, sorghum and sunflower.  The total cost of cultivation in study area for green gram ranges between Rs.10400/ha in MLR soil (with BCR of 1.53) and Rs.12356/ha in GRH soil (with BCR of 1.20). 3  In bengal gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 31861/ha in NGP soil (with BCR of 1.43) and Rs. 26165/ha in MTL soil (with BCR of 1.06).  In sunflower the cost of cultivation ranges between Rs.14580/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.19) and Rs.8589/ha in MLR soil (with BCR of 1.29).  In bajra the cost of cultivation in DRL soil is Rs.12289/ha (with BCR of 1.09).  In maize the cost of cultivation in MTL soil is Rs. 20245/ha (with BCR of 1.05) and sorghum cost of cultivation in NGP soil is Rs. 18171/ha (with BCR of 1.78). Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (82 %), bajra (53 %), sunflower (33 to 68 %), green gram (20 to 40 %) and bengal gram (26 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kirinala-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 750 ha in Kirinala-2 microwatershed in Afzalpur taluk of Kalaburgi district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 680 mm, of which about 482 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 119 mm during north-east and the remaining 79 mm during the rest of the year. Entire area is covered by soils. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 2 soil series and 6 soil phases (management units) and one land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 18 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area is suitable for agriculture.  Entire area has deep to very deep (100- >150 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area has non-gravelly soils in the microwatershed.  Entire area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity,  About 40 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 60 per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) sloping lands.  An area of about 71 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 29 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  Entire area has strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 -9.0) soils.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 42 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 11 per cent area.  Available boron is low (4.5ppm) in iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Entire area has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 18 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, farm price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum - 750 (100) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 750 (100) Jamun - 750 (100) Sunflower - 750 (100) Musambi 532 (71) 217 (29) Cotton - 750 (100) Lime 532 (71) 217 (29) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean - 750 (100) Custard apple 750 (100) - Guava - - Amla 532 (71) 217 (29) Mango - - Tamarind - (75000) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 1 identified LUC by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomas. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contribute to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Kirinala-2 Microwatershed (Mannur sub-watershed, Afzalpur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17019' – 17021' North latitudes and 7606' – 7608' East longitudes, covering an area of about 750 ha, bounded by Mashyal, Chikkamanur, Agarkhed villages and Maharashtra State with length of growing period (LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kirinala-2 micro-watershed (Mannur subwatershed, Afzalpur taluk and Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 58.8 to 41.2 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 49.1 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 98.0 per cent.  Social groups belong to general category is around 80.0 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of energy for a cooking among 70.0 per cent.  About 10.0 per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 50.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 30.0 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in decisions making for agriculture production among all sample households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 3.3 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi-medium farmers. The total cultivated land of dry land of area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 29.4 per cent and agriculture is the main agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 62.7 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 20203 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 6500 per household, about 10.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough, sprayer and bullock cart.  The average value of livestock is around Rs. 18988 per household; about 52.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 693.3 grams (1659.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 80.0 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs. 30564 per household. About 80.0 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly average expenditure is around Rs.1957. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 685 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 512923 per year for the total area of 749.96 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 15631/ha/year. Per hectare food grain production services is maximum in red gram (Rs. 61493) and bengal gram (Rs. 9047).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs. 65889) and bengal gram (Rs. 53949). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is bengal gram (93.5 %) and red gram (6.5 %).  In Kirinala 2 Microwatershed, major soils are soil of alluvial landscape of Dimal (DIM) series is having deep soil depth cover around 22.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengal gram (65.4 %) and red gram (34.6 %) and Mannar (MNR) are also having very deep soil depth cover around 77.52 % of area, the crops are bengal gram (94.8 %) and red gram (5.2 %). 3  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for bengal gram ranges Rs. 28131/ha in DIM soil (with BCR of 1.34) and Rs.18563/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.52).  In red gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 24315/ha in DIM soil (with of 1.71) and Rs.15976/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 2.71).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bengal gram (35.7 to 48.2 %), and red gram (2.8 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nelkud-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 649 ha in Nelkud-1 microwatershed in Gulbarga taluk of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 740 mm, of which about 540 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 126 mm during north-east and the remaining 74 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 94 per cent is covered by soils, six per cent by waterbodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 7 soil series and 16 soil phases (management units) and four land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 3rd week of May to 1rd week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 82 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 12 per cent is not suitable for agriculture.  About 73 per cent area has shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm) and about 22 per cent are very shallow (0.75%) in organic carbon.  Major area of 7 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm).  About 5 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  About 21 per cent area has soils that are deficient (0.6 ppm).  The land suitability for 19 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 386 (59) Guava - - Maize - 386 (59) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 389 6(59) Jamun - - Sunflower - - Musambi - - Cotton - 386 (59) Lime - - Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean - 386 (59) Custard apple - 386 (59) Bengal gram 296(46) 123 (19) Amla - 389 (59) Mango - - Tamarind - - Sapota - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the four identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fibre and horticulture crops that helps sustained production and also in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.   Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining an ecological balance and also contributes to mitigating the climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Nelkud-1 micro-watershed (Halikher sub-watershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17039'–17041' North latitudes and 7706'–7708' East longitudes, covering an area of about 649 ha, bounded by Kathalli, Itga, Rampur, Patvada, Gobbarwadi and Chintkota villages with length of growing period (LGP) 120- 150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified. Results: The socio-economic outputs for Nelkud-1 Microwatershed (Halikher subwatershed, Gulbarga taluk, Gulbarga district) are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 68.2 to 31.8 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 75 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 63.6 per cent.  Social groups belong to other backward caste (OBC) is around 80.0 per cent.  Fire wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 90.0 per cent.  Only 30 per cent farm households are having MGNREGA card for rural employment.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 80.0 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 40.0 per cent of sample households.  Institutional participation is only 2.3 per cent of sample households.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 30.0 per cent of farm households.  Women participation in decisions making are around 90.0 per cent of households 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.0 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to small and medium farmers. The total cultivated land is dry land area among the sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 22.7 per cent and agriculture is the main and agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 68.2 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.19597 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs.7389 per household, about 30.0 per cent of sample farmers having plough and sprayer (30 %).  The average value of livestock is around Rs.29375 per household; about 64.3 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 979 grams (1999.6 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 30 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.225742 per household. About 40 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.2418. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 2388 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 1463607 per year for the total area of 649.02 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 22688/ha/year. Per hectare food grains production services is maximum in cotton (Rs. 28348) followed by redgram (Rs. 7027).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in red gram (Rs.53573) and cotton (Rs.49758). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is redgram (88.2 %) and cotton (11.8 %). 3  In Nelked 1 Microwatershed, major soil is soil of Kinhi (KNH) series is having very shallow soil depth cover around 5.8 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton. Dinsi (DSI) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover 7.67 % of area; crops grown are red gram. Gutti (GTT) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 37.9 % of areas, crops grown are cotton (27.5 %) and redgram (72.5 %) and Hobli (HBL) soil series having moderately shallow soil depth cover around 13.8 % of area, crops grown are redgram.  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for redgram ranges between Rs.30897/ha in GTT soil (with BCR of 1.36) and Rs.11496/ha in DSI soil (with BCR of 3.29).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs.26856/ha in KNH soil (with BCR of 1.98 and Rs 15248/ha in GTT soil (with BCR of 2.99)).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthen agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in redgram (22.6 to 10.2 %) and cotton (33.3 to 22.1 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Mannur-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characterstics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwartershed. The present study covers an area of 495 ha in Mannur-2 microwatershed in Afzalpur taluk of Kalaburgi district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought- prone with an average annual rainfall of 680 mm, of which about 482 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 119 mm during north-east and the remaining 79 mm during the rest of the year. 99 per cent area is covered by soils and remaining one per cent is by waterbodies and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 3 soil series and 5 soil phases (mapping units) and 2 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 days starting from the 3rd week of June to 3rd week of November.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 18 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microweatershed is suitable for agriculture.  Major area of about 480 ha (97%) has deep to very deep (100- >150 cm) soils and a small area of 14 ha (3%) has moderately deep (75-100 cm) soils in the microwatershed.  Entire area has clayey soils at the surface.  Entire area has non-gravelly soils in the microwatershed.  Major area of about 481 ha (97%) has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity and a small area of about 14 ha (3%) has soils that are medium (101-150 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 17 per cent of the area has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and about 83per cent area is nearly level (0-1% slope) lands.  An area of about 92 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 8 per cent moderately eroded (e2).  Entire area is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 -9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 59 per cent has soils that are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about less than one per cent area.  Available boron is low (0.5%) in 4 per cent area.  About 19 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5ppm) in iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  Entire area has soils that are deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 18 major crops (agricultural and horticultural) grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 495 (100) Sapota - - Maize - - Jackfruit - - Red gram - 495 (100) Jamun - 481 (97) Sunflower - 495 (100) Musambi 481 (97) 14 (3) Cotton - 495 (100) Lime 481 (97) 14 (3) Sugarcane - - Cashew - - Soybean - 495 (100) Custard apple 495 (100) - Guava - - Amla 495 (100) - Mango - - Tamarind - (4817) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 2 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass. This helps in maintaining ecological balance and contributes to mitigating climate change. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: Mannur-2 micro-watershed (Mannur sub-watershed, Afzalpur taluk, Gulbarga district) is located in between 17018' – 17020' North latitudes and 7605' – 7608' East longitudes, covering an area of about 495 ha, bounded by Kudiganur, Agarkhed, Chikkamanur, Karajgi villages; with length of growing period ( LGP) 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Mannur-2 Micro-watershed (Mannur sub watershed) in Afzalpur taluk, Gulbarga district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 57 to 43 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 44 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 83 per cent.  Social groups belongs to other backward caste (OBC) is around 67 per cent.  Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the source of cooking among of all sample households.  Around 11 per cent of households have a Bhīma and Yashaswini health card.  Dependence on ration cards for food grains through public distribution system is around 22 per cent.  Swach bharath program providing closed all toilet facilities is around 78 per cent of sample households.  Women participation in local organisation are around 50 per cent of the sample households was found. Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 2.1 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to medium and semi medium farmers. The dry land of 78.6 % and irrigated land 21.4 % of total cultivated land area among the sample farmers. 2  Agriculture is the main occupation among 32.6 per cent and agriculture is the main agriculture labour is subsidiary occupation for 60.9 per cent of sample households.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs. 17902 per household. Mobile and television are popular media mass communication.  The average value of farm assets is around Rs. 125700 per household, about 30 per cent of sample farmers having plough and bullock cart 40 per cent.  The average per capita food consumption is around 783.3 grams (1730.9 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 89 per cent of sample households are consuming less than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs.37996 per household. About 78 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita average monthly expenditure is around Rs.1590. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs. 494 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs. 244575 per year for the total area of 494.87 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around Rs. 17022/ha/year in bengal gram.  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum in bengal gram (Rs. 52331). Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is bengal gram (100 %).  In Mannur 2 Microwatershed, major soil is soil of Dimal (DIM) series is having deep soil depth cover around 48.96 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing bengalgram (8.7 %), Mannur (MAR) soil series having deep soil depth cover around 48.14 % of areas, crops are bengalgram (10.1 %).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for bengal gram ranges between Rs. 22137/ha in MAR soil (with BCR of 1.77) and Rs. 17060/ha in DIM soil (with BCR of 2.28).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of farm yard manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil 3 and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. More fertilizer applications in deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in bengalgram (43.9 to 50.4%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project