Suchergebnisse

Mentally retarded individuals have been studied almost exclusively as clinical entities, not as persons immersed in the stream of social life. This has led not only to a lack of appreciation for the complexity of their lives and concerns, but also to an underestimation and incomplete understanding of their intellectual and linguistic skills. By exploring aspects of the ongoing linguistic and social lives of retarded individuals in various community contexts, this volume contributes to a growing body of literature which attempts to fill in this inadequate picture. In addition, the studies in this volume offer social scientists insights into the way that stigma such as that associated with intellectual and social incompetence affects social groups and influences conversational behavior and language use.

Emoji are widely used in computer-mediated communication to express concepts and emotions. Skin tone modifiers were added in 2015 with the hope of better representing user diversity, and, indeed, recent work has shown that these modifiers are especially popular among darker-skinned users, who are a minority on Twitter. Previous work also showed that the vast majority of tone-modified emoji have a tone similar to the user's own skin tone, suggesting that self-representation is a major factor in tone use. In this article, we first show that the basic finding (users mainly choose a tone that is similar to their own skin tone) generalizes to different sub-populations of users, including users from majority-Black regions. We then extend the analysis of tone use to quantify and examine cases where users
modulate
their tones—that is, for a particular emoji, they choose either to use a different tone than their usual one or no tone at all (after having previously used one). We show that even though these uses constitute only a small proportion of emoji usage, many instances are readily classifiable as ways of representing
other
people. The evidence we present is therefore crucial in working toward a broader understanding of the connection between emoji and identity expression online. We also offer explanations for why the darkest emoji skin tones are not used, by examining aspects of their design, which make them less suited to self-representational usage. This highlights the need for careful consideration of both design and human diversity when creating emoji. Moreover, despite early fears in the media, we find little evidence of negative usage, even when tones are used in a non-self-representational manner. In sum, our findings lend even more support to the highly positive role that emoji and skin tone modifiers play in identity and expression in computer-mediated communication.

Should business and finance play larger roles in resolving the great social and environmental challenges of our time? Proponents of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing say yes. They argue that ESG financial strategies can help reverse runaway carbon emissions and fix income and gender inequalities, among other ills. ESG-integrated investments already encompass more than $120 trillion in financial assets. Are they working as promised? If not, how can they be improved?In Sustainable, a finance-industry veteran offers an insider's look at the promises, prospects, and perils of ESG investing. Terrence Keeley argues that many ESG advocates have been overly optimistic about what it can accomplish. Divestment threats are ineffective tools for altering corporate behavior, and verifiably "good" companies do not systematically generate great returns. Most importantly, business and finance cannot cure social ills on their own: regulators, public policies, civil society, and individuals must all play specific, complementary roles to shape the future we want. Keeley provides comprehensive solutions that would promote more inclusive, sustainable growth. In particular, he recommends reallocating capital from some indexed products toward an emerging class of strategies with more verifiable social and environmental benefits. Keeley identifies dozens of alternative "impact investing" strategies that could generate true double bottom lines. He also highlights promising civic organizations with proven methodologies for achieving widely shared benefits at scale.Proposing practical, actionable, and in many cases profitable solutions to social and environmental problems, Sustainable offers an incisive vision of the roles business and finance can and should play in building a flourishing society

Selected topics and policy issues on immigrants and immigration into the US; gays and lesbians, gangs, religion, and tattoos, Romanian Gypsies, terrorism and counterterrorism, social justice, cultural identity and Burmese American Buddhists, and women and Pentecostal experience; 7 articles. Contents: Gays and lesbians in the U.S. immigration process, by Lorrie Rank; Migrant gangs, religion and tattoo removal, by Luis Enrique Bazan, Liliana Harris, and Lois Ann Lorentzen; Romanian Gypsies, by Valeriu Nicolae; Immigrants, terrorism and counter-terrorism, by Henry F. Carey; Immigration and social justice, by David Ingram; Cultural identity and Burmese American Buddhists, by Joseph Cheah; Women, migration, and the Pentecostal experience, by Rosalina Mira and Lois Ann Lorentzen.

The article examines aspects of Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmediinejad's centralization of power of the media, focusing particularly on the effects re the Internet and blogs. The author provides some background on social media in Iran, and discusses the dynamic in relation to the June 2009 election, the candidate's and the public's reactions, and the outcry from the murder of Neda Agha Soltan. Then the article discusses how social media became increasingly important to the Green movement, especially after communication via Internet and SMS was cut in Iran in December. The author concludes with discussion on Majid Tavakoli, the support received, and how social media assists the human rights and resistance movements in Iran, and ever growing global collaboration. Photos. M. Diem

The book collects the most contemporary issues related to the process of ageing of societies in Central and Eastern Europe. The multiplicity of topics presented with the variety of theoretical and methodological approaches means that although it is a publication by many authors, it is a consistent monographic study, showing the development of sociology of ageing as a scientific discipline in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The aim of the book is to call the attention of the reader and emphasize that the challenges of population ageing in this part of Europe are important aspects of sociology is particularly valuable. These challenges require not only recognition and resolution through application of appropriate research approaches, but also education of various actors (including policy makers) for being prepared for both diagnosing the phenomena and taking action in practice

This thesis is an analysis of Thailand's foreign policy under Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva (2008-2011). It examines Thai foreign policy towards Cambodia, Malaysia, and Myanmar in the context of political transition in Thailand. It seeks to answer the following research questions: Were there any aspects of the Abhisit administration's foreign policy that differed significantly from that of his predecessors? What were the major factors, both domestic and external, that impacted on Abhisit's foreign policy decision-making? In answering these two questions, this thesis uses neoclassical realism as a theoretical framework to analyse Abhisit's foreign policy. This thesis comprises three case studies: the conflict between Thailand and Cambodia over the Preah Vihear temple, Abhisit's Malaysia policy in relation to the separatist insurgency in southern Thailand, and Abhisit's policy towards democratisation in Myanmar. Through the analysis of the three case studies, this thesis concludes that throughout the Abhisit administration, despite rhetorical differences, continuity was the hallmark of Thailand's relationships with neighbouring countries. Furthermore, this thesis argues that Abhisit's foreign policy was largely influenced by domestic political considerations, rather than external factors. In other words, although external or international pressures were significant, they were not the primary determinants of Abhisit's foreign policy. Specifically, a prolonged confrontation between the pro- and anti-Thaksin forces, the persistence of the Thai military's influence on politics, the continued separatist violence in southern Thailand, and Thai economic interests in Cambodia, Malaysia, and Myanmar were the major factors influencing Abhisit's foreign policy decision-making. In terms of external factors, the competing nationalisms in the region, the political circumstances in Cambodia, Malaysia, and Myanmar, and the inherent weakness of ASEAN cohesion were the primary factors influencing relations between Thailand and its neighbouring countries.

The article deals with topical issues that arise when considering the structure of subjective law as a whole and, in particular, subjective right to creativity. At the moment, the role of creative processes in society is very great and a person who shows his creative abilities and makes them public, on the one hand, makes a significant contribution to the development of society, on the other hand, he has the right from the law to protect such "manifestations". An integral part and basis of the subjective right to creativity is precisely the subjective right. The article reveals the content of the concept of "subjective right", which makes it possible to understand the essence of the concept of "subjective right to creativity". Studying and comparing the structure of both concepts makes it possible to reveal and understand in as much detail as possible the features and subtleties of the category of "subjective right to creativity", important aspects that help a person to exercise their rights. The article also focuses on the need to draw attention to economic, social and cultural human rights, and also compares the right to education and the right to freedom of cultural, scientific and creative activity. It is known that such a category of subjective rights as the right to freedom of creative activity for a long time did not have adequate attention from the legislation. This has resulted in a minimal amount of legislation governing such a right. Therefore, the article highlights the main aspects and characteristics inherent in "subjective law" and concretizes the main "possibilities" of the "subjective right to creativi". The growing relevance of this topic forces legal scholars to study this issue in more detail. It is important to highlight the features of this category of subjective rights. It is impossible to do without the opinion of experts on the specifics of the definition and structure of the concept of "subjective law", because it is the "founder" and basis of all other types of human and civil rights. Creativity occupies an important intellectual sphere in the entire system of human needs, therefore we must improve the system of law that regulates and consolidates the legal possibilities of a creative person: the ability to their rights, exercise them and protect them, if necessary. ; У статті розглянуті актуальні питання, що виникають під час розгляду структури суб'єктивного права взагалі та, зокрема, суб'єктивного права на творчість. Нині дуже вагома роль творчих процесів у суспільстві, і людина, що проявляє своє творчі здібності та оприлюднює їх, з одного боку, робить чималий внесок у розвиток суспільства, з іншого - має право з боку закону на захист таких «проявів» творчості. Важливість розгляду питання існує не перший рік, адже із прийняття Конституції України наша держава відкрила більш широкі можливості у тлумаченні та розширенні деяких суб'єктивних прав. Право на творчість, закріплене в деяких міжнародних актах, має отримати більш конкретні механізми для відображення та поширення в національному законодавстві. Завдяки науковцям така ціль може бути легко виконана і прийнята до уваги законодавцями. Складовою частиною та основою суб'єктивного права на творчість є саме суб'єктивне право. У статті розкритий зміст поняття суб'єктивного права, що дає змогу зрозуміти сутність поняття «суб'єктивного права на творчість». Вивчення та порівняння структури обох понять дає змогу якнайдетальніше розкрити та зрозуміти особливості та тонкощі категорії «суб'єктивне право на творчість», важливі аспекти, що допомагають реалізації людиною суб'єктивного права на творчість. У статті акцент робиться також на важливості надання уваги до економічних, соціальних та культурних прав людини та порівняння складу права на освіту із правом на свободу культурної, наукової та творчої діяльності. Відомо, що така категорія суб'єктивних прав, як право на свободу творчої діяльності, довгий час не мало відповідної уваги з боку законодавства. Це і привело до зовсім маленької кількості законодавчих актів, що регулюють таке право. Тому у статті висвітлені основні аспекти та характеристики, притаманні «суб'єктивному праву» та конкретизовані основні «можливості» «суб'єктивного права на творчість». Наростаюча актуальність цієї теми змушує правознавців вивчати це питання детальніше. Важливо виділити особливості цієї категорії суб'єктивних прав. Не можна обійтися без думки фахівців із приводу особливостей визначення та структури поняття «суб'єктивного права», адже воно є «основоположником» та базисом усіх видів прав людини і громадянина. Творчість займає важливу інтелектуальну сферу у всій системі людських потреб, тому ми маємо вдосконалити систему права, що регулює та закріплює юридичні можливості творчої людини: можливість реалізувати свої права, здійснити їх та захистити, якщо це буде необхідно.

A Long Way to Go: Irregular Migration Patterns, Processes, Drivers and Decision-making presents the findings of a unique migration research program harnessing work of some of the leading international and Australian migration researchers on the challenging and complex topic of irregular maritime migration. The book brings together selected findings of the research program, and in doing so it contributes to the ongoing academic and policy discourses by providing findings from rigorous quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods research to support a better understanding of the dynamics of irregular migration and their potential policy implications. Stemming from the 2012 Expert Panel on Asylum Seekers report, the Irregular Migration Research Program commissioned 26 international research projects involving 17 academic principal researchers, along with private sector specialist researchers, international organisations and policy think tanks. The centrepiece of the research program was a multi-year collaborative partnership between the Department of Immigration and Border Protection and The Australian National University's Crawford School of Public Policy. Under this partnership, empirical research on international irregular migration was commissioned from migration researchers in Australia, Indonesia, Iran, the Netherlands, Sri Lanka and Switzerland