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Article in U.S. News and World Report based on excerpts from Hays' book A Southern Moderate Speaks ; Inside Story of Little Rock ."Since the Federal Government was responsible for Mr. Blossom's predicament, the Federal Government should have acted to protect him and to uphold its court's orders with civil, not military, power" U. S. marshal deputies accompany the nine Negro students into the Central High School?" I thought it would be proper in the unusual circumstances for him to approach the judge. Within a few minutes he reported back to me that the judge would not talk to him-he merely referred him to U. S. District Attorney Osro Cobb. Blossom then called Cobb, but the district attorney thought he would have to have specific authority from the Department of Justice to seek an order from the federal judge for United States marshal's deputies' help in protecting the Negro students. I called Sherman Adams to ask if he could get such clearance. This illustrates how determined I was to channel everything through Adams. I had brought him into the matter in the first place and I did not propose to bypass him or confuse the situation by multiple contacts, though I was sorely tempted to do so in order to spare him the discomfort of these continued appeals for information. Adams called back to give me a telephone number at which Cobb could reach a responsible top official of the Department of Justice, adding that he thought the matter could be worked out. Some of the legal abracadabra seemed to annoy Adams, who is a businessman and definitely the executive type. Cobb told me that he did not get the authority from the Department when he called that Sunday afternoon for further instructions as to Blossom's request for marshal's deputies to escort the Negro students. The local policemen, officers and men, had balked at "escorting." They pledged to do their duty in preventing violence if the Negroes showed up, but as to escorting- "No, don't ask that," and they meant it. I knew Mr. Brownell's reasons for his ruling. He had publicly made much of the fact that Title III of the civil-rights bill had been taken out by the Senate during the 1957 debate, and, since that title was the one which proposed to give the Justice Department authority to participate in suits for enforcement of Negroes' rights, he construed the action as a legislative declaration that he, the Attorney General, should exercise no such authority. It was up to the judges of the district courts, he believed. Technically that may have been correct-it would take a court decision to make sure-but I believe that, since the Federal Government was responsible for Mr. Blossom's predicament, the Federal Government should have acted affirmatively and imaginatively to protect him and to uphold its own court's orders with civil, not military, power. The court had invited the United States to be a party to the action restraining interference with the school-board plan. Their failure to do so is the weak place in the Justice Department's case on Little Rock. "Fateful Decision" to Integrate The city officials were still considering keeping the Negro children out until at least the next Thursday, so that inflamed passions could cool. But Acting Governor Gordon indicated that a detachment of State police would upon request be sent to the area, and this fact, coupled with Mayor Mann's confidence that the situation was manageable, soon led Virgil Blossom and the school board to make the fateful decision to go ahead with integration on Monday even without the availability of federal marshals. This was a courageous decision by the board, showing a determination not to weaken in the face of threats of violence, to teach all students according to legal requirements. The events that followed do not detract from the strength of purpose of a group which was not anxious for desegregation, but which had a deep and abiding respect for our legal heritage. I shall not dwell long on the unfortunate occurrences of that tragic Monday. I shared the feelings of horror held by all law-abiding citizens when acts of violence took place at Little Rock Central High School. After the nine Negro students had been spirited into the school, by means of the side entrance while diversionary tactics were being employed at the main door, the huge crowd which had gathered at the school quickly got beyond control. It must be remembered that some of these people came from out of the city, while others were merely observers or parents of the children inside who were concerned about the situation but took no part in the action. Call for Federal Troops Virgil Blossom called to say that it looked bad "outside" and asked me if federal troops would be called. Then the mayor informed me that, while his public position was that things had gone "on schedule," he had received word from Chief Potts that fighting had broken out and that he needed about 150 soldiers as soon as possible. Being the only contact these responsible officials had with the White House at this moment, I felt it was my duty to relay their message. I called Sherman Adams and he commented cryptically, "That's all the information I need." By 11:00 a.m., I was quite nervous because Adams had not called back, indicating to me that the Administration had no definite plans as yet. Blossom telephoned again and his voice was almost frantic as he asked: "Are the troops coming or aren't they?" As he saw it, "The safety of the children depends on it." Once more in my capacity as a communications bridge I tried to reach Adams to help Blossom find out if help was being sent in. Adams was away from Washington, "en route," and not available, but I finally managed to talk with the Cabinet secretary, Maxwell Rabb. He did not know the answer to my question, but he promised not to delay in checking on the situation. By the time he called back to say, "The troops are not on their way," the Negro students had been removed from the school on Blossom's suggestion. Before I could relay Rabb's information to Blossom, he had requested that the mayor take this action in anticipation of later federal protection for these students. What influence this had on the Administration's decision actually to send in troops, after all, I do not know. In any event, it seemed likely that the local police did not have sufficient manpower to preserve order with Negro students in the school. Sherman Adams and I talked to each other again later in the day and he said, "You and I can sign off now-it's in other hands, I guess." I inquired as to whom the mayor should deal with, since, with me out of the picture, he needed a direct contact with federal authority. Sherman recommended Assistant Attorney General Bill Rogers, after he had conferred with Brownell himself. As for me, I never at any stage talked with Brownell, except at the Newport conference U. S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT, March 23, 1959 131

The growth of the vehicle assets and bus services in Ukrainian cities increases the level of environmental pollution. During the environmental crisis, electric transport (e-transport) is becoming a matter for scientific inquiry, a subject of discussion in politics and among public figures. In the program for developing the municipal services of Ukraine, priorities are given to the development of the infrastructure of ecological transport: trolleybuses, electric buses, electric cars. The increased attention to e-transport on the part of the scientific community, politicians, and the public actualizes the study of its history, development, features of operation, etc. The historiographic analysis carried out by the authors allows us to say about insufficient coverage by Ukrainian researchers of a number of aspects and periods in the history of e-transport. A small number of special works on the history of the operation of foreign-made trolleybuses in Ukrainian cities in the first half of the 20th century and an analysis of their technical characteristics determine the relevance and scientific novelty of this study. When writing the work, Ukrainian and foreign scientific reference publications, monographs, papers, mainly from foreign electronic resources, have been used. The authors have used both general scientific (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction) and historical research methods, in particular, problem-chronological, comparative-historical, retrospective methods, etc. The aim of the study is to highlight little-known facts of the history of production and operation of MAN trolleybuses in Ukrainian cities, as well as to introduce their technical characteristics into scientific circulation. The etymology of the model names of German trolleybuses, which usually consisted of the names of the manufacturers of chassis, body, and electrical equipment, has been clarified. The types, specific design solutions of the first MAN trolleybus generation and the prerequisites for their appearance in Chernivtsi have been determined. Particular attention has been paid to trolleybuses that were in operation in Germany and other Western European countries from the first half of the 1930s to the early 1950s. In the mid-1930s, the MAN plant in Nuremberg began production of trolleybuses; its models had the most modern constructive solutions at that time, a characteristic design and a state-of-the-art heating system. Depending on the length, German manufacturers divided the trolleybus models into four types. As a result of problems with the operation of the bus fleet in Chernivtsi, the city authorities have decided to build a trolleybus line in the city; four trolleybuses manufactured by the MAN plant were purchased. The paper traces the stages of operation of the MAN trolleybuses in Chernivtsi, where they worked during 1939–1944 and after the end of the Second World War, they were transferred to Kyiv. After two years of operation in the Ukrainian capital, the trolleybuses entered the routes in Dnipropetrovsk during 1947–1951. The technical characteristics of the first MAN trolleybus generation, which were operated in Ukrainian cities, have been presented and analyzed. It was determined that in all the main indicators and operational parameters, they were as close as possible to similar models of German trolleybuses. The proposed methodology and the structure of the study can later be used to write papers on the history of science and technology, in particular, of an e-transport. ; Рост автомобильного парка и автобусных перевозок в городах Украины повышает уровень загрязненности окружающей среды. В условиях экологического кризиса электротранспорт становится объектом научных исследований, предметом дискуссий в среде политиков и общественных деятелей. В программе развития муниципального хозяйства Украины приоритетным является совершенствование инфраструктуры экологического транспорта: троллейбусов, электробусов, электромобилей. Повышенное внимание к электротранспорту со стороны научного сообщества, политических деятелей и общественности актуализирует исследования его истории, развития, особенностей эксплуатации и т.п. Проведенный авторами историографический анализ дает основания говорить о недостаточном освещении украинскими исследователями ряда аспектов и периодов в истории электротранспорта. Незначительное количество специальных работ, посвященных истории эксплуатации троллейбусов иностранного производства в украинских городах в первой половине ХХ в. и анализу их технических характеристик, обуславливают актуальность и научную новизну данного исследования. При написании работы были использованы украинские и зарубежные научно-справочные издания, монографии, статьи, в основном из зарубежных электронных ресурсов. Авторами были применены как общенаучные (анализ, синтез, дедукция, индукция), так и собственно исторические методы исследования, в частности проблемно-хронологический, сравнительно-исторический, ретроспективный методы и др. Целью исследования является освещение малоизвестных фактов, касающихся истории производства и эксплуатации в украинских городах троллейбусов "MAN", а также введение в научный оборот их технических характеристик. Установлено этимологию названий моделей немецких троллейбусов. Название обычно состояло из названий заводов-производителей шасси, кузова и электрооборудования. Определены типы, специфические конструктивные решения троллейбусов "MAN" первого поколения и предпосылки их появления в Черновцах. Особое внимание сосредоточено на троллейбусах, которые были в эксплуатации в Германии и других западноевропейских странах с первой половины 1930-х гг. до начала 1950-х гг. В середине 1930-х гг. выпуск троллейбусов начал завод "MAN" в Нюрнберге, его модели имели самые современные на то время конструктивные решения, характерный дизайн и новую систему отопления. В зависимости от длины немецкие производители разделяли модели троллейбусов на четыре типа. Вследствие проблем с эксплуатацией автобусного парка в Черновцах, городские власти приняли решение о строительстве в городе троллейбусной линии; было закуплено четыре троллейбуса производства завода "MAN". В статье прослеживаются этапы эксплуатации троллейбусов "MAN" в Черновцах, где они работали в течение 1939-1944 гг., а после окончания Второй мировой войны были переведены в Киев. После двухлетней эксплуатации в столице троллейбусы в течение 1947-1951 гг. выходили на маршруты в Днепропетровске. Приведены и проанализированы технические характеристики троллейбусов "MAN" первого поколения, которые эксплуатировались в украинских городах. Определено, что по всем основным показателям и эксплуатационным параметрам они были максимально приближены к аналогичным моделям немецких троллейбусов. Предложенная методология и структура исследования в дальнейшем может быть использована для написания статей по истории науки и техники, в частности электротранспорта. ; Зростання автомобільного парку й автобусних перевезень у містах України підвищує рівень забрудненості навколишнього середовища. В умовах екологічної кризи електротранспорт стає об'єктом наукових досліджень, предметом дискусій у середовищі політиків і громадських діячів. У програмі розвитку муніципального господарства України пріоритети надано розбудові інфраструктури екологічного транспорту: тролейбусів, електробусів, електромобілів. Підвищена увага до електротранспорту з боку наукового співтовариства, політикуму та громадськості актуалізує дослідження його історії, розвитку, особливостей експлуатації тощо. Проведений авторами історіографічний аналіз дає підстави говорити про недостатнє висвітлення українськими дослідниками низки аспектів і періодів в історії електротранспорту. Незначна кількість спеціальних робіт з історії експлуатації тролейбусів іноземного виробництва в українських містах у першій половині ХХ ст. та аналізу їх технічних характеристик зумовлюють актуальність і наукову новизну цього дослідження. При написанні роботи були використані українські й зарубіжні науково-довідкові видання, монографії, статті, здебільшого із закордонних електронних ресурсів. Авторами були застосовані як загальнонаукові (аналіз, синтез, дедукція, індукція), так і власне історичні методи дослідження, зокрема проблемно-хронологічний, порівняльно-історичний, ретроспективний методи тощо. Метою дослідження є висвітлення маловідомих фактів з історії виробництва та експлуатації в українських містах тролейбусів "MAN", а також уведення до наукового обігу їх технічних характеристик. З'ясовано етимологію назв моделей німецьких тролейбусів, яка зазвичай складалася з назв заводів-виробників шасі, кузову й електрообладнання. Визначено типи, специфічні конструктивні рішення тролейбусів "MAN" першого покоління та передумови їх появи в Чернівцях. Особлива увага зосереджена на тролейбусах, які були в експлуатації в Німеччині та інших західноєвропейських країнах із першої половини 1930-х рр. і до початку 1950-х рр. У середині 1930-х рр. випуск тролейбусів розпочав завод "MAN" у Нюрнберзі, його моделі мали найсучасніші на той час конструктивні рішення, характерний дизайн і новітню систему опалення. Залежно від довжини німецькі виробники поділяли моделі тролейбусів на чотири типи. Внаслідок проблем із експлуатацією автобусного парку в Чернівцях міська влада прийняла рішення щодо побудови в місті тролейбусної лінії; було закуплено чотири тролейбуси виробництва заводу "MAN". У статті простежено етапи експлуатації тролейбусів "MAN" у Чернівцях, де вони працювали протягом 1939–1944рр., а після закінчення Другої світової війни були переведені до Києва. Після дворічної експлуатації в столиці тролейбуси протягом 1947−1951 рр. виходили на маршрути в Дніпропетровську. Наведено й проаналізовано технічні характеристики тролейбусів "MAN" першого покоління, які експлуатувалися в українських містах. Визначено, що за всіма основними показниками й експлуатаційними параметрами вони були максимально наближені до аналогічних моделей німецьких тролейбусів. Запропонована методологія та структура дослідження в подальшому може бути використана для написання статей з історії науки й техніки, зокрема електротранспорту.

The paper abstract was peer-reviewed and selected for the international academic conference titled entitled, "Beyond the Book: A Conference on Unique and Rare Primary Sources for East Asian Studies Collected in North America" hosted by the East Asia Library of Stanford University Libraries, July 1-2, 2015. ; The Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library at the University of Toronto is rich in unique research resources related to Korean Studies. Over the years, the East Asian Library has undertaken numerous initiatives to collect rare and unique materials, and digitize research information for the purposes of preservation and enhancing access. These initiatives have helped to facilitate access for students and faculty to important library resources, and have strengthened the relationship between the library and the academic community. This paper focuses on one of the major Korean rare materials collected at the University of Toronto: The Min Family Correspondence Collection. The Min Family Correspondence (kanch'al 簡札) Collection consisting of 260 envelopes containing 623 pieces of correspondence was received on October 6, 2006 as a donation from Mr. Samuel Sukhong Min (閔碩泓) and Mrs. Yunice Kyungnam Min (Maiden name: Kyungnam Yun, 尹慶男), who immigrated from South Korea to Toronto, Canada in September 2001. Mr. Min and Mrs. Min inherited these materials from the father of Mr. Samuel Sukhong Min, Min Kyŏng-hwi (閔庚煇, 1903-1978), who was the former director of Namsan Public Library in Seoul (October 31, 1956-March 27, 1958, 13th Director). Mr. Min Kyŏng-hwi in turn inherited them from his mother, Yu Chin-gyŏng (兪鎭卿, 1879-1973). The collection provides the global scholarly community with invaluable historical primary sources on farmers' conditions and economic conditions during the late Chosŏn dynasty. Those studying rural conditions and landlord-tenant relations during this period will find these materials of particular interest. As it is written in a cursive handwritten style which can be deciphered by experts, at present such study is being undertaken the National of Library of Korea, and I believe that by the time of my presentation, we will be able to tell something about the nature of the content of these letters. This unique collection of correspondence sent by tenant farmers to their landlord is presumed to date from the late 19th to the beginning of the 20th century (1890-1916). In the Chosŏn dynasty, the tenant farmers were mostly illiterate, so a nonggam (農監 farm overseer) would write the reports on their behalf. Therefore, this collection is also assumed to have been written by nonggam. Although it is unclear exactly which ancestor of Mr. Samuel Sukhong Min was the original owner of these documents, according to him, two of his ancestors are most likely to have been landlords. It may have been either Mr. Min's great-uncle, Min Pyŏng-sŏk (閔丙奭, 1858-1940), a prominent figure who was Home Secretary of the Palace during the Chosŏn Dynasty, or it may have been Mr. Min's grandfather, Min Hyŏng-gi (閔亨基, 1880-1912), who was Royal Secretary of the Bureau of Secretariat (Pisŏwŏn祕書院). The donor's great uncle, Min Pyŏng-sŏk (閔丙奭), was originally a son of Min Kwan-sik (閔觀植), but was adopted into the family of Min Kyŏng-sik (閔敬植), a member of the Sambangp'a (三房派) branch of the Yŏhŭng (驪興) Min family. This family is a well-known one in Korean history, and included the following two famous historical figures who had a significant impact on Korean history: • Queen Min (明成 皇后 Myŏngsŏng Hwanghu, 1851-1895) - wife of King Kojong (高宗, 1852-1919), the 26th King of the Chosŏn dynasty. • Min Yŏng-hwan (閔泳煥, 1861-1905) - a government minister and a patriotic martyr in the late Chosŏn Dynasty who protested against the Ŭlsa Treaty which made Korea a protectorate of Japan in 1905. When the treaty was signed, he showed his devotion to the Korean nation by committing suicide. For this reason, original source materials on this very prominent and historically significant family, such as this correspondence, are especially worth preserving. The land in question is believed to be located on the present-day site of Taedŏk Yŏn'gu Tanji (Daedeok Innopolis), formerly known as Yusŏng-gu Panga Tari (유성구 방아다리). According to the donor, both his great-great grandfather, Min Kwan-sik (閔觀植), and his great-uncle Min Pyŏng-sŏk (閔丙奭) lived in the area, and the location of his great-great-grandfather's agricultural land was the Taedŏk and Choch'iwŏn area, while his great uncle, who was an influential figure in the late Chosŏn Dynasty, is believed to have had extensive land holdings in Kyŏnggi-do and Ch'ungch'ŏng-do. Mr. Min's grandfather, Min Hyŏng-gi (閔亨基) was a financial official in the Ministry of Finance (T'akchibu 度支部), and had control over the lands of these two ancestors. According to the donor's grandmother, Yu Chin-gyŏng (兪鎭卿), after the death of Mr. Min's grandfather, the land was then administered until 1916 by a distant cousin who was known to the family as "puyŏng yŏnggam 副領 令監". With the land registry reform of 1949, all related documents became worthless, and were subsequently divided among the donor Mr. Min and his 5 brothers and 1 sister. Mr. Min brought his portion with him when he immigrated to Canada. It is unknown what other documents have survived with the other relatives. These documents are handwritten in a sophisticated calligraphic style, and are currently under study by experts at the National Library of Korea. In April 2013, after the National Library of Korea paid a visit to the University of Toronto Libraries and conducted research and evaluation of the Korean rare book collection at the East Asian Library, the University of Toronto Libraries signed an international agreement with the National Library of Korea for a cooperative project for digitization of a body of rare original Korean correspondence. The National Library of Korea funded the project, and the University of Toronto Libraries undertook the actual digitization, along with physical preservation. The digitization process was completed in December 2013. This project aims to make these unique original documents accessible on the websites of the University of Toronto Libraries and the National Library of Korea. The National Library of Korea is currently reviewing all the digitized images, and will prepare metadata for the collection. When completed, this metadata will also be provided to the University of Toronto Libraries, and the entire finished project will be available on both institutions' websites. The long-term goal for these materials is to have them translated into modern Korean and eventually published. For the benefit of the scholarly community, both institutions intend to continue cooperation on this venture until its successful completion. In addition, the donor made a donation of further correspondence from his great-uncle, Min Pyŏng-sŏk (閔丙奭) to his great-great-grandfather Min Kwan-sik (閔觀植), which was in written in Han'gŭl. This is significant because during the 19th century, most correspondence by well-educated male Confucian scholars (yangban 兩班) was written in Chinese characters (Hancha).

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kanekal-3 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 547 ha in Kanekal-3 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk of Yadgir district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 99 per cent is covered by soils, 1 per cent by rock outcrops and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 13 soil series and 18 soil phases (management units) and 7 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 99 per cent area is suitable for agriculture and 1 per cent is not suitable for agriculture but well suited for forestry, pasture, agro-forestry, silvi-pasture, recreation, mining, installation of wind mills and as habitat for wildlife.  About 150 cm) soils.  About 72 per cent of the area has clayey soils, 18 per cent loamy soils and 9 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  An area of about 84 per cent has non-gravelly and 15 per cent are gravelly.  About 6 per cent of the area has soils that are very high (>200mm/m) in available water capacity, 15 per cent medium (100-150 mm/m) and about 78 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) to very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 21 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 5 per cent low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (1.0 ppm) in about 9 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 11 per cent area has soils that are deficient (4.5 ppm).  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Entire area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Kanekal-3 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 97 (18) 259 (47) Sapota 35 (6) 185 (34) Maize 97 (18) 228 (42) Guava 35 (6) 185 (34) Red gram - 251(46) Pomegranate 35 (6) 216 (39) Bajra - 251(46) Jackfruit 31 (6) 168 (31) Ground nut 35 (6) 307 (56) Jamun 31 (6) 95 (17) Sunflower - 234 (43) Musambi 35 (6) 216 (39) Cotton 31 (6) 325 (59) Lime 35 (6) 216 (39) Bengalgram 31 (6) 325 (59) Cashew 35 (6) 121 (22) Chilli - 373 (68) Custard apple 132 (24) 224 (41) Tomato 97 (18) 245 (45) Amla 132 (24) 224 (41) Drumstick 35 (6) 216 (39) Tamarind 35 (6) 95 (17) Mulberry 35 (6) 168 (31) Marigold - 373 (68) Mango 35 (6) 47 (9) Chrysanthemum - 373 (68) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the seven identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges, that are edible, ecological and produce lot of biomass that helps to restore the ecological balance in the micro watershed. Baseline socioeconomic characterisation is prerequisite to prepare action plan for program implementation and to assess the project performance before making any changes in the watershed development program. The baseline provides appropriate policy direction for enhancing productivity and sustainability in agriculture. Methodology: The Kanikal 3 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district is located in between 16035' – 16036' North latitudes and 770 18' – 77020' East longitudes, covering an area of about 547.22 ha, bounded by Gudalagunta, Samabara, Kanikal and Balacheda villages. Agro Ecological Sub Region (AESR) 6.2: Central and Western Maharashtra Plateau and North Karnataka Plateau and North Western Telangana Plateau, hot moist semi-arid ESR with shallow and medium loamy to clayey black soil (medium and deep clayey Black soil as inclusion), medium to high AWC and LGP 120-150 days. We used soil resource map as basis for sampling farm households to test the hypothesis that soil quality influence crop selection, and conservation investment of farm households. The level of technology adoption and productivity gaps and livelihood patterns were analyses. The cost of soil degradation and ecosystem services were quantified for each watershed. Results: The socio-economic outputs for the Kanikal 3 micro-watershed in Yadgir taluk and district are presented here. Social Indicators;  Male and female ratio is 55.6 to 44.4 per cent to the total sample population.  Younger age 18 to 50 years group of population is around 55.7 per cent to the total population.  Literacy population is around 39.8 per cent.  Social groups belong to SC/ST is around 13.0 per cent.  Wood is the source of energy for a cooking among 100 per cent.  About 39.1per cent of households have a yashaswini health card.  Majority of farm households (26.1 %) are having MGNREGA card for rural employments.  Dependence on ration cards through public distribution system is around 100 per cent.  Swatch bharath program providing closed toilet facilities around 17.4 per cent.  Rural migration to unban centre for employment is prevalent among 2.3 per cent of farm households.  Women participation is decisions making are around 39.2 per cent of were found. 2 Economic Indicators;  The average land holding is 12.6 ha indicates that majority of farm households are belong to large farmers. The dry land account for 91.8 % and irrigated land 5.8 % of total cultivated land of sample farmers.  Agriculture is the main occupation among 4.4 per cent and Agriculture is the main and non agriculture labour is predominant subsidiary occupation for 91.3 per cent.  The average value of domestic assets is around Rs.31009 per household. Mobile and television are mass popular mass communication media.  The average farm assets a value is around Rs.72963 per household, about 36.1 per cent of sample farmers are owing plough.  The average livestock value is around Rs.20721 per livestock; about 77.8 per cent of household are having livestock.  The average per capita food consumption is around 891.9 grams (2030 kilo calories) against national institute of nutrition (NIN) recommendation at 827 gram. Around 60.9 per cent of sample farmers are consuming more than the NIN recommendation.  The annual average income is around Rs 40315 per household. About 8.7 per cent of farm households are below poverty line.  The per capita monthly expenditure is around Rs 2333.9 per household. Environmental Indicators-Ecosystem Services;  The value of ecosystem service helps to support investment to decision on soil and water conservation and in promoting sustainable land use.  The onsite cost of different soil nutrients lost due to soil erosion is around Rs 1768.9 per ha/year. The total cost of annual soil nutrients is around Rs.956979 per year for the total area of 547.2 ha.  The average value of ecosystem service for food grain production is around (Rs 9011/ ha/year). Per hectare food production services is maximum in onion (Rs. 8287) followed by sorghum (Rs. 7408), redgram (Rs.6098), cotton (Rs. 5411), maize (Rs. 2465), green gram (Rs. 2258) and groundnut (Rs.1307).  The average value of ecosystem service for fodder production is around (Rs 2961/ ha/year). Per hectare fodder production services is maximum in maize (Rs. 4482) followed by sorghum (Rs. 2964), groundnut (Rs.2477) and paddy (Rs.1919).  The data on water requirement for producing one quintal of grain is considered for estimating the total value of water required for crop production. The per hectare value of water used and value of water was maximum green gram (Rs.70127) followed by sorghum (Rs.56464), red gram (Rs.52576), cotton (Rs.42847), maize (Rs.32384) groundnut (Rs.29424), and onion (Rs.10078). 3 Economic Land Evaluation;  The major cropping pattern is red gram (50.6%) followed by groundnut (15.5 %), cotton (7.9 %), maize (6.5 %), paddy (9.3 %), green gram (4.6 %), onion (1.8 %) and sorghum (3.7%).  In Kanikal 3 micro watershed, major soil are soil of alluvial landscape of Badiyala (BDL) series are having shallow soil deep cover around 13.2 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (15.4%), maize (46.2 %), groundnut (23.1%) and red gram (15.4 %). Soil of granite and granite gneiss landscape of Sambara (SBR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 12.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (40.7 %), cotton (7.4 %), groundnut (29.6 %), paddy (14.8 %) and green gram (7.4 %). Baddeppalli (BDP) series are having moderately soil deep cover around 0.6 % of area. Yalleri (YLR) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 8.9% of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing. Cotton (10.9 %), groundnut (14.5 %), paddy (7.2 %) and red gram (60.2 %), Pogalapur (PGP) series are having moderately deep soil deep cover around 17.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing paddy (25.9%) and red gram (22.2 %), groundnut (29.6 %). Yadgir (YDR) series are having Deep soil deep cover around 3.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing maize (28.6%) paddy (21.4%) and red gram (50.0 %). Bhimanahalli (BMN) series are having very deep soil deep cover around 5.7 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram (70.0%) and sorghum (30.0 %) on Belagundi (BGD) series are having Deep soil deep cover around 0.3 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing cotton (42.9), paddy (28.6%) and red gram (28.6%). Balichakra (BCL) series are having moderately deep soil deep cover around 4.4 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing red gram, Bomraldoddi (BMD) series are having Very deep soil deep cover around 6.3 of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram. Gundedagi (GDG) series are having moderately soil deep cover around 8.5 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing green gram. Vanakanahalli (VNK) series are having shallow soil deep cover around 3.9 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (25.0 %) and redgram (75.0 %). Duppali (DPL) series are having moderately shallow soil deep cover around 14.1 % of area. On this soil farmers are presently growing groundnut (4.8%), onion (4.8 %), paddy (4.8%) and red gram (85.7%).  The total cost of cultivation and benefit cost ratio (BCR) in study area for groundnut ranges between Rs.75191/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.02) and Rs.25460ha in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.52).  In cotton the cost of cultivation range between Rs 52541/ha in SBR soil (with of 1.06) and Rs.24517/ha in BGD soil (with BCR of 1.34). 4  In green gram the cost of cultivation range between Rs. 46066/ha in PGP soil (with BCR of 1.07) and Rs. 22949/ha in GDG and BMD soil (with BCR of 1.0).  In maize cost of cultivation range between is Rs.53030/ha in YLR soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs.20504 in BDL soil (with BCR of 1.28).  In red gram cost of cultivation range between is Rs 52680/ha in DRL soil (with BCR of 1.14) and Rs. 9514/ha in DPL soil (with BCR of 1.3).  In paddy cost of cultivation in DPL soil is Rs.53387/ha (with BCR of 1.6) and PGP soil in Rs.30141/ha (with BCR of 1.29) and onion cultivation in DPL soil is Rs 62108/ha (with BCR of 1.13).  The land management practices reported by the farmers are crop rotation, tillage practices, fertilizer application and use of Farm Yard Manure (FYM). Due to higher wages farmer are following labour saving strategies is not prating soil and water conservation measures. Less ownership of livestock limiting application of FYM.  It was observed soil quality influences on the type and intensity of land use. Fertilizer applications are deeper soil to maximize returns. Suggestions;  Involving farmers is watershed planning helps in strengthing institutional participation.  The per capita food consumption and monthly income is very low. Diversifying income generation activities from crop and livestock production in order to reduce risk related to drought and market prices.  Majority of farmers reported that they are not getting timely support/extension services from the concerned development departments.  By strengthing agricultural extension for providing timely advice improved technology there is scope to increase in net income of farm households.  By adopting recommended package of practices by following the soil test fertiliser recommendation, there is scope to increase yield in maize (34.8 to 72.8%), cotton (32.5to 66.3 %), red gram (2.4 to 79.8 %), groundnut (0 to 7.4 %), paddy (12 to 67.8%) and green gram (0 to 6.7 %). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Covered key aspects of the rules and procedures of defencese procurement. The features of the impact of corruption on defence procurement and methods to counter its negative consequences. The main ways to detect corruption component in the state defence procurement and its impact on the security of the country in the economic sphere. It analyzed the legal framework of defences procurement.The issues of minimizing the corruption component in the process of defence procurement require a detailed study from the point of view of transparency and increasing the effectiveness of control. The relevance of this research topic is due to the need for effective development of the security and defence sector in the context of Euro-Atlantic integration, the transition of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to NATO standards and the optimal use of resources to protect civilians and military personnel.According to the Anti-Corruption Policy Index in the defense sector, developed by the international organization Transparency International, the Ukrainian defense sector received a general "D" rating, which indicates a low level of transparency and a high level of corruption risk. Defense purchases received fairly low scores from international experts and were noted as the most non-transparent and corruption-prone sector of the defense sector. It should be noted that more than 55% of the procurement budget is used for purchases under a closed procedure, and the purchase of weapons and armed equipment is 95% classified. If there is a corruption component in classified purchases, according to various estimates, from 5 to 40% of the budget of such a transaction can be plundered.The aim of the study is to study the impact of corruption on defense purchases inUkraine and methods to counter the negative consequences of this phenomenon.Open publication of data on public and secret procurement is common practice in many countries, such as the United States of America, Great Britain and the Netherlands. To minimize the impact of corruption risks on the defense procurement process, it is advisable to develop guidelines for conducting a comprehensive study of this market segment before the tender begins. In addition, in order to strengthen the defense capability of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, when conducting public procurement, technical requirements for defense products (works, services), technical and economic characteristics and economic justification for the selection of a particular product, the mechanism for conducting an internal audit of bidders and classifying information should be considered. ; Рассмотрены ключевые аспекты правил и процедур проведения оборонных закупок. Охарактеризованы особенности влияния коррупции на оборонные закупки и методы противодействия его негативным последствиям. Определены основные способы выявления коррупционной составляющей в государственных оборонных закупках и их влияние на безопасность страны в экономической сфере. Проанализирована нормативно-правовая база осуществления оборонных закупок.Вопросы минимизации коррупционной составляющей в процессе оборонных закупок требуют детального изучения с точки зрения прозрачности и повышения эффективности контроля. Актуальность данной темы исследования обусловлена необходимостью эффективного развития сектора безопасности и обороны в условиях евроатлантической интеграции, перехода Вооруженных Сил Украины на стандарты НАТО и оптимального расходования ресурсов для защиты гражданских и военнослужащих. По оценке Индекса антикоррупционной политики в оборонном секторе, разработанном международной организацией Transparency International украинский сектор обороны получил общую оценку "D", что говорит о низком уровне прозрачности и высоком уровне коррупционного риска. Оборонные закупки получили довольно низкие баллы от международных экспертов и были отмечены как наиболее непрозрачная и подверженная коррупции сфера оборонного сектора. Следует отметить, что более 55% закупочного бюджета используется для закупок по закрытой процедуре, а закупка вооружения и вооруженной техники на 95% является засекреченной. В случае наличия коррупционной составляющей в засекреченных закупках, по разным оценкам, от 5 до 40% бюджета такой сделки может разворовываться.Целью исследования является изучение воздействия коррупции на оборонные закупки в Украине и методов противодействия негативным последствиям этого явления.Открытая публикация данных по поводу публичных и засекреченных закупок является привычной практикой для многих государств, таких как Соединенные Штаты Америки, Великая Британия и Нидерланды. Для минимизации воздействия коррупционных рисков на процесс осуществления оборонных закупок целесообразно разработать методические рекомендации проведения комплексного исследования данного сегмента рынка до начала проведения тендера. Кроме того, для усиления обороноспособности Вооруженных Сил Украины при проведении государственных закупок следует учитывать технические требования к оборонной продукции (работам, услугам), технико-экономические характеристики и экономическое обоснование целесообразности выбора определенного товара, механизм проведения внутренней проверки участников торгов и засекречивания информации. ; Розглянуто ключові аспекти правил і процедур здійснення оборонних закупівель. Охарактеризовано особливості впливу корупції на оборонні закупівлі та методи протидії її негативним наслідкам. Визначено основні способи виявлення корупційної складової в державних оборонних закупівлях та їх вплив на безпеку країни в економічній сфері. Проаналізовано нормативно-правову базу здійснення оборонних закупівель.Актуальність обраної теми зумовлена тим, що для ефективного розвитку сектору оборони в умовах євроатлантичної інтеграції, переходу Збройних Сил України на стандарти НАТО та з метою забезпечення кращого спрямування ресурсів для захисту цивільних та військових питання мінімізації корупційної складової в процесі здійснення оборонних закупівель потребують детального вивчення з точки зору прозорості та підвищення ефективності контролю.Так, згідно Індексу антикорупційної політики в оборонному секторі, розробленому міжнародною організацією Transparency International, український сектор оборони отримав загальну оцінку "D", що свідчить про низький рівень прозорості та "високий" рівень корупційного ризику. Оборонні закупівлі отримали доволі низькі бали від міжнародних експертів, та були відмічені як найбільш непрозора та вразлива до корупції сфера в оборонному секторі. Загалом слід зазначити, що більше 55% закупівельного бюджету використовується для закупівель за закритою процедурою, а закупівля озброєння та військової техніки на 95% є засекреченою. Втім, в разі наявності корупційної складової у закритій закупівлі, за різними оцінками, від 5 до 40% бюджету такої закупівлі може розкрадатися.Метою дослідження є вивчення впливу корупції на процес здійснення оборонних закупівель в Україні та методів протидії негативним наслідкам цього явища.Відкрита публікація даних щодо публічних і засекречених закупівель є звичною практикою для багатьох інших держав, таких як Сполучені Штати Америки, Велика Британія та Нідерланди. Для мінімізації впливу корупційних ризиків на процес здійснення оборонних закупівель доцільно розробити методичні рекомендації щодо проведення комплексного дослідження даного сегмента ринку до початку проведення тендеру. Крім того, для посилення обороноздатності Збройних Сил України при здійсненні державних закупівель варто враховувати технічні вимоги до оборонної продукції (робіт, послуг), техніко-економічні характеристики та економічне обґрунтування доцільності обрання певного товару, механізм проведення внутрішньої перевірки учасників торгів та засекречування інформації.

Covered key aspects of the rules and procedures of defencese procurement. The features of the impact of corruption on defence procurement and methods to counter its negative consequences. The main ways to detect corruption component in the state defence procurement and its impact on the security of the country in the economic sphere. It analyzed the legal framework of defences procurement.The issues of minimizing the corruption component in the process of defence procurement require a detailed study from the point of view of transparency and increasing the effectiveness of control. The relevance of this research topic is due to the need for effective development of the security and defence sector in the context of Euro-Atlantic integration, the transition of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to NATO standards and the optimal use of resources to protect civilians and military personnel.According to the Anti-Corruption Policy Index in the defense sector, developed by the international organization Transparency International, the Ukrainian defense sector received a general "D" rating, which indicates a low level of transparency and a high level of corruption risk. Defense purchases received fairly low scores from international experts and were noted as the most non-transparent and corruption-prone sector of the defense sector. It should be noted that more than 55% of the procurement budget is used for purchases under a closed procedure, and the purchase of weapons and armed equipment is 95% classified. If there is a corruption component in classified purchases, according to various estimates, from 5 to 40% of the budget of such a transaction can be plundered.The aim of the study is to study the impact of corruption on defense purchases inUkraine and methods to counter the negative consequences of this phenomenon.Open publication of data on public and secret procurement is common practice in many countries, such as the United States of America, Great Britain and the Netherlands. To minimize the impact of corruption risks on the defense procurement process, it is advisable to develop guidelines for conducting a comprehensive study of this market segment before the tender begins. In addition, in order to strengthen the defense capability of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, when conducting public procurement, technical requirements for defense products (works, services), technical and economic characteristics and economic justification for the selection of a particular product, the mechanism for conducting an internal audit of bidders and classifying information should be considered. ; Рассмотрены ключевые аспекты правил и процедур проведения оборонных закупок. Охарактеризованы особенности влияния коррупции на оборонные закупки и методы противодействия его негативным последствиям. Определены основные способы выявления коррупционной составляющей в государственных оборонных закупках и их влияние на безопасность страны в экономической сфере. Проанализирована нормативно-правовая база осуществления оборонных закупок.Вопросы минимизации коррупционной составляющей в процессе оборонных закупок требуют детального изучения с точки зрения прозрачности и повышения эффективности контроля. Актуальность данной темы исследования обусловлена необходимостью эффективного развития сектора безопасности и обороны в условиях евроатлантической интеграции, перехода Вооруженных Сил Украины на стандарты НАТО и оптимального расходования ресурсов для защиты гражданских и военнослужащих. По оценке Индекса антикоррупционной политики в оборонном секторе, разработанном международной организацией Transparency International украинский сектор обороны получил общую оценку "D", что говорит о низком уровне прозрачности и высоком уровне коррупционного риска. Оборонные закупки получили довольно низкие баллы от международных экспертов и были отмечены как наиболее непрозрачная и подверженная коррупции сфера оборонного сектора. Следует отметить, что более 55% закупочного бюджета используется для закупок по закрытой процедуре, а закупка вооружения и вооруженной техники на 95% является засекреченной. В случае наличия коррупционной составляющей в засекреченных закупках, по разным оценкам, от 5 до 40% бюджета такой сделки может разворовываться.Целью исследования является изучение воздействия коррупции на оборонные закупки в Украине и методов противодействия негативным последствиям этого явления.Открытая публикация данных по поводу публичных и засекреченных закупок является привычной практикой для многих государств, таких как Соединенные Штаты Америки, Великая Британия и Нидерланды. Для минимизации воздействия коррупционных рисков на процесс осуществления оборонных закупок целесообразно разработать методические рекомендации проведения комплексного исследования данного сегмента рынка до начала проведения тендера. Кроме того, для усиления обороноспособности Вооруженных Сил Украины при проведении государственных закупок следует учитывать технические требования к оборонной продукции (работам, услугам), технико-экономические характеристики и экономическое обоснование целесообразности выбора определенного товара, механизм проведения внутренней проверки участников торгов и засекречивания информации. ; Розглянуто ключові аспекти правил і процедур здійснення оборонних закупівель. Охарактеризовано особливості впливу корупції на оборонні закупівлі та методи протидії її негативним наслідкам. Визначено основні способи виявлення корупційної складової в державних оборонних закупівлях та їх вплив на безпеку країни в економічній сфері. Проаналізовано нормативно-правову базу здійснення оборонних закупівель.Актуальність обраної теми зумовлена тим, що для ефективного розвитку сектору оборони в умовах євроатлантичної інтеграції, переходу Збройних Сил України на стандарти НАТО та з метою забезпечення кращого спрямування ресурсів для захисту цивільних та військових питання мінімізації корупційної складової в процесі здійснення оборонних закупівель потребують детального вивчення з точки зору прозорості та підвищення ефективності контролю.Так, згідно Індексу антикорупційної політики в оборонному секторі, розробленому міжнародною організацією Transparency International, український сектор оборони отримав загальну оцінку "D", що свідчить про низький рівень прозорості та "високий" рівень корупційного ризику. Оборонні закупівлі отримали доволі низькі бали від міжнародних експертів, та були відмічені як найбільш непрозора та вразлива до корупції сфера в оборонному секторі. Загалом слід зазначити, що більше 55% закупівельного бюджету використовується для закупівель за закритою процедурою, а закупівля озброєння та військової техніки на 95% є засекреченою. Втім, в разі наявності корупційної складової у закритій закупівлі, за різними оцінками, від 5 до 40% бюджету такої закупівлі може розкрадатися.Метою дослідження є вивчення впливу корупції на процес здійснення оборонних закупівель в Україні та методів протидії негативним наслідкам цього явища.Відкрита публікація даних щодо публічних і засекречених закупівель є звичною практикою для багатьох інших держав, таких як Сполучені Штати Америки, Велика Британія та Нідерланди. Для мінімізації впливу корупційних ризиків на процес здійснення оборонних закупівель доцільно розробити методичні рекомендації щодо проведення комплексного дослідження даного сегмента ринку до початку проведення тендеру. Крім того, для посилення обороноздатності Збройних Сил України при здійсненні державних закупівель варто враховувати технічні вимоги до оборонної продукції (робіт, послуг), техніко-економічні характеристики та економічне обґрунтування доцільності обрання певного товару, механізм проведення внутрішньої перевірки учасників торгів та засекречування інформації.

Pavlichenko Yе. V., Annenko О. S. Legal, organizational and tactical aspects of the activity of defenselawyer in criminal proceedings. – Article.The article presents ideas on the general structure of the methodology of professional protection incriminal proceedings, which main elements include: forensic characteristics of the relevant type of criminaloffense; determination of priority general tactical tasks of defence at the stage of entry of a defence lawyerinto the process; selection of a typical position of protection in view of the current situation and practice ofprofessional protection in the relevant criminal proceedings; establishing the circumstances, which proofwill help to obtain the most favourable final decision for the client; tactical features of the performance ofa defence lawyer during the criminal proceedings on a premeditated murder.Analysis of the provisions of criminal procedure law, which determine the means of gathering evidenceby the defence, showed that the defence lawyer is essentially deprived of the possibility of independentprocedural actions, where there would be a possibility of comprehensive cognitive and identificationoperations depending on the nature of the investigation. However, the tasks of the investigation of a lawyercannot be fully realized without such actions.It is emphasized that there can be no special procedure for collection of evidence by a defence lawyerwithin a lawyer's investigation, which would be significantly different from similar actions of aninvestigator or a prosecutor during pre-trial investigation. Otherwise, there will always be a possibility ofdiscriminatory treatment of the evidentiary value of the results of the lawyer's investigation. Proceduraldifferences in the conduct of procedural actions to collect evidence by the investigator (prosecutor) andthose of a defence lawyer may be due to only one factor – the lack of power to use coercion or any otherrestriction of human and civil rights and freedoms by the latter.The article defines the legal, organizational and practical aspects of the defender's activity in criminalproceedings. Based on the analysis of the work of the pre-trial investigation bodies, the issues have beenidentified that require legal settlement with the definition of the powers of the prosecution and defence andthe introduction of changes and additions to the current criminal procedure legislation.The article defines the concept, the essence of the procedural status of a defender in criminal proceedings;the characteristic of participation of a defender at the stage of pre-judicial investigation is given; theinstitute of independent lawyer's investigation in criminal proceedings is covered; the participation of adefence lawyer at the stage of trial is revealed; the evidentiary activity of a defence lawyer is substantiated;the ways to improve the legal regulation of the participation of a defence lawyer in criminal proceedingsare identified.Based on the research, it was proposed to make changes and additions that, on the one hand, willclearly define the function and role of the investigating judge in criminal proceedings, and on the otherhand, increase the guarantees of his procedural independence. It is proved that observance of the rightsand freedoms of citizens will be facilitated by the procedural activity of head of the pre-trial investigationbody, which is designed to provide conditions for effective work of subordinates and control theircompliance with the law. The article draws attention to the fact that among the subjects who, on the basisof the obtained factual data, establish the presence or absence of facts and circumstances relevant to thecriminal proceedings and subject to proof, there is no defence lawyer. It is established that there is a legalcontradiction between certain provisions of the CPC of Ukraine. It is shown that a defence lawyer has theright to gather information about facts that can be used as evidence. It has been proved that a defencelawyer has the right to obtain evidence in criminal proceedings by initiating investigative actions, covertinvestigative (search) actions and other procedural actions, in cases provided for by this Code. It is shownthat the initiation of investigative actions by the defence lawyer, covert investigative actions and otherprocedural actions should be carried out by submitting appropriate motions to the investigating judge.It is proved that the tactics of the defender is a way of his practical activity, which is a set of tacticsdeveloped by forensic science, which he uses to exercise tactical influence on the object of such influence,aimed at overcoming the resistance of this object, or to encourage this object to take certain actions inthe interests of protection (in the absence of explicit opposition), in order to achieve the goal set by thedefender to implement the function of protection. Regarding the tactics of the defence in general, this issueis debatable and needs further study.The article provides an argument for the necessity to give the defender the right to conduct proceduralactions independently, where there would be a possibility of comprehensive application of cognitive andidentification operations, depending on the nature of the traces of the investigated event. ; Павліченко Є. В., Анненко О. С. Правові, організаційні й тактичні аспекти доказової діяльностізахисника в кримінальному провадженні. – Стаття.У статті визначаються правові, організаційні й практичні аспекти діяльності захисника в кри-мінальному провадженні. На основі аналізу роботи органів досудового розслідування виявленіпроблеми, які потребують правового врегулювання з визначенням повноважень суб'єктів сторониобвинувачення та захисту й внесення змін і доповнень до чинного кримінально процесуальногозаконодавства.У статті визначено поняття, сутність процесуального статусу захисника в кримінальному про-цесі; надана характеристика участі захисника на стадії досудового розслідування; висвітлено інститутсамостійного адвокатського розслідування в кримінальному провадженні; розкрито участь захисникана стадії судового розгляду; обґрунтовано доказову діяльність захисника; визначено шляхи вдоскона-лення правової регламентації участі захисника в кримінальному провадженні.На основі проведених досліджень було запропоновано внести зміни й доповнення, які, з одногобоку, визначать чітко функцію та роль слідчого судді в кримінальному провадженні, а з іншого, – під-вищать гарантії його процесуальної самостійності. Доведено, що дотриманню прав і свобод громадянсприятиме процесуальна діяльність керівника органу досудового розслідування, яка покликана забез-печити умови для ефективної роботи підлеглих і контроль за дотриманням ними вимог законодавства.У статті звернено увагу на те, що серед суб'єктів, які на підставі отриманих фактичних даних вста-новлюють наявність чи відсутність фактів та обставин, котрі мають значення для кримінального про-вадження та підлягають доказуванню, захисника не визначено. Установлено, що між певними поло-женнями кримінального процесуального кодексу України існує правова протилежність. Показано, щозахисник має право збирати відомості про факти, що можуть бути використані як докази. Доведено,що захисник має право отримувати докази в кримінальному провадженні шляхом ініціювання про-ведення слідчих дій, негласних слідчих (розшукових) дій та інших процесуальних дій у випадках,передбачених Кодексом. Показано, що ініціювання захисником проведення слідчих дій, негласнихслідчих дій та інших процесуальних дій повинно здійснюватися шляхом подання слідчому або слід-чому судді відповідних клопотань.Доведено, що тактика захисника – це спосіб його практичної діяльності, який являє собою сукуп-ність тактичних прийомів, вироблених криміналістичною наукою, котрі використовуються ним дляздійснення тактичного впливу на психіку об'єкта такого впливу, спрямованого на подолання проти-дії, що чиниться цим об'єктом, або на спонукання цього об'єкту до вчинення певних дій в інтересахзахисту (за відсутності явної протидії) з метою досягнення захисником поставленої мети для реалізаціїфункції захисту. Щодо тактики сторони захисту в цілому, то це питання дискусійне й потребує додат-кового дослідження.У статті надана аргументація необхідності наділення захисника правом самостійного проведенняпроцесуальних дій, у межах яких існувала б можливість комплексного застосування пізнавальнихі посвідчувальних операцій залежно від характеру слідів розслідуваної події.Ключові слова: гарантії, слідчі дії, законність, обґрунтованість, негласні слідчі дії, суб'єкти забез-печення захисту прав, тактика захисника.

Article in U.S. News and World Report based on excerpts from Hays' book A Southern Moderate Speaks ; Inside Story of Little Rock . "It has always been my opinion that the Governor was sincere in his fear of the outbreak of violence" at the opening of an unsegregated high school in Little Rock an intelligible statement after only two hours' sleep. That Sunday I spoke three times in Fort Worth to large crowds. In the afternoon I called the Governor, who was now back in Little Rock. In the middle of the conversation, he asked, "Where are you?" When I told him I was in Fort Worth and was going on to Oklahoma City for several days, he said, "I'd appreciate your coming back to Little Rock for a day or two if you can." "New Pressures" From Extremists I agreed at once, fearing that something had gone wrong. I was confident that the Governor did not want a showdown with the Federal Government, but I had sensed the fact that terrific new pressures were being applied and that he was in a difficult situation. Indeed, the visit of Governor Griffin of Georgia to Little Rock in August had greatly encouraged local extremists and had exacerbated the problem considerably from the standpoint of spreading fear of violence. I am often asked if I think violence would have taken place had the Governor not predicted stoutly in State court on Thursday before the school opening that it would take place and shortly thereafter placed the troops at Central High School. My own opinion is that probably it would not have taken place, but one can only speculate. It has always been my opinion, however, that the Governor was sincere in his fear of the outbreak of violence. He very likely considered his actions quite similar to those of Governor Shivers of Texas, who called out the Texas Rangers to stop integration in Mansfield. He probably overlooked the differences in the two situations, such as the absence of a court-approved plan in Mansfield and the contrasting kinds of Negro populations. What he could have been hoping for was an agreement to suspend steps to begin the school board's program and an understanding that this move was initiated solely to preserve peace and order. Undoubtedly it became evident that a majority of Little Rock people were opposed to desegregation even when the solid Negro opinion to the contrary is taken into account. In the final analysis it was this sentiment rather than the threat of violence that accounted for most of the Governor's actions. When, eventually, on September 20, he sent the troops home in compliance with the court order, he pointed to his effort to live up to his Newport commitment and defended his action in calling out the Guard in the first place to "keep the peace." There is some logic to the argument that temporarily-but only temporarily and very briefly-he could order the Negroes to be excluded without defying the Federal Government. At times, during all of these rapidly shifting situations, I wished the Governor were a lawyer. I saw so clearly the necessity of compliance with valid court orders, by changing the Guard instructions or substituting State police, that I persisted in efforts to interpret the problem to him in terms that would fit into his own moderate views of State sovereignty. But he had too few political advisers who sympathized with those moderate views. Some of them exploited fully his promise not to force integration upon an "unwilling" community. Some of these advisers were from eastern Arkansas, where it must be conceded that there is a complex and delicate race problem. I was handicapped greatly by not being able to confront those who were, in my absence, canceling my arguments. The Governor had been impressed by my reasoning that federal law would ultimately prevail. Then in came the "practical men." "Don't let Brooks talk you into something - he's too visionary," I could hear them say. And the Governor, priding himself on political acumen, accepted this reasoning. He gave me every chance, however, to present my case. Never at any point did he show impatience, nor did he seem to tire of efforts to find a way out. He was not happy with the turn of events, and I do not believe he is happy about it today. There were moments of exaltation, perhaps, when the glow of acclaim in the Deep South brought a smile to the countenance that had come to symbolize the region's resistance, but underneath was a wistfulness for a smoother path to political glory and power. I became very fond of the Governor during our long vigils at the Mansion. He called me his bishop -he is a Baptist- and I know he gave ear when I tried to picture the grandeur of the other course of defiance, defiance of the interpositionists-or nullificationists, to be more accurate. I was pretty sure at one stage that I had convinced him that a change of orders for the Guard would be entirely consistent with his promise not to force desegregation on an unwilling community. The courts were the ones doing the forcing. He would merely preserve order. If Negroes were excluded he would be guilty of military enforcement of segregation and he would have no judicial support for that position. He was, I argued, in danger of adopting the philosophy of Jim Johnson, his 1956 opponent, whose extremism had led to his defeat. With regard to the will of the people, I cautioned the Governor that the popular Jeffersonian idea of local determination could not withstand the power of a federal-court order based not on a division of powers in school administration but on the Bill of Rights. It makes a difference when a principle, as enunciated in the Supreme Court decision of 1954 for general acceptance, has been frozen into specific application by federal judges as in the Little Rock case. Moreover, the Jeffersonian argument is really in the other direction. The weakness in the pattern of the extremists' opposition is that, while condemning the Federal Government for dictating to the States, they are dictating to the communities by denying a local district's right to desegregate. Local autonomy in school matters has generally been a cherished Jeffersonian principle, and it may yet be the key to the solution of this problem, though I would not contend that a district should be permitted to do anything it wished, wholly unrestricted by basic constitutional principles, either State or federal. I pointed out to the Governor that he should not depend on his private polls showing a stronger local sentiment against admission of the nine Negro students, but rather on the official action of Little Rock's duly elected school board, some chosen over segregationist opposition. The Jeffersonian principle of local control surely contemplates respect for the judgments of the people's locally elected officials. Applying this to the Little Rock situation, I am confident that, while a majority would prefer the segregated schools, even a larger majority would sustain the duly elected school board in compliance policies and would oppose militarily 126 U. S. NEWS & WORLD REPORT, March 23, 1959

The Comal Independent School District (CISD) retained Pape-Dawson Engineers, Inc. (PapeDawson) to conduct cultural resource investigations for the proposed construction of a new high school (High School #4) near the city of Garden Ridge in southern Comal County, Texas. The CISD High School #4 Project (Project) includes construction of buildings, parking lots, roadways, and associated utility installation for the new school campus. After the identification of a State Antiquities Landmark (SAL)-eligible burned rock midden at site 41CM412 during the preliminary archaeological survey, a data recovery investigation was undertaken within this portion of the site. Pape-Dawson archaeologists initially identified site 41CM412 during an intensive archaeological survey for the Project between December 11, 2017, and January 10, 2018, under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 8244. Comprising the entire 40.4-hectare (ha; 99.8-acre [ac]) survey area, site 41CM412 is a multi-component site containing early to mid-twentieth century structures, a light scatter of historic artifacts, an extensive scatter of prehistoric lithic material (both tools and non-tools), and a large burned rock midden. While the historic component of the site, as well as the extensive lithic artifact scatter, were determined to be not eligible for designation as a SAL, Pape-Dawson's survey effort concluded that the burned rock midden demonstrated research value. Following completion of the initial survey, Pape-Dawson archaeologists coordinated with the Texas Historical Commission (THC), who concurred that the burned rock midden feature at site 41CM412 met the requirements for SAL designation. As impacts to the burned rock midden at site 41CM412 could not be avoided during the proposed Project construction, Pape-Dawson archaeologists conducted a data recovery investigation of the midden deposits. Since CISD is a political subdivision of the State of Texas, compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas (ACT) was required for the investigation. Pape-Dawson completed the data recovery field effort under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 8361 between March 19 and April 3, 2018. The data recovery Project Area included a buffer of 0.66 ha (1.63 ac) surrounding the 0.21-ha (0.51-ac) midden area within the overall 40.4-ha (99.8-ac) site boundary. The primary goals of the investigation were to (1) assess the age or age range of the midden accumulation; (2) identify if the type of burned rock formation was sheet, domed, or annular; (3) identify the fuel sources and types of food processed at the midden; (4) determine if a heating element was present within the midden or if the rocks were heated elsewhere; and (5) determine if the accumulation of burned rock was gradual over a period of time or rapid during a phase of intense usage. To address these research questions, the investigation consisted of a program of systematic shovel testing, mechanical excavation of two archaeological trenches, and the hand-excavation of two 1-x-1-meter (3.3-x-3.3-foot) units, as well as five 50-x-50-centimeter (19.7-x-19.7-inch) columns. Melanie Nichols served as the initial Principal Investigator (PI), and Dr. Karissa Basse assumed responsibility as PI during report production. Field efforts were led by Melanie Nichols, with assistance from Jacob Sullivan, Virginia Moore, Megan Veltri, and Dr. Nesta Anderson. Light Detection and Ranging imaging and drone footage were collected on site by David Leyendecker and Angela Livingston. Geographic Information Systems and laboratory assistance was provided by Jacob Sullivan, Sheldon Smith, Ann Marie Blackmon, and Mikayla Mathews. Curation for the Project was completed by Ann Marie Blackmon and Mason Miller. Special studies, including macrobotanical analysis, faunal analysis, projectile point analysis, magnetic susceptibility testing, and radiocarbon dating, were conducted by Dr. Leslie Bush, Melanie Nichols, Chris Ringstaff, Dr. Charles Frederick, and Direct AMS, respectively. Brooke Bonorden served as editor, and Zachary Overfield oversaw quality control and quality assurance. The data recovery investigations resulted in the horizontal and vertical refinement of the boundaries of the burned rock midden (Feature 1) within 41CM412, which dates to the Archaic period. In addition, two internally embedded features—a possible heating element (Feature 1.1) and an earth oven pit (Feature 1.2)—were identified. A historic-age midden (Feature 2) was also identified during investigation. In total, the prehistoric assemblage collected from site 41CM412 consists of 3,224 prehistoric artifacts, including 3,156 lithics (17 projectile points, 2 dart point preforms, 29 bifaces, 3 unifacial scrapers, 1 perforator, 5 edge-modified flakes, 2 cores, 1 blank, and 3,096 pieces of unmodified debitage), 47 faunal bone fragments, 10 pieces of ocher (21.16 grams [g]), 1,395.4 g burned clay, 2.46 g charcoal, and 2,910 pieces of burned rock (214.29 kilograms). The historic- and modern-age material recovered from the site largely consists of metal, glass, cut faunal bone, and mortar. All cultural material was collected and brought back to the Pape-Dawson Laboratory in Austin for processing and analysis aside from FCR, which was analyzed and discarded in the field. Based on the results of the fieldwork and subsequent analyses, the burned rock midden at site 41CM412 appears to have largely resulted from a series of long-term, or perhaps seasonal occupations occurring from the Early to Transitional Archaic periods, with a concentrated occupation evident during the Middle Archaic. The vertical distribution of artifacts at the site points to multiple occupations occurring on a landform with a slow sedimentation rate. Integral heating elements and earth oven pits (Features 1.1 and 1.2, respectively) within the Feature 1 midden suggest the site contained a center-focused cooking facility. This facility is represented by the annular formation of the overall midden and on-site heating of the rocks. Task specific activities at the site include earth oven baking (as evidenced by burned rock midden deposits) and tool manufacturing and maintenance (as evidenced by a high percentage of small, tertiary flakes within the artifact assemblage). Processing of predominantly meat products also occurred at the site, given the presence of faunal bone within the overall Feature 1 matrix and general lack of packing material in the earth oven. Ancient fuel sources appear to be hardwoods of oak and potentially juniper. In addition, trace evidence of hickory/walnut/pecan family nuts indicate these plants may have also been processed as a food source. Although not all cultural components of the site were stratigraphically discrete, the burned rock midden deposits illustrate evidence of use and reuse over several millennia. This sequence significantly contributes to our understanding of Archaic cooking models and burned rock formation processes. In accordance with the criteria in 13 ACT 26.10, Pape-Dawson's data recovery of the SAL eligible portion of site 41CM412 has mitigated any impact associated with the construction of the Comal ISD High School #4. As a result, Pape-Dawson recommends no further work for the site. The THC concurred with the Pape-Dawson's recommendation on April 13, 2018 and allowed construction for the Project to proceed. Furthermore, Pape-Dawson received concurrence from the THC for the draft report of investigation on October 23, 2020. Following completion of the final report, artifact discard decisions will be coordinated with the THC. Project records, photographs, and select collected artifacts will be curated at the University of Texas at San Antonio Center for Archaeological Research.

Kunnat ovat suuren muutoksen keskellä. Kuntarakenneuudistus sekä sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon palvelurakenneuudistus tulevat muuttamaan kuntien hallintoa merkittävästi. Kari Hakarin tutkimus tarkastelee yhden suuren kaupungin hallinnonuudistusta uuden julkisen hallinnan teorian näkökulmasta. Uusi julkinen hallinta on kunnallishallinnon uudistamisen kolmas vaihe, joka on kehittynyt perinteisestä julkishallinnosta ja tätä seuranneesta uudesta julkisjohtamisesta. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on arvioida, onko uudesta julkisesta hallinnasta kuntien hallinnonuudistusten uudeksi suunnaksi. Tutkimuksella tuetaan myös kuntien käytännön kehittämistoimintaa. Tutkimuskohteena on Tampereen kaupungin toteuttama kokonaisvaltainen toimintamallin uudistus. Uudistus muodostuu kolmesta osasta: pormestarijärjestelmästä, tilaaja–tuottaja-mallista sekä asiakaslähtöisestä prosessiajattelusta. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että Tampereen muutosprosessi toteuttaa varsin hyvin uuden julkisen hallinnan mukaista ajattelua. Se ei kuitenkaan edusta tätä moderneimmillaan, vaan perustuu vahvasti sekä byrokraattisen organisaation rakenteisiin että uuden julkisjohtamisen mukaiseen markkinoistumisen tavoitteeseen. Näyttää siltä, että Tampereenkin toimintamalli kaipaa päivittämistä, jotta se pystyy vastaamaan paremmin tulevaisuuden haasteisiin. Moderni uuden julkisen hallinnan kokonaisuus kuntien hallinnon kehittämisen näkökulmasta muodostuu 1) avoimesta kumppanuudesta asukkaiden, palvelutuottajien ja muiden sidosryhmien kanssa, 2) paikallisuuden ja yhteisöllisyyden korostamisesta, 3) monimuotoisesta suorasta ja edustuksellisesta demokratiasta, 4) asiakaslähtöisestä palvelujen kehittämisestä, 5) tulosperusteisesta palveluiden hankinnasta sekä 6) monimuotoisesta palvelutuotannosta. Muutos vallankäytössä on yksi uuden julkisen hallinnan ominaispiirre. Kunnan johtaminen edellyttää monimutkaistuvassa yhteiskunnassa uusia välineitä ja toimintatapoja. Tutkimuksen mukaan moderni kunnan johtaminen perustuu onnistuneelle yhdistelmälle pehmeää ja kovaa valtaa. Tutkimuksen mukaan uusi julkinen hallinta voi kehittyä kuntien hallinnonuudistusten perustaksi. Tätä tukee se, että uudessa julkisessa hallinnassa kehittämisperiaatteet muodostavat loogisen kokonaisuuden, jota voidaan käytännössä toteuttaa monin välinein erilaisissa tilanteissa. Lisäksi on olemassa ilmeinen tarve yhteiselle visiolle, jotta välttämättä edessä oleva kuntien hallinnonuudistus pystytään toteuttamaan. Uudet, isot reformit tarvitsevat aina mallin, johon muutos voidaan perustaa. Uuden julkisen hallinnan kehittymistä tukee myös se, että hallinnon kehittämisen käytännön toteutukset sekä kansainvälisesti että Suomessa toteuttavat jo monella tavoin uuden julkisen hallinnan mukaisia hallinnonuudistuksen kehityssuuntia. Tutkimus tuo uutta tietoa uuden julkisen hallinnan käytännön toteutuksesta suuressa suomalaisessa kaupungissa. Se näyttää myös suuntaa kuntien kehittämistyölle yhdistäen käytäntöä ja teoriaa ja tuo näin tietoa sekä käytännön kuntien kehittämistehtävissä toimiville että tutkijoille. Tampereen toimintamallin päivittämiselle se tarjoaa päämäärän, jota kohti edetä. ; The subject of this dissertation is the new public governance from the perspective of the local government management reforms. The research question is: how is the new public governance reflected in local government reforms? The research ques-tion will be examined from the perspectives of theory, practice and power relations. The empirical object of the study is the management reform of the City of Tampere, Finland. The reform includes three parts: the mayoral system, the purchaser-provider model and the customer-oriented process organization. The study also aims at the development of municipal operations, and presents new public governance as a comprehensive "theory of practice", which combines theory and practice and allows municipalities to find perspectives, tools and a theoretical framework for their management reforms. The study consists of four separate published sub-studies and this summary. The first sub-study deals with the theory of new public governance within the framework of the management reform of the City of Tampere. The second and third sub-studies are concerned with a variety of practical implementations of new public governance in the City of Tampere management reform. The fourth sub-project addresses power relations. In this summary the results are presented from the perspective of a management model, networked service development and the change in the exercise of power. Questionnaires were the empirical basis of the first two sub-studies, the third examined written documents and used interviews with experts and fourth sub-study relied on theme interviews with directors. New public governance (NPG) represents the third wave of the management re-forms evolving from a traditional public administration, and that following the new public management. An essential feature of the new public governance is that it does not completely reject earlier administrative reforms, but rather complements them with new solutions. NPG is based on the view that the public administration is no longer able alone to control society, but the success of governance is based on the partnership with the private and third sectors as well as with the citizens. Within the framework of new public governance one can, at least to some extent, identify three distinct trends. The differences between the trends are mainly in emphasis placed on various matters. Discussion of the new public governance started in network governance. Next, the new public governance was discussed from the perspective of democratic decision-making and public participation. The third emphasis seems to be on the new public governance as a development of customer-focused services and co-production. The results show that the process of change of the City of Tampere can be imple-mented quite well within the new public governance paradigm. At the beginning of the process the new public management was a decided basis of the reform. In the phases of preparation and implementation constraints and international experiences of weaknesses were perceived in the new public management model. On the basis of this, the management model has been developed further so that issues of new public governance such as local democracy, participation, networks and transparency of government have become stronger. The management model of Tampere does not, however, represent the new public governance in its modern form. The Tampere model is built on a basis of democracy and regulation of traditional public administration as well as the quasi-markets of the new public management. The modern new public governance reform seems to be moving especially towards a customer-oriented service development. According to this study the change in the use of power seems to be one of the characteristics of society's growing complexity and new public governance. There is a need for new instruments for leadership and in the exercise of power in an in-creasingly complex society. The modern municipal leadership is based on a suc-cessful combination of soft and hard power. The growth of new public governance as the next paradigm of management re-forms can be justified from three different perspectives. First, the new public gov-ernance is a logical entity. It brings together coherent principles of management reform, which can be implemented in practice by a variety of techniques in different situations. Second, there is an obvious need for a common vision for local gov-ernment reforms. New, large-scale reforms always need a new paradigm in which a change can be set up. There is a need for a common vision for the municipalities and their functions in order to implement local government reform. The new public governance could be the entirety that can show the way for the necessary man-agement reform of municipalities in Finland. Third, the practical implementations of management reforms both internationally and in Finland are already realizing the trends of management reform of new public governance in a number of ways.

Last week brought us the news that Dr. Craig Steven Wright, an eccentric Australian who has long claimed to be Bitcoin's pseudonymous creator Satoshi Nakamoto, was bench-slapped by the High Court, where Mr. Justice Mellor ruled at the conclusion of the proceedings that Wright was not Satoshi Nakamoto, not the author of the Bitcoin white paper, not the author of its software and, by extension, not the creator of Bitcoin.This bench ruling comes after years of litigation and weeks of hearings around the question of the provenance of the Bitcoin white paper and software. Full details of the court's findings on these points will be provided in a written judgment at a later date so I refrain from offering my own conclusions on the evidence, or an assessment of correctness of the ruling, here.As is public knowledge, I was one of the first lawyers – if not the first lawyer – to represent a client on the business end of Wright's years-long litigation campaign, when, in 2019, a Twitter user I know was the first crypto community member to receive legal threats from Wright's lawyers for claiming that Wright was not Satoshi, the very conclusion Mr. Justice Mellor also reached today. A short time later, an acquaintance of mine, Peter McCormack, dared to say the same thing. Peter was promptly sued by Wright in England. Wright won his case against Peter, albeit winning only nominal damages of £1 due to certain deficiencies in Wright's case.In my view, Wright's legal team chose to bring these claims in England for one reason, and one reason only: England is, and long has been, the easiest place in the English-speaking world to win a defamation action, because in England, the playing field is tilted so to the advantage of a claimant that even weak claims can win.This is not a new problem, and its roots go deep. Defamation is an ancient tort with its origins in the landed aristocracy seeking to protect their names and reputations from lesser men. The Anglo-Saxon tort of scandalum magnatum, a "fake news" tort for defaming great men of the realm (and thus not a tort capable of being inflicted on lesser men), was used as early as the 13th century. In later years, various other torts like seditious libel were used to punish political dissent – even where that dissent should be substantially true – and the imposition of these ancient rules in the Thirteen Colonies, most famously in the John Peter Zenger trial of 1735, served as focal points around which a new, young nation, the United States of America, began to develop its fledgling judicial system which led, eventually, to its free speech doctrine embodied today by First Amendment jurisprudence.In the modern formulation, defamation is the publication of a statement of fact to a third party, which is false, which is likely to cause serious harm to their reputation. In this respect it differs little from the tort in the United States. However, in England, the history of the tort – protecting the powerful from the powerless – has never been fully written out of its bones, because the burden of proof in a defamation action rests not with the claimant but with the defense. Not with the Saxon noble with the ear of the King, but with the humble pamphleteer who dared to speak out about his abuses. Not with the Member of Parliament accused of some lecherous or disreputable conduct, but the journalist who reported on it. Not with a person claiming to be Bitcoin's creator, offering nothing approaching definitive proof that he or she is (being a transaction or message signed with one of Satoshi's private keys), and armed with institutional financial backing, but the humble Twitter user who simply observed what appeared to be true, based on a cold assessment of the facts, and dared to repeat what he thought was true in writing. Put simply, at any time, in any defamation claim, the deck is always stacked against speakers and favors those who are most likely to be spoken about.On a practical level, this means that it is conceivable that a future plaintiff in England seeking to conceal certain truths or propound certain falsehoods, but with knowledge of the totality of the circumstances concerning that conduct, confidence that he or she can control those variables, and possessing the resources to reasonably predict that he or she will be able to use lawfare to intimidate others from discussing it, can stifle freedom of speech by using the threat of defamation litigation and, in some cases, being less than forthright with the courts. We need not look back to the Saxons to find a proven example of this: see, e.g., Jeffrey Archer, Baron Archer and former Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party, who famously won a defamation case against the Star newspaper over a visit to a prostitute whose life was ruined by the case in the late 1980s, only to be sent to prison a decade and a half later, when his testimony was discovered to have been false.The point is not that Archer lied, or that he was punished for a lie. The point is that his initial case was so weak that he should never have won a civil action in the first place, or assumed that victory was possible, but the structure of English defamation law made a victory possible if not inevitable, thus incentivizing Archer to bring it anyway. Requiring a defendant to prove the truth of his statement, particularly where seeking to prove a negative, can be nearly impossible. It is far fairer and in the interests of justice to require a claimant, who starts the dispute, seeks the remedy, possesses direct knowledge of all of relevant facts about his past conduct, and is the party asking the state to intercede on his or her behalf with the full might of its power, to prove the truth under these circumstances.I offer no view on the truth or falsity of Wright's statements or evidence in this case. That is a matter for the High Court to address in its fuller ruling. What I do know is that the question of the truth of his claims should have been addressed years ago in Wright v. McCormack, but it was not dealt with because the burden of proof was on the defense and the cost of going through the exercise COPA - a coalition of very well-funded corporations - just went through was likely too much for an individual defendant like Peter to bear. In future, it is possible to make England a fairer place for speakers and help the English marketplace of ideas be a home for the truth. Ask claimants in a defamation action to bear the burden of proving their case. It's a simple change. Parliament should make it.

The origins of East Timor Defence Force (ETDF) can be traced to a number of sources. Firstly, the ETDF is a product of East Timor's war of resistance against Indonesian invasion. After the Indonesians withdrew from East Timor in 1999 and the UN arrived to build the state of East Timor, resistance leaders demanded that a defence force be created, and that their resistance fighters be incorporated into it. Secondly, the ETDF is a product of the atrocities committed by pro-Jakarta militias, after the 1999 referendum in East Timor demonstrated an overwhelming level of support for independence. The violence unleashed by the militias convinced even those East Timorese leaders who had originally been opposed to the idea, that an East Timorese defence force should be raised to ensure that such atrocities would never happen again. finally, the ETDF is also a product of a study, commissioned by the UN and undertaken by the King's College of London, which was tasked with, firstly, addressing the future of the former resistance fighters in East Timor, and secondly, with formulating a workable structure for a future East Timorese defence force - the ETDF was formed based on the recommendations of that study. The 2000 King's college study did not, however, question whether the country actually needed a defence force to protect it from external threats - that was simply assumed. External threats to East Timor' s security are divided into conventional and nonconventional threats for clarity of analysis. The conventional threats to East Timor' s security are assessed as low to negligible, with East Timor' s status as a sovereign state and as a product of UN state-building, acting as a deterrent to foreign aggression. Given the geostrategic significance that Australia and Indonesia have historically placed on East Timor - during the Pacific war in Australia's case and during the Cold War in Indonesia's - it is also likely that Australia and/or Indonesia would defend East Timor if a conventional threat were to emerge from the broader region or beyond. In the unlikely event that a conventional threat did emerge, the ETDF could do little to counter it. East Timor has only two neighbours, Indonesia and Australia, and both are far larger than East Timor in economic, geographic and demographic terms. East Timor simply lacks the resources as a society to build a defence force capable of defeating, or even significantly delaying, either of those neighbours through conventional warfare. While a guerrilla strategy may appear an attractive option for the ETDF, a guerrilla campaign would do little to counter any conventional threat to East Timorese statehood - the East Timorese waged a guerrilla campaign against their Indonesian occupiers for 24 years without prompting a withdrawal. The Indonesian withdrawal was only secured with formidable international backing. The only means available to East Timor to defend itself from external threats are its diplomatic efforts - an area of the East Timorese budget which is, at present, receives little funding. · Non-conventional threats are far more likely to affect East Timor's security. Smuggling, illegal fishing, piracy and, to a far lesser extent, maritime terrorism, all present credible threats to East Timor's economic interests. However, securing East Timor from these threats is not a role for the ETDF. Aside from being more expensive to employ in a border security capacity than police, there is also a question of whether the ETDF is the appropriate organisation for protecting East Timor's borders. As a conventional military trained in the use of lethal force in accordance with the laws of armed conflict, the ETDF is not the appropriate organisation to conduct border policing tasks - something that is essentially a policing role which requires the use of minimum force consistent with the rule of law. There is also a possibility that replacing border police with ETDF troops may incite tensions in the border region - firstly between the ETDF and the Indonesian military, who control the Indonesian side of the border, and secondly, between the ETDF and local East Timorese who, given the regionally based conflicts which have taken place in East Timor in recent years, may feel a sense of animosity toward the troops. Evidence suggests that the ETDF does little to protect East Timor from external threats. Thus, the East Timor Defence Ministry's proposed response to the (unlikely) conventional and non-conventional threat - an exponential increase in the size, budget and capabilities of the ETDF and the militarisation of East Timor' s borders - would be an unnecessary expense which would do little to improve East Timor' s security and may in fact incite tensions in some parts of East Timor. The second major argument for an East Timorese defence force - namely, the need to deal with the demands of the veterans of East Timor' s war of resistance - is equally flawed. When the ETDF was formed, only around one-third of the country's resistance fighters were incorporated into it. The remainder, around 1,300 fighters, were left without work in a country of soaring unemployment where they received little assistance from the UN or the government of East Timor. Nonetheless, East Timor's greatest security problems in the years since independence have not been caused by those unemployed resistance fighters. They have been caused by deserting and serving members of the ETDF. The first incident occurred in the 2006 when a protest, held by a group of ETDF troops who had deserted their barracks, instigated violence in the streets of Dili, a political crisis and a second international peacekeeping intervention into East Timor. The second incident occurred in 2008 when a group of former ETDF personnel, who had deserted, attempted to assassinate the president and prime minister of East Timor. Thus, neither the justification that East Timor requires a defence force to defend it from external threats, nor the explanation that the ETDF is essential in appeasing and placating the country's former resistance fighters, provides sufficient grounds for an East Timorese defence force. Nonetheless, any plans to reduce or demobilise the ETDF would need to be well considered - disgruntled former ETDF personnel have already caused sufficient turmoil in East Timor; adding their numbers could prove disastrous for East Timor's security. Recommendations to the government of East Timor 1. Halt any plans to implement Defence Ministry recommendations that the ETDF be upsized, its equipment upgraded and its role expanded. 2. Freeze ETDF recruitment and consider consolidating the ETDF into a single battalion. 4, Ease the. minimum criteria for the veterans' pension (and lower the rate of payment if necessary) and formulate a comprehensive long-term reintegration program to assist veterans of the resistance, and other ETDF members, in finding civilian employment. 5. Recognise East Timor's diplomatic efforts as its most powerful means of defending itself from conventional threats and, in future budgets, allocate funding accordingly.

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine Methode zu beschreiben, mit deren Hilfe die in einem Untersu-chungsgebiet freigesetzten Emissionen von Luftverunreinigungen durch Messungen in der Außenluft bestimmt werden können. Mit Hilfe von Vertikal- und Horizontalprofilmessungen konnten die Konzentrationsverteilungen im Luv und Lee von Emissionsquellen bestimmt werden. Die Messergebnisse wurden verwendet, um aus den Konzentrationsdifferenzen zu-sammen mit Messergebnissen von meteorologischen Parametern die Massenströme der be-trachteten Luftverunreinigungen zu berechnen und eine Massenbilanz für ein Untersuchungs-gebiet aufzustellen. Auf diese Weise konnten die in den Untersuchungsgebieten freigesetzten Emissionen messtechnisch bestimmt und gleichzeitig durchgeführte Emissionsmodellrech-nungen validiert werden. Die Validierung ist wichtig, da Emissionsmodellierungen in der Luftreinhaltung immer häufiger eingesetzt werden. Einerseits gehen die modellierten Emissi-onen als Eingangsdaten in die immer häufiger verwendeten Ausbreitungsmodellierungen ein, andererseits werden sie auch für Emissionsminderungsszenarien verwendet. Aufgrund der sehr weitreichenden politischen und finanziellen Folgen der Verwendung dieser Emissionsda-ten, ist eine Überprüfung der Richtigkeit der berechneten Emissionen unumgänglich. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Ergebnisse von zwei Experimenten zur Beschreibung der Bilan-zierungsmethode herangezogen. Im ersten Projekt wurde erstmals die Bilanzierung aller frei-gesetzten Luftverunreinigungen einer ganzen Stadt durchgeführt. Es wurden über mehrere Monate Konzentrationsmessungen in und um Augsburg vorgenommen. Die vertikale und ho-rizontale Verteilung der Luftverunreinigungen und der meteorologischen Parameter wurden im Luv und Lee der Stadt mit Hilfe von drei Fesselballonmesssystemen, einem ferngesteuer-ten Luftschiff, zwei Messflugzeugen und weiterer Messtechnik bestimmt. Für den gleichen Zeitraum wurde ein zeitlich, räumlich und stofflich hochaufgelöstes Emissionskataster für die Stadt erstellt. Anschließend wurden die gemessenen und bilanzierten Emissionen mit den mo-dellierten Emissionen verglichen und somit das Emissionsmodell validiert. Die Fesselballon- und Luftschiffmessungen wurden vom IFK bzw. mit Unterstützung des IFK durchgeführt. Die großen Vorteile von Fesselballon- und Luftschiffmessungen haben sich auch bei diesem Experiment bewährt. Allerdings hat sich im Projekt EVA auch herausgestellt, dass eine Stadt wie Augsburg mit ihren ca. 255.000 Einwohnern eine horizontal sehr ausgedehnte Abgasfahne besitzt, die es gilt messtechnisch möglichst komplett zu erfassen. Für eine Stadt dieser Größe reichten die Fesselballon- und Luftschiffmessungen alleine nicht aus, um die ca. 9 km breite Abgasfahne in ausreichender Messdichte zu erfassen. Die Kombination dieser beiden Messsysteme mit Flugzeugmessungen hat sich jedoch zur Erfassung der gesamten Abluftfahne sehr gut bewährt. Der Vergleich der messtechnisch bestimmten mit den model-lierten NOx-Emissionen ergab für die meisten Daten, die sich für eine Auswertung eigneten, eine Übereinstimmung, wenn auch die modellierten Emissionen stets über den auf Messungen beruhenden lagen. Allerdings waren die Unsicherheiten, die sowohl bei den Messungen als auch bei den Berechnungsmethoden und den Emissionsmodellierungen anzusetzen waren, teilweise hoch. Im zweiten Projekt fanden intensive Messungen und Untersuchungen an einer Autobahn statt. Der Vergleich der über die Vertikalprofilmessungen bestimmten NOx-Emissionsfaktoren mit den NOx-Emissionsfaktoren, die über das Emissionsmodell bestimmt wurden, ergab deutliche Abweichungen. Besonders für den Schwerverkehr (HDV) lagen die gemessenen Emissions-faktoren zwischen 20 und fast 100 % über den modellierten Emissionsfaktoren, die auf dem Handbuch für Emissionsfaktoren (HBEFA Version 1.2) basierten. Aufgrund dieser Erkennt-nisse wurden die Emissionsfaktoren für den Schwerverkehr (HDV) angepasst und liegen nun in der aktuellen Version 2.1 entsprechend höher. Der Vergleich der VOC-Emissionsfaktoren ergab sehr gute Übereinstimmung für die Komponenten BTX – Benzol, Toluol, Xylole - da für diese Komponenten den Emissionsmodellen genügend Messdaten zugrunde liegen. Für weitere VOC-Komponenten traten teilweise sehr große Abweichungen zwischen den gemes-senen und den modellierten Emissionsfaktoren auf, wobei die gemessenen Emissionsfaktoren grundsätzlich höher ausfielen als die modellierten. Die Abweichungen lagen für manche Komponenten im Bereich von Faktor sechs bis 20! Der Grund ist in der dünnen Datenlage für die für die Emissionsmodellierung zur Verfügung stehenden VOC-Emissionsfaktoren zu su-chen. Alle Partikel-Emissionsfaktoren, die im Projekt BAB II bestimmt wurden, lagen in der gleichen Größenordnung wie die zum Vergleich verfügbaren Literaturwerte. Für die aktive Partikeloberfläche lagen die im Projekt BAB II ermittelten Werte etwas über den Literatur-werten, für alle anderen berechneten und verglichenen Partikelparameter lagen die im Projekt BAB II ermittelten Emissionsfaktoren innerhalb der maximalen und minimalen Vergleichs-werte. Der Vergleich der Emissionsfaktoren von Rußpartikeln ergab eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung sowohl im direkten Vergleich der Messergebnisse mit den Ergebnissen der Emissions-modellierung im Projekt BAB II als auch im Vergleich mit Literaturwerten. ; The purpose of my thesis is to describe a method which allows for the determination of pol-lutant emissions within a particular area under investigation through ambient air measure-ments. The concentration distributions of sources of emission on the windward and lee side were defined through vertical and horizontal profile measurements. On the basis of the con-centration differences from these results and in combination with meteorological parameters, mass flows of the examined air pollutants were calculated and a mass balance was established. This is how the emissions within the area under investigation could be determined meteorologically and model calculations of the emissions, conducted simultaneously, were validated. This validation is important as emission models are used more and more frequently in the field of air pollution control. On the one hand, modelled emissions are included as input data into the more and more common dispersion models and on the other hand, they are needed for emission reduction scenarios. As the political and financial consequences of using these emission data are significant, it is inevitable to verify the accuracy of the calculated emissions. This thesis uses the results of two experiments to describe the balancing method. In the first project, the balancing of all emitted air pollutants was conducted for the first time for a whole city. Concentration measurements had been carried out for several months in and around Augsburg. The vertical and horizontal distribution of air pollutants and of meteorological pa-rameters was determined on the city's windward and lee side by means of three tethered bal-loon measurement systems, a remote controlled airship, two aircrafts and further measurement equipment. For the same time period, an emission inventory was established for the city in a high temporal, spatial and substantial resolution. The measured and balanced emissions were then compared with the modelled results, and thus validated the emission model. The tethered balloon and airship measurements were carried out or supported by the IFK. The big advantages of conducting measurements with a tethered balloon or an airship have shown themselves in this experiment as well. What the EVA project has also shown, however, is that a city like Augsburg with a population of about 255,000 has a horizontally very broad exhaust gas plume, which is to be measured as completely as possible. For such a big city, tethered balloon and airship measurements were not enough to gather sufficient measurements for the determination of an exhaust gas plume of 9 km. What has proven itself for the determination of the complete plume, however, is the combination of these two measurement systems with aircraft measurements. The comparison of measured NOx emissions with modelled ones gave equal results for most data which were suitable for an analysis, although the modelled values were constantly higher than the measured ones. But the instabilities for both the measurements and the calculation methods and emission models have partially been significant. In the second project, extensive measurements and analyses were carried out along a motor-way. The comparison of the NOx emission factors determined through vertical profile meas-urements with the NOx emission factors determined through an emission model revealed sig-nificant deviations. The deviations for heavy traffic were particularly important, with the measured emission factors being 20 % to almost 100 % higher than the modelled emission factors based on the Manual for Emission Factors (Handbuch für Emissionsfaktoren, HBEFA, Version 1.2). Following these results, the emission factors for heavy traffic have been read-justed upwards in the current version (2.1). The comparison of the VOC emission factors gave a very high consistency for the BTX components - benzene, toluene and xylene - as sufficient measurement data have been available for the emission models there. Other VOC components partly showed significant deviations between the measured and the modelled emission factors, with the measured factors lying principally higher than the modelled ones. The deviations for some components were six to 20 times higher! The reason for this is the fact that the data for the VOC emission factors available for the emission models have not been sufficient. All particle emission factors, which were determined in the BAB II project, were about the same scale as the reference values. The values for the active particle surface, determined in the BAB II project, were slightly higher than the reference values. For all other calculated and compared particle parameters, the emission factors determined in the BAB II project stayed within the maximum and minimum reference values. The comparison of the emission factors of soot particles gave a very high consistency both in the direct comparison of the measurements with the results from the emission models of the BAB II project and in their comparison with reference values.

Solare Kühlung ist eine Technologie, die sich noch auf dem Weg in die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu herkömmlichen, in der Regel mit Strom angetrieben Kompressionskältemaschinen befindet. Ein Schlüssel für die angestrebten Primärenergieeinsparungen und Kostenvorteile ist ein effizientes Betriebsverhalten der Solarkollektoren über einen Zeitraum von 20-25 Jahren. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht daher verschiedene thermische und hydraulische Eigenschaften von Solarkollektoren für solare Kühlung. Das übergeordnete Ziel ist es, wichtige Faktoren, die zu Leistungsminderung führen, zu identifizieren und Methoden und Techniken für eine detaillierte thermische und hydraulische Analyse der Solarkollektoren in Bezug auf diese Faktoren zu entwickeln, um schließlich praktische Richtlinien für Auslegung und Betrieb der Kollektoren vorzuschlagen. Ein beispielhaftes System ist im Bundespresseamt der Bundesregierung in Berlin installiert. Es besteht aus zwei LiBr/H2O Absorptionskältemaschinen mit je 35 KW Kühlleistung, einem Feld aus Vakuumröhrenkollektoren mit einer Gesamtfläche von 348 m2 und zwei 800-Liter-Heißwassertanks als Wärmespeicher. Zunächst wurde eine Analyse der Betriebseigenschaften des Systems auf der Grundlage von Messdaten für die thermischen Energieumsätze der verschiedenen Heiz- und Kühlanlagen und für den Stromverbrauch der elektrischen Komponenten durchgeführt. Ein spezielles Bewertungsverfahren wurde angewendet, bei welchem verschiedene zentrale Leistungsgrößen für den Betrieb des Systems wie der thermische und elektrische COP (Coefficient of Performance, entspricht Wirkungsgrad), solare Deckungsgrad und Primärenergieeinsparung im Vergleich zu einer nicht solar basierten Klimaanlage bestimmt werden. Die Ergebnisse wurden für verschiedenen Monate des Jahres 2007 bis 2009 ausgewertet und die Ergebnisse werden in Form von Kennzahlen dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen sehr niedrigen thermischen Wirkungsgrad der Solarkollektoren und sehr geringe Primärenergieeinsparungen. Mögliche Ursachen hierfür und Optionen zur Verbesserung werden ebenfalls diskutiert. Weiter wurde eine einfache experimentelle Vorgehensweise entwickelt, um im Labor den Einfluss des Druckes der Restgase im Inneren der evakuierten Glasröhre auf den Wärmeverlustkoeffizienten (U-Wert) einer einzelnen Vakuumröhre des Kollektors zu finden. Eine Reihe von Kollektorröhren gleicher Geometrie wurden nach dem Zufallsprinzip aus der genannten Solaranlage ausgewählt und einzeln getestet. Die Messergebnisse zeigen, dass die meisten der untersuchten Kollektorröhren höhere Wärmeverlustkoeffizienten haben als erwartet und sich entsprechend eine erhebliche Menge an Gas im Inneren der Glashülle befinden muss. Für gleiche Bedingungen wurde ein theoretisches Modell für die näherungsweise Berechnung der U-Werte entwickelt. Das theoretische Modell wurde mit den experimentellen Ergebnisse für eine bei Atmosphärendruck mit Luft gefüllte Röhre verglichen und eine gute Übereinstimmung wurde festgestellt. Dann wurde der Einfluss des Gasdruckes für verschiedene Gase untersucht. Mögliches Vorhandensein von Luft, Wasserstoff, Helium und Argon wird diskutiert. Eine CFD-Analyse (Computational Fluid Dynamics) wurde durchgeführt, um die Druckverluste von den Verteiler- und Sammlerelementen (T-Stücke) zu finden, die die parallel geschalteten Vakuumröhren im Solarkollektor wärmeträgerseitig verbinden. Simulationen wurden für eine Reihe von Strömungsverhältnissen und Reynolds-Zahlen durchgeführt und für die sich ergebenden Druckverlustkoeffizienten wurden Näherungsgleichungen entwickelt. Mit Hilfe der Ergebnisse für den laminaren Bereich wurde die isotherme und nicht-isotherme Strömungsverteilung im Kollektor, bestehend aus 60 parallelen Vakuumröhren, die entweder in U-Konfiguration oder in Z-Konfiguration verbunden sind, abgeschätzt. Die Ergebnisse der U-Konfiguration konnten mit experimentellen Daten verglichen werden und es ergibt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung. Ein stationäres Modell wurde entwickelt, um die thermische Leistungsfähigkeit einer einzelnen Vakuumröhre eines Solarkollektors mit koaxialer Wärmeträgerführung (Direct Flow-Typ) sowohl bei einphasiger als auch bei zweiphasiger Strömung (partial stagnation) zu studieren. Ein System von Gleichungen, welches die verschiedenen Wärmeübertragungsmechanismen und Strömungsverhältnisse beschreibt wurde aufgestellt, diskretisiert und iterativ gelöst. Für den Fall eines intakten Vakuums (10-5 mb) weicht die berechnete Wirkungsgradkurve für einphasige Strömung bei steigender Kollektortemperatur wesentlich von Experimenten ab, während sie für den Fall von Wärmeleitung durch Restgas innerhalb des Glaskolbens bei geringem Druck (< <1mb) durch die entsprechende Erhöhung der Wärmeverlustkoeffizienten mit den Experimenten übereinstimmt. Die Ergebnisse der Modellierung zeigen, dass der Kollektorwirkungsgrad mit abnehmendem Durchfluss abnimmt. Bei den dann erreichten hohen Temperaturen kann lokal Zweiphasenströmung durch Sieden und Rückkondensation auftreten. Sobald die Flüssigkeit den Siedepunkt bei einem bestimmten Massenstrom erreicht ist keine signifikante Reduktion des Wirkungsgrades mehr zu beobachten, was in Übereinstimmung mit Experimenten ist. Schließlich werden für optimale Leistungsfähigkeit eines ganzen Kollektorfeldes aus parallel geschalteten Vakuumröhrenkollektoren eine Reihe von Leitlinien und Regeln aufgestellt, die während Auslegung und Betrieb des Kollektorfeldes zu beachten sind. ; Solar cooling is an emerging technology and in a process of development to be competitive with the conventional systems generally based on electricity driven vapor compression cooling machines. Efficient performance of the solar collectors consistently over a time span of 20-25 years is the key towards achieving the required primary energy savings and cost benefits. The present research work investigates various thermal and hydraulic aspects of the solar collectors used for a solar cooling application. The overall aim is to identify major factors contributing to solar collector's performance reduction and to develop methods and techniques for a detailed thermal and hydraulic analysis of solar collectors pertaining to these factors, in order to suggest the optimal operating guidelines to be implemented in practice for solar collector design and operation. An exemplary system is installed at the Federal Press Information Center, Berlin. It consists of two LiBr/H2O absorption chillers with 35 KW cooling capacity for each one, a collector field made up of vacuum tube collectors having a total gross area of 348 m2, and two 800 liters of heat storage tank. Initially, the overall performance monitoring of the system was carried out, based on the on-field measured data for thermal energies of the various heating/cooling components of the system and electricity consumption of the electrical components. A monitoring procedure was then implemented and various key performance factors related to the system operation are determined such as total electrical COP, solar heat management efficiency, fraction of primary energy savings compared to a non-solar based air-conditioning system. The results are evaluated for various months of year 2007 to 2009, and the outcomes are presented in the form of performance figures. The results showed quite a low thermal efficiency of the solar collector and primary energy savings. Possible causes of the reduced collector performance and options for improvement are discussed also. A novel simplified experimental strategy is devised to find the overall heat loss coefficient (U-value) of an individual vacuum collector tube in the laboratory, with regard to the pressure of the remaining gas inside the evacuated glass envelope. A number of collector tubes of same geometry are randomly selected from an installation of a solar based air-conditioning system and tested individually in the laboratory for the determination of the U-value. Measurement results indicate that most of the examined collector tubes have higher overall heat loss coefficients than expected corresponding to a significant amount of gas inside the glass envelope. For the same conditions, an approximate theoretical model is developed for the evaluation of the U-value. The theoretical model is validated against the experimental results for a collector tube having air inside the glass cover at atmospheric pressure and found to be in close agreement. Then, the influence of gas pressure is studied for various gases. Possible presence of air, hydrogen, helium and argon is discussed. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been conducted to find the pressure losses for dividing and combining fluid flow through a tee junction of a solar collector manifold. Simulations are performed for a range of flow ratios and Reynolds numbers and equations are developed for pressure loss coefficients at junctions. A theoretical model based on successive approximations then is employed to estimate the isothermal and non-isothermal flow distribution in laminar range through a collector consisting of 60 vacuum tubes connected in parallel in a reverse (U-configuration) and parallel (Z-configuration) flow arrangement. The results are in reasonable agreement with the available experimental results for U-configuration. An analytical steady state model is developed to study the thermal performance of an individual vacuum tube solar collector with coaxial piping (direct flow type) incorporating both single and two-phase flows. A system of equations which describe the different heat transfer mechanisms and flow conditions was established, discretized, and solved in an iterative manner. For the case of good vacuum condition (10-5 mb) the calculated efficiency curve for single phase flow deviates significantly from the experiments with increasing collector temperature, but agrees well for the case of gas conduction inside the glass envelope at very low pressure (« 1mb) due to the corresponding increase in overall heat loss coefficient (U-value). For two-phase flow, the occurrence and propagation of flow boiling and condensation inside the collector piping under saturated condition is hypothesized. The modeling results indicate that for all-liquid-single-phase fluid flow, the collector efficiency decreases with decreasing mass flow rate. Once the fluid reaches the boiling point at a certain mass flow rate, no significant reduction in efficiency is observed anymore, which is in accordance with the experimental study. Finally, performance predictions are made for the whole collector consisting of a number of vacuum tubes connected in an array. This leads to devise a set of guidelines and strategies, which needs to be taken care off during design and/or operation phase to optimize the collector operation.

Северо-Монгольская горная лесостепь, переходная зона между тайгой и открытой степью, имеет богатый животный и растительный мир. Для сельского хозяйства это самая продуктивная часть страны и имеет плотность населения выше средней по Монголии. Древостои светлой тайги, в которых преобладает лиственница (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), представляют основу монгольских продуктивных лесов и поставляются все больше в соответствии с растущим спросом на деловую древесину и дрова. В лесах Монгольской горной лесостепной зоны и таежной зоны наблюдается, особенно с конца прошлого века, заметное сокращение площади леса. Основными факторами этого сдвига растительности являются изменения в землепользовании, частота пожаров, появление вредителей и изменение климата. На видовой состав, прирост и структуру древостоев оказывают сильное влияние различные природные и антропогенные режимы воздействия и климатические факторы. Понимание влияния климатических факторов на эти воздействия и экологическое влияние от воздействий на древостои и их реакцию с точки зрения структуры, прироста и обновлений необходимо для развития экологически и регионально соответствующих программ ведения лесного хозяйства. Частые, интенсивные, обширные воздействия, прежде всего лесозаготовки и лесные пожары, способствовали появлению сукцессионных лесов (Betula platyphylla Sukaczev), в которых преобладает береза. Несмотря на предпринимаемые усилия по созданию альтернативных подходов к управлению лесами в Монголии существует недостаток знаний о влиянии основных факторов и воздействий на структуру лесов и лесной растительности и недостаточная мощность. Одной из областей с традиционно сильным землепользованием является аймак Селенги, расположенный к северу от Улан-Батора. В 2009 году Монгольский Университет естественных наук в Дархане и группа лесопользователей в исследовательском районе Альтансумбэр создали исследуемые площади и провели экспериментальные опыты выборочной рубки. Эта инициатива в области была поддержана в рамках проекта UNFAO «Укрепление потенциала и институциональное развитие для совместного управления природными ресурсами и сохранения лесов в лесных районах Монголии» (GCP / MON / 002 / NET), финансируемого правительством Нидерланды. Большинство исследуемых площадей имеет размер 2500 м². Исследовательский район Альтансумбэр расположен к западу от Дархана и является ярким примером монгольской горной лесостепной зоны. Исследовательский район Бугант расположен к востоку от Дархана в западных горах Хенти и является частью густой таежной зоны. Изучалось влияние климатических факторов и выборочной вырубки на рост и структуру поврежденных от пожара березовых и лиственничных древостоев светлой тайги в исследовательском районе Алтансумбэр (горная лесостепная зона, северные склоны). В исследовательском районе Бугант (таежная зона, южные и восточные склоны) изучено влияние климатических факторов на прирост березы и проведено сравнение с результатами Алтансумбэр. Различия в отношении повреждений от пожара между березой и сосной (Pinus sylvestris L.) оценивались отдельно. Во всех исследованных древостоях обоих исследуемых районов были обнаружены признаки лесных пожаров, и большинство древостоев также показали признаки предыдущих мелкомасштабных лесозаготовок. Посредством дендрохронологических методов были рассмотрены отношения климата и роста и проведен анализ экстремальных годов. В районе исследований Алтансумбэр непространственная и пространственная структура леса была проанализирована как до, так и непосредственно после прореживания и после трех лет. Анализы произведены в форме анализа прореживания с использованием L-функции и радиальной функции распределения. Влияние снижения конкуренции на прирост остальных деревьев было описано и проанализировано с помощью линейных смешанных моделей. Подрост был зафиксирован на всех площадях в Алтансумбэр в 2012 и в Бугант в 2011 году и возобновился на некоторых площадях в Бугант в 2013 году. Для обоих видов, лиственницы и березы, осадки во время позднего лета и ранней осени предыдущего года и непосредственно перед началом вегетационного периода текущего года были решающим климатическим фактором, определяющим рост деревьев. Анализ экстремальных годов сильного и слабого роста показал значительное сходство между обоими видами. Достаточные осадки перед началом вегетационного периода были для роста молодых деревьев важнее, чем для старых. В более сухой и высококонтинентальной горной лесостепной зоне (Алтансумбэр) по сравнению с более влажной таежной зоной (Бугант) связь между осадками и ростом березы была более выраженной. Признаки повреждения насекомыми были найдены только в Бугант (таежная зона). Все хронологии берез показали высокую чувствительность к более высоким температурам, как правило, весной, и взаимосвязь между временным возникновением негативного соотношения температуры и роста и направления склона. На северных склонах в Алтансумбэр статистические отрицательные соотношения температуры и роста березы произошли в мае. На южных склонах в Буганте это отрицательное соотношение возникло раньше по времени, в апреле. Это отрицательное соотношение температуры и роста в хронологии лиственницы в Алтансумбэр не было установлено. В обоих исследуемых районах среднегодовые показатели роста хвойных пород были выше, чем у березы. Наблюдаемое различие в отношении показателей роста и чувствительности к весенним температурам может быть связано с различной защитной способностью березы и хвойных пород от очень распространенных низкоинтенсивных поверхностных пожаров, которые имеют свой пиковый сезон весной и частично управляются климатическими факторами. Количество видимых поврежденных огнем берез с тонкой корой в Буганте было более, чем в восемь раз выше, чем сосны с толстой корой из того же древостоя. В древостоях, где береза смешана со светлыми хвойными породами, малоинтенсивный режим пожаров имеет более негативное и длительное влияния на рост берез, чем на рост хвойных пород с толстой корой. С другой стороны, разрушение древостоя интенсивными пожарами или сокращение площади вследствие повторяющейся интенсивной вырубки может благоприятствовать преобладанию березы из-за ее способности прорастания – поросль от пня. Характеристики структуры леса и реакции на воздействия изучались исключительно в исследовательском районе Алтансумбэр и могли быть связаны с процессами сукцессии, пожарами и нерегулируемыми вырубками. Агрегированное размещение деревьев было подтверждено для всех лиственничных древостоев и большинства березовых древостоев в Алтансумбэр до выборочной рубки. Вследствие прорастания береза часто встречается агрегировано в очень узких, небольших группах. Лиственница, напротив, появилась в более свободных кластерах, где деревья распределены на более дальнем расстоянии. Вследствие того, что березы имеют меньшую продолжительность жизни и интенсивнее конкурируют друг с другом, у березовых древостоев имеется способность развиваться к случайному размещению деревьев раньше, чем у лиственничных древостоев. Конкуренция сыграла значительную роль в исследуемых древостоях светлой тайги. В исследовательском районе Алтансумбэр соотношение между конкуренцией и ростом оценивалось до, непосредственно после и через три года после прореживания. Прореживания проводились с различной интенсивностью (5,4% - 52,4% площадь сечения). Основными критериями отбора деревьев для рубки были относительно низкое состояние здоровья и способность к росту, на что указывало повреждения ствола и развитие кроны, форма ствола, а также расстояние между отдельными деревьями. Этот отбор привел в значительной мере к низовому прореживанию. Как и ожидалось, прореживание способствовало регулярному размещению деревьев. Тем не менее, дальнейший рост новых стволов привело к тому, что распределение деревьев древостоя менялось обратно в направлении агрегированного. Прирост был в значительной степени вызван ослаблением конкуренции как результат прореживания, и ответ прироста был действительным в абсолютном и относительном выражении. Относительное увеличение прироста по сравнению с периодом до прореживания было немного выше для березы, чем для лиственницы, несмотря на сравнительно поздний средний возраст древостоев на момент прореживания в 2009 году, особенно для березы. Данные были полученны из анализа годичных колец деревьев ( средний возраст лиственница: 22-61 год, березы - 44-68 лет). Основываясь на региональных данных недавней национальной инвентаризации лесов (MPNFI) как норме, количество подроста во всех древостоях в Алтансумбэр относительно низко, тогда как число подроста в Бугант выше среднего. В целом результаты показали, что более методическая стратегия управления лесами является возможной с научной точки зрения. Вместе с тем местное управление лесами должно служить многофункциональным целям регионального лесопользования. Потенциал лесов обеспечивать такие экосистемные услуги, как защита водного режима и почвы, постоянный растительный покров, биоразнообразие, внесение вклада в снижение негативных последствий изменения климата должен быть гарантирован. Это, принимая во внимание длительное изменение климата, усиление воздействий и развитие требований общества, особенно сложно. Основная цель лесоводства должна заключаться в повышении устойчивости и жизнестойкости лесных экосистем к различным воздействиям и одновременно делать возможным использование древостоев. Две модели использования представляются возможными: промышленное производство изделий из дерева (в основном из лиственницы и сосны) или производство энергии на базе древесины (в основном береза), заготовка дров. Плотные древостои светлой тайги, отведенные под производственные леса, могут быть подвергнуты прореживанию или выборочной рубке от одного до двух раз в первые 50-60 лет. в соответствии с вышеназванными критериями. При выборочной рубке в форме небольших групп (Femel) в этих древостоях происходит способствование регенерации и переход в окончательное пользование. Подсадка подроста должна рассматриваться только в том случае, если желаемая регенерация недостаточна или если древостой должен быть изменен на другой древесный состав. Часть сукцессивных березовых древостоев рядом с поселениями могла бы управляться как низкоствольный лес для получения дров. Директивы лесоводства должны принимать во внимание различные специфические экологические и климатические условия, различный возраст древостоев, цели в области лесоводства и реалистические варианты управления. Управленческие меры должны быть усилены путем национального и регионального управления лесами. Рекомендуется также анализировать экономическую эффективность лесохозяйственных операций, таких, как различные системы заготовки древесины. Результаты и выводы проекта охватывают лишь относительно короткие временные рамки. Необходимо продолжить наблюдение долгосрочного влияния выборочной рубки, особенно с точки зрения стабильности древостоя, почвы и спорадической вечной мерзлоты. ; Die nordmongolische Gebirgswaldsteppe, die Übergangszone zwischen Taiga und offener Steppe, besitzt eine reiche Tier- und Pflanzenwelt. Für die Landwirtschaft ist diese Region der produktivste Landesteil und weist für die Mongolei eine überdurchschnittlich hohe Siedlungsdichte auf. Helle Taigabestände, die von Lärche (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) dominiert werden, stellen das Rückgrat der mongolischen Wirtschaftswälder dar und sind zunehmend einer wachsenden Nachfrage an Industrie- und Brennholz ausgesetzt. Die borealen Wälder der mongolischen Gebirgswaldsteppenzone und der Taigazone sind, vor allem seit dem Ende des letzten Jahrhunderts, sichtbar zurückgegangen. Die hauptsächlichen Triebkräfte dieser Vegetationsverschiebung sind Änderungen in Bezug auf Landnutzung, Waldbrandhäufigkeit und das Auftreten von Schädlingen und Klimawandel. Artenzusammensetzung, Zuwachs und Bestandesstruktur werden stark von den verschiedenen natürlichen und anthropogenen Störungsregimen und auch Klimafaktoren beeinflusst. Ein Verständnis zum Einfluss von Klimafaktoren auf diese Störungen und den ökologischen Einfluss von Störungen auf Waldbestände und ihre Reaktion in Bezug auf Struktur, Zuwachs und Verjüngung ist essentiell für die Entwicklung von ökologisch und regional angepassten Waldbewirtschaftungsprogrammen. Häufigere intensive großflächige Störungen, vor allem Holzeinschlag und Waldbrände, förderten das Auftreten von Sukzessionswäldern, die oft von Birken (Betula platyphylla Sukaczev) dominiert werden. Trotz laufender Bemühungen zur Etablierung alternativer Waldbewirtschaftungsansätze in der Mongolei, fehlt es an Wissen über die Auswirkungen der wichtigsten Einflussfaktoren und Störungen auf Waldstruktur und Waldwachstum und an ausreichenden Kapazitäten. Eine der Provinzen mit traditionell intensiver Landnutzung ist der Selenge Aimag, nördlich von Ulaanbaatar. Im Jahr 2009 wurden von der Mongolischen Universität für Lebenswissenschaften in Darchan und der Waldnutzergruppe Altansumber Referenzflächen und experimentelle Durchforstungsversuche eingerichtet. Die Mehrzahl der Forschungsflächen weist eine Größe von jeweils 2500m² auf. Diese Initiative wurde durch das UNFAO-Projekt " Capacity Building and Institutional Development for Participatory Natural Resources Management and Conservation in Forest Areas of Mongolia" (GCP / MON / 002 / NET) unterstützt, welches durch die niederländische Regierung finanziert wurde. Das Forschungsgebiet Altansumber liegt westlich von Darchan und ist ein Paradebeispiel für die mongolische Gebirgswaldsteppenzone. Das Forschungsgebiet Bugant liegt östlich von Darchan im westlichen Khentii-Gebirge und ist Teil der dicht bewaldeten Taigazone. Die Auswirkungen von Klimafaktoren und selektiver Holznutzung auf Waldstruktur und Wachstum von Birke und Lärche wurden in feuergestörten Beständen der hellen Taiga des Forschungsgebietes Altansumber (Gebirgswaldsteppenzone, Nordhänge) untersucht. Im Forschungsgebiet Bugant (Taigazone, Süd- und Osthänge) wurde der Einfluss von Klimafaktoren auf den Zuwachs der Birke untersucht und mit den Ergebnissen von Altansumber verglichen. Unterschiede in Bezug auf Brandschäden zwischen Birke und Kiefer (Pinus sylvestris L.) wurden separat in einer kleinen Fallstudie erfasst. In allen untersuchten Beständen beider Forschungsgebiete wurden Anzeichen von Waldbränden gefunden, und die meisten Bestände zeigten auch Spuren von ehemaliger, kleinräumiger Holznutzung. Mittels dendrochronologischer Methoden wurden die Klima-Wachstums-Beziehungen untersucht und Weiserjahranalysen durchgeführt. Im Forschungsgebiet Altansumber wurde die nicht-räumliche und räumliche Waldstruktur sowohl vor, als auch direkt nach der Durchforstung und drei Jahre später analysiert. Die Analysen wurden in Form von Eingriffsanalysen unter Verwendung von L-funktionen und Paarkorrelationsfunktionen durchgeführt. Die Auswirkung von Konkurrenzverringerung auf den Zuwachs der verbleibenden Bäume wurde mittels linear gemischter Modelle beschrieben und analysiert. Die Verjüngungsschicht wurde auf allen Flächen in Altansumber 2012 und in Bugant 2011 aufgenommen und auf einigen Flächen in Bugant 2013 wiederaufgenommen. Für beide Arten, Lärche und Birke, war Niederschlag während der Zeit des Spätsommers und Frühherbstes des Vorjahres und direkt vor der Vegetationsperiode des laufenden Jahres, ein entscheidender Klimafaktor und bestimmend für das Baumwachstum. Die Weiserjahranalyse zeigte eine weitgehend gute Übereinstimmung zwischen beiden Arten. Ausreichend Niederschlag vor dem Beginn der Vegetationsperiode war für das Wachstum junger Birken wichtiger als für ältere. Die Beziehung zwischen Niederschlag und Zuwachs der Birke war in der trockeneren und hochkontinentalen Gebirgswaldsteppenzone (Altansumber), im Vergleich zu der feuchteren Taigazone (Bugant), ausgeprägter. Anzeichen für Insektenschäden konnten nur in Bugant (Taigazone) gefunden werden. Alle Birkenchronologien zeigten eine hohe Empfindlichkeit gegenüber höheren Temperaturen, typischerweise im Frühjahr, sowie eine Beziehung zwischen dem zeitlichen Auftreten der negativen Temperatur-Wachstums-Beziehung und Hangexposition. Auf den Nordhängen in Altansumber trat eine signifikante negative Korrelation zwischen Temperatur und Zuwachs der Birke im Mai auf. Auf den Südhängen in Bugant trat diese negative Korrelation zeitlich früher, im April, auf. Diese signifikant negative Temperatur-Wachstums-Beziehung konnte für die Lärchen-Chronologie in Altansumber nicht bestätigt werden. In beiden Forschungsgebieten war die durchschnittliche jährliche Zuwachsleistung der Nadelbäume höher als die der Birke. Die beobachtete Differenz, bezüglich der Zuwachsleistung und der Empfindlichkeit gegenüber der Frühjahrstemperatur, könnte zu einem gewissen Grad mit unterschiedlichen Schutzmechanismen von Birken- und Nadelbäumen, gegenüber den sehr häufig auftretenden niedrig intensiven Bodenfeuer zusammenhängen, welche im Frühjahr ihre Hauptsaison haben und teilweise durch Klimafaktoren gesteuert werden. Die Anzahl von sichtbar feuergeschädigten Bäumen war in Bugant für die dünnborkigen Birken bis über achtmal so hoch wie die für die dickborkigen Kiefern aus dem gleichen Bestand. In aus Birken und Nadelbäumen gemischten Beständen hat ein niedrig intensives Bodenfeuerregime einen negativeren und länger anhaltenden Einfluss auf das Wachstum der Birke als auf das Wachstum von dickborkigen Nadelbäumen. Auf der anderen Seite fördern intensive Brände oder intensiver Einschlag oder Kahlschlag die Dominanz von Birkensukzession aufgrund ihrer Fähigkeit zum Stockausschlag. Charakteristika der Waldstruktur und Störungsreaktion wurden ausschließlich im Forschungsgebiet Altansumber untersucht und konnten mit Sukzessionsprozessen, Waldbränden und ungeregeltem Holzeinschlag in Verbindung gebracht werden. Eine signifikant unregelmäßige ("geklumpte") Baumverteilung konnte für alle Lärchen- und die meisten Birkenbestände in Altansumber vor der Durchforstung bestätigt werden. Aufgrund von Stockausschlag traten junge Birken häufig in sehr engen, kleinen Trupps auf. Lärchen hingegen tauchten in lockereren Clustern verteilt über größere Distanzen auf. Da Birken geringere Lebensspannen aufweisen und intensiver untereinander konkurrieren, könnten sie in reinen Beständen eine zufällige räumliche Verteilung früher als die Lärche erreichen. Konkurrenz spielte eine signifikante Rolle in den untersuchten hellen Taigabeständen. Im Forschungsgebiet Altansumber wurde die Beziehung zwischen Konkurrenz und Zuwachs vor, direkt nach und drei Jahre nach der Durchforstung ausgewertet. Die Eingriffe wurden in verschiedenen Durchforstungsstärken durchgeführt (5,4% - 52,4% G). Hauptkriterien für die Auswahl von zu entfernenden Bäumen waren relativ niedrigerer Gesundheitszustand und Wachstumspotenzial, angedeutet durch Stammschäden, Kronenentwicklung und Stammform sowie Abstand zwischen den einzelnen Bäumen. Diese Auswahl führte weitgehend zu Niederdurchforstungen. Wie erwartet förderte Durchforstung eine regelmäßige Baumverteilung. Allerdings führte das Einwachsen von neuen Stämmen die Waldstruktur zurück in Richtung geklumpter Baumverteilung. Der Zuwachs wurde signifikant durch die, von der Durchforstung ausgelösten, Konkurrenzverringerung gesteuert und die Zuwachsreaktion war in absoluter und relativer Betrachtung gültig. Die relative Zuwachssteigerung gegenüber der Periode vor der Durchforstung war für die Birke etwas höher als für die Lärche, trotz der relativ hohen durchschnittlichen Bestandesalter zum Zeitpunkt der Durchforstung im Jahr 2009, insbesondere für die Birken. Die Daten wurden aus Jahrringanalysen abgeleitet (mittleres Alter der Lärchenbestände: ca. 22 und 61 Jahre; Birkenbestände: ca. 44 und 68 Jahre). Basierend auf den regionalen Daten aus der aktuellen nationalen Waldinventur (MPNFI) als Referenzwert, ist die Anzahl in der Verjüngungsschicht in Altansumber in allen Beständen nach der Durchforstung relativ niedrig, wohingegen die Anzahl in der Verjüngungsschicht in Bugant überdurchschnittlich ist. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass eine mehr methodisch fundierte Waldbewirtschaftungsstrategie möglich ist. Jedoch müssen die örtlichen waldbaulichen Maßnahmen den multifunktionalen regionalen Waldbewirtschaftungszielen dienen. Die Kapazität der Wälder weiterhin Ökosystemleistungen, wie Wasser- und Bodenschutz, kontinuierliche Vegetationsabdeckung und Biodiversität zur Verfügung zu stellen, und zur Minderung von negativen Effekten durch den Klimawandel beizutragen, muss gesichert werden. Dies ist angesichts des anhaltenden Klimawandels, der zunehmenden Häufigkeit von Störungen und der Entwicklung gesellschaftlicher Bedürfnisse besonders schwierig. Das wichtigste waldbauliche Ziel sollte die Verbesserung der Stabilität und Resilienz der Waldökosysteme gegenüber unterschiedlichen Störungen sein und dabei simultan die Nutzung einiger Bestände ermöglichen. Zwei Nutzungsmodelle könnten möglich sein: Industrieholzproduktion (hauptsächlich Lärche und Kiefer) oder Energieholzproduktion (hauptsächlich Birke). Dichte helle Taigabestände, die als Wirtschaftswälder ausgewiesen sind, könnten in den ersten 50-60 Jahren ein bis zwei Mal, entsprechend den oben genannten Kriterien, durchforstet oder selektiv eingeschlagen werden. Zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt könnten diese Bestände dann in Femelschlagsysteme zur Förderung der Verjüngung und zur endgültigen Nutzung überführt werden. Unterpflanzen von Jungwuchs sollte nur in Betracht gezogen werden, wenn die gewünschte Verjüngung nicht ausreicht oder wenn der Bestand in eine andere Baumartenzusammensetzung überführt werden soll. Ein Teil der Sukzessionsbirkenbestände in der Nähe von Siedlungen könnte als Niederwälder zur Energieholzgewinnung bewirtschaftet werden. Waldbaurichtlinien müssen erarbeitet werden und die unterschiedlichen speziellen ökologischen und klimatischen Bedingungen verschiedener Bestandesalter, die waldbaulichen Ziele und realistische Bewirtschaftungsoptionen berücksichtigen. Kontrollmechanismen müssen von der nationalen und regionalen Forstverwaltung verstärkt werden. Es wird empfohlen, auch die ökonomische Effizienz von waldbaulichen Operationen, z. B. verschiedene Erntesysteme zu analysieren. Die Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen des Projektes stammen aus einem relativ kurzen Beobachtungszeitraum. Die Langzeitwirkungen von verschiedenen selektiven Einschlagsintensitäten müssen untersucht werden, insbesondere in Bezug auf Bestandesstabilität, Boden und sporadischen Permafrost. ; The northern Mongolian mountain forest steppe, the transition zone between taiga and open steppe, is rich in plant and animal life. It is the most productive region in the country in terms of agriculture and, as a result, exhibits settlement density above average for Mongolia. Light taiga stands, dominated by larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), are the backbone of Mongolian production forests and become increasingly opened to the growing demand for timber and firewood. The boreal forests of the Mongolian mountain forest steppe and taiga zones have experienced a visible decline in forest area and quality, especially since the end of the last century. The main drivers of this vegetation shift are changes in land use, fire frequency, pest occurrence and climate change. Species composition, growth and stand structure are strongly affected by the different natural and anthropogenic disturbance regimes and climate factors. Understanding the impact of climate factors on these disturbances and the ecological impact of disturbances on forest stands and their response in terms of structure, growth and regeneration is essential for the development of ecologically and regionally adapted forest management programs. Increasingly intensive large-scale disturbances, especially logging and forest fires, have boosted the presence of succession forests, often dominated by birch (Betula platyphylla Sukaczev). Despite ongoing initiatives for the establishment of alternative forest management approaches in Mongolia, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the influence of the main impact factors and disturbances on forest structure and forest growth, as well as a lack of capacity. One of the provinces with traditionally intense land use is the Selenge Aimag located to the north of Ulaanbaatar. Reference plots and experimental thinning trials were established in 2009 by the Mongolian University of Life Sciences in Darkhan and the forest user group Altansumber. The majority of the plots exhibit a size of 2500 m² each. This initiative was supported by the UNFAO-Project "Capacity Building and Institutional Development for Participatory Natural Resources Management and Conservation in Forest Areas of Mongolia" (GCP/MON/002/NET), which was financed by the government of the Netherlands. The research area Altansumber is situated west of Darkhan and is a prime example of the Mongolian mountain forest steppe zone. The research area Bugant is situated east of Darkhan in the western Khentii Mountains and is part of the densely forested taiga zone. The effects of climate factors and selective cutting on forest structure and growth of birch and larch were studied in the fire disturbed light taiga stands of the research area Altansumber (mountain forest steppe zone, north-facing slopes). In the research area Bugant (taiga zone, south- and east-facing slopes), the impact of climate factors on the growth of birch was studied and compared with the results from Altansumber. Differences concerning fire damage between birch and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were assessed separately in a small case study. Signs of fire were found in all researched stands in both research areas, and most stands also showed traces of previous small-scale logging activities. Using dendrochronological methods, the climate-growth relationships were examined and pointer year analyses conducted. In the research area Altansumber non-spatial and spatial forest structure was analysed before, directly after the thinning and three years later. The analyses were conducted in form of harvest event analyses and using L-functions and pair correlation functions. The effect of competition relief on the growth of the remaining trees was modelled with linear mixed-effects models. Regeneration was assessed in all plots in Altansumber in 2012 and in Bugant in 2011 and re-assessed in some plots in Bugant in 2013. For both, larch and birch, precipitation during the late summer and early autumn of the previous year and directly before the growing season of the current year was a decisive climatic factor determining tree growth. Pointer year analysis showed good agreement between the two species. Sufficient precipitation prior to the start of the growing season was more relevant for the growth of younger birch trees than for older ones. The relationship between precipitation and the growth of birch was more pronounced in the drier and highly continental mountain forest steppe zone (Altansumber) than in the more humid taiga zone (Bugant). Indication of insect damage was found only in Bugant (taiga zone). All birch chronologies showed a strong sensitivity to higher temperatures, typically during spring, and a relationship between the timing of the negative temperature-growth relation and slope exposition. On the north-facing slopes in Altansumber, the significant negative correlation between temperature and growth of birch occurred in May. On the south-facing slopes in Bugant, this negative correlation occurred earlier, in April. This negative temperature-growth relation was not confirmed for the larch chronology in Altansumber. In both research areas, the average annual growth performance was higher for conifers than for birch. The observed difference concerning growth performance and sensitivity to spring temperature may be to some extend related to the different protection capacities of birch and conifers against the very common low-intensity surface fires, which peak during spring and are partly driven by the climate factors. The number of obviously fire damaged trees in Bugant was up to over eight times higher for the thin-barked birches than for the thick-barked pine trees. In conifer-birch mixed stands, a low intensity surface fire regime has a more negative and longer-lasting influence on the growth of birch than on the growth of thick-barked conifers. However, intensive stand-replacing fires and repeated intensive cutting or clear cutting favour the dominance of birch succession due to their re-sprouting capacity. Forest structure characteristics and disturbance response were studied exclusively in Altansumber and could be linked to succession processes, fire and unregulated logging. A significantly irregular ("clumped") tree distribution was confirmed for all larch stands and the majority of the birch stands in Altansumber before the thinning. Due to coppicing, young birch often occurred in very small, tight clusters. Larch, in contrast, occurred in looser clusters spread over greater distances. Because birches have shorter life spans and compete more intensely with one another, they may have the capacity to develop in pure stands a random spatial distribution sooner than larch. Competition played a significant role in the light taiga stands monitored in this study. In Altansumber, the relationship between competition and growth was evaluated before, directly after and three years after the thinning. The thinnings were carried out with different thinning intensities (removal: 5.4% - 52.4% G). The main criteria for selecting trees for removal were relatively lower health status and growth capacity, as indicated by damages at the stem and crown development, by stem shape, as well as spacing between trees. This selection largely lead to thinnings from below. As expected, thinning promoted regular tree distribution. However, the ingrowth of new stems redirected stand structure towards clumped tree distribution. Growth was significantly triggered by the thinning-induced competition relief, and growth response was valid in absolute and relative terms. Compared to the period before the thinning, relative growth increase was slightly higher for birch than for larch despite the relatively late average stand age at the time of thinning in 2009, especially for the birch trees. Data were derived from tree-ring analyses (average age of the larch stands: ca. 22 and 61 years; birch stands: ca. 44 and 68 years). Based on the regional data of the recent national forest inventory (MPNFI) as reference values, regeneration in Altansumber was relatively low in all stands after thinning, whereas regeneration in Bugant was over average. Overall, the results indicate that a more methodical forest management strategy is feasible. Local silvicultural actions, however, need to serve multifunctional regional forest management objectives. The capacity of the forests to provide ecosystem services such as water and soil protection, continuous vegetation cover, and biodiversity and to contribute to the mitigation of negative effects of climate change has to be ensured. This is particularly challenging in the face of ongoing climate change, increasing disturbance frequency and the development of societal needs. The main silvicultural objectives should be to improve the stability and resilience of forest ecosystems against different disturbances while simultaneously enabling the utilization of some stands. Two utilization models may be possible: timber production (predominantly larch and pine) or energy wood production (predominantly birch). Dense light taiga stands designated as production forests could be thinned or selectively cut one to two times in the first 50-60 years of growth according to the criteria mentioned above. At a later stage, these stands could be transformed to shelterwood cutting systems for promotion of regeneration and for final utilization. Underplanting of regeneration should only be considered if the desired regeneration is not sufficient or if the stand shall be transformed to another tree species composition. Some of the succession birch stands close to settlements could be managed as coppice forests for energy wood production. Forest management guidelines need to be elaborated and take into account the special ecological and climatic conditions, different stand conditions, silvicultural objectives and realistic management options. Control mechanisms need to be reinforced by the national forest administration. It is recommended to analyze also the economic efficiency of silvicultural operations, e.g. different harvest systems. The results and conclusions of the project are derived from a relatively short study period. Long term effects of different selective cutting intensities need to be studied, especially with regard to stand stability, soil and sporadic permafrost.