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The traditional ethnobotanic and pharmacologic use of Spondias mombin L. samples includes a wide range of applications. In the present study, new antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of two types of extracts from Spondias mombin L. leaves have been demonstrated by using a number of in vitro assays in both endothelial and human cancer and non cancer cells. ; This work was supported by grants PID2019-105010RB-I00 (Spanish Ministry of Science) , Innovation and Universities is the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, UMA18-FEDERJA-220 (Andalusian Government and FEDER) and funds from group BIO 267 (Andalusian Government), as well as funds from "Plan Propio de Investigación y Transferencia" (U. Málaga). The "CIBER de Enfermedades Raras" and CIBERCV are an initiative from the ISCIII (Spain). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. ; Yes

These guidelines explain the ASEAN+3 Multi-Currency Bond Issuance Framework (AMBIF) and relate AMBIF Elements to the corresponding features of the professional Philippines bond market. The guidelines highlight market characteristics that are significant for issuers and investors and review the regulatory processes required for issuing different types of debt securities. The guidelines are an output of the ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum and were developed to enable bond issuers and their service providers to pursue further issuances under AMBIF with greater ease and certainty.

This report from the Cross-Border Settlement Infrastructure Forum (CSIF) provides an update on progress toward the establishment of a regional settlement intermediary (RSI) to support investment and more integrated bond markets among ASEAN+3 economies. The proposed RSI is to be based on bilateral links between national central securities depositories and central banks' real-time gross settlement systems. This model can realize cross-border delivery versus payment settlement to enable safe and efficient cross-border financial transactions. The report also highlights emerging trends and challenges in cross-border financial transactions and sets out next steps in establishing an RSI.

This publication reviews recent developments in East Asian local currency bond markets along with the outlook, risks, and policy options. It covers the 10 members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the People's Republic of China; Hong Kong, China; and the Republic of Korea.

To combat the economic crisis in Europe that will inevitably follow the current COVID-19 crisis, Italy, France and others demand collective Eurozone debt. A non-starter for some of their neighbours – and rightly so.

This publication reviews recent developments in East Asian local currency bond markets along with the outlook, risks, and policy options. It covers the 10 members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the People's Republic of China; Hong Kong, China; and the Republic of Korea.

Since 2010, Asia and the Pacific region has seen unrivaled economic growth. The growth of real gross domestic product per capita was more than double the world average in 2017, with many countries in the region simultaneously experiencing narrowing income inequality gap. This remarkable progress may have paved the way to reduced poverty and inequality, but it has come at significant environmental costs, undermining prospects for a sustainable future and sustained social development within and beyond the region. Climate change, ocean pollution, and disasters from natural hazards have also placed a heavy burden, especially on the poor and vulnerable. Further, these challenges are magnified by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic that has become a global emergency in 2020, requiring forceful action at the national, regional, and international levels. Although it remains uncertain when the COVID-19 pandemic will end, economic and social impacts on the region will be significant.

COVID-19 has revealed vulnerabilities in many different sectors and amplified the risk of cyber security attacks. As humanity turns to digital platforms and connectivity, the cyber domain becomes increasingly critical but challenging. Who takes responsibility for providing leadership in cyber security?

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) launched its first theme bond (water) for sustainable development in 2010 in response to a growing demand among its investor base to highlight certain key initiatives. Since launching the water bond, ADB has expanded its theme bond offerings to include health and gender bonds. Water bonds support projects under the Water Financing Program and highlight ADB's efforts to address water sanitation needs in Asia and the Pacific. Health bonds are used to finance ADB projects tackling health challenges in the region. Gender bonds finance projects that promote gender equality and the empowerment of women. The projects funded by theme bonds are aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on gender equality, clean water and sanitation, and good health. "The healthy demand for our theme bonds shows a clear desire among investors to see funds committed to projects that will help ensure sustainable growth in the region," said ADB Treasurer Pierre Van Peteghem. "Through the issuance of these bonds, ADB is demonstrating that we can integrate clean water, gender equality, and health considerations into our funding operations. Incorporating these concerns into ADB's work is essential in our mission to promote sustainable and inclusive growth in Asia and the Pacific," he added.

Food price volatility has drawn much attention from the international community in the beginning of the 21st century, in the aftermath of the 2008 and 2010 food riots. One strand of the literature aimed at identifying the economic origins of the increased variability of prices (supply shocks, underinvestment in the agricultural sector, financial speculation and increased demand from the emerging markets), while several articles were trying to assess whether there had actually been a change in the volatility regime in the first place. Yet another strand of the literature focused on the consequences of food price shocks and volatility. This paper provides a comprehensive review of this extensive literature on the impacts of food price shocks and food commodity volatility. The consequences are assessed both in micro- and macroeconomic terms, from the consumer's and producer's sides, as well as from the theoretical and empirical points of view. If the vast majority of studies points to a detrimental impact of food price shocks on the livelihood of many in the developing world, and on potentially dire consequences on production, growth and political stability, this literature review reveals, above all, the lack of proper investigation about the consequences of food price volatility in itself. The hype around the excessive volatility of the food markets did not translate into an academic focus on the consequences of this price instability.

Food price volatility has drawn much attention from the international community in the beginning of the 21st century, in the aftermath of the 2008 and 2010 food riots. One strand of the literature aimed at identifying the economic origins of the increased variability of prices (supply shocks, underinvestment in the agricultural sector, financial speculation and increased demand from the emerging markets), while several articles were trying to assess whether there had actually been a change in the volatility regime in the first place. Yet another strand of the literature focused on the consequences of food price shocks and volatility. This paper provides a comprehensive review of this extensive literature on the impacts of food price shocks and food commodity volatility. The consequences are assessed both in micro- and macroeconomic terms, from the consumer's and producer's sides, as well as from the theoretical and empirical points of view. If the vast majority of studies points to a detrimental impact of food price shocks on the livelihood of many in the developing world, and on potentially dire consequences on production, growth and political stability, this literature review reveals, above all, the lack of proper investigation about the consequences of food price volatility in itself. The hype around the excessive volatility of the food markets did not translate into an academic focus on the consequences of this price instability.

Since the fund was established, 30 projects amounting to $12.5 million have been approved for funding. See Appendix 2 for list of projects funded under FSDPSF. The projects are concentrated in the following subsectors: finance sector development, SME finance and leasing, infrastructure finance and investment funds, and inclusive finance.

Food price volatility has drawn much attention from the international community in the beginning of the 21st century, in the aftermath of the 2008 and 2010 food riots. One strand of the literature aimed at identifying the economic origins of the increased variability of prices (supply shocks, underinvestment in the agricultural sector, financial speculation and increased demand from the emerging markets), while several articles were trying to assess whether there had actually been a change in the volatility regime in the first place. Yet another strand of the literature focused on the consequences of food price shocks and volatility. This paper provides a comprehensive review of this extensive literature on the impacts of food price shocks and food commodity volatility. The consequences are assessed both in micro- and macroeconomic terms, from the consumer's and producer's sides, as well as from the theoretical and empirical points of view. If the vast majority of studies points to a detrimental impact of food price shocks on the livelihood of many in the developing world, and on potentially dire consequences on production, growth and political stability, this literature review reveals, above all, the lack of proper investigation about the consequences of food price volatility in itself. The hype around the excessive volatility of the food markets did not translate into an academic focus on the consequences of this price instability.

Food price volatility has drawn much attention from the international community in the beginning of the 21st century, in the aftermath of the 2008 and 2010 food riots. One strand of the literature aimed at identifying the economic origins of the increased variability of prices (supply shocks, underinvestment in the agricultural sector, financial speculation and increased demand from the emerging markets), while several articles were trying to assess whether there had actually been a change in the volatility regime in the first place. Yet another strand of the literature focused on the consequences of food price shocks and volatility. This paper provides a comprehensive review of this extensive literature on the impacts of food price shocks and food commodity volatility. The consequences are assessed both in micro- and macroeconomic terms, from the consumer's and producer's sides, as well as from the theoretical and empirical points of view. If the vast majority of studies points to a detrimental impact of food price shocks on the livelihood of many in the developing world, and on potentially dire consequences on production, growth and political stability, this literature review reveals, above all, the lack of proper investigation about the consequences of food price volatility in itself. The hype around the excessive volatility of the food markets did not translate into an academic focus on the consequences of this price instability.

Food price volatility has drawn much attention from the international community in the beginning of the 21st century, in the aftermath of the 2008 and 2010 food riots. One strand of the literature aimed at identifying the economic origins of the increased variability of prices (supply shocks, underinvestment in the agricultural sector, financial speculation and increased demand from the emerging markets), while several articles were trying to assess whether there had actually been a change in the volatility regime in the first place. Yet another strand of the literature focused on the consequences of food price shocks and volatility. This paper provides a comprehensive review of this extensive literature on the impacts of food price shocks and food commodity volatility. The consequences are assessed both in micro- and macroeconomic terms, from the consumer's and producer's sides, as well as from the theoretical and empirical points of view. If the vast majority of studies points to a detrimental impact of food price shocks on the livelihood of many in the developing world, and on potentially dire consequences on production, growth and political stability, this literature review reveals, above all, the lack of proper investigation about the consequences of food price volatility in itself. The hype around the excessive volatility of the food markets did not translate into an academic focus on the consequences of this price instability.