Suchergebnisse

Chapter 1: Lianqi Development Co., Ltd. v. Shanghai Baoye Group Corp., Ltd., Sakai SIO International(Guangzhou)Co., Ltd. et al. (Appeal against Jurisdictional Objection in Dispute over Infringement of Patent for Invention): The Principle of "Two Conveniences" and the Mechanism of Leapfrog Appeal shall be Fully Considered when Confirming the Jurisdiction of Non-infringement and Infringement of Patent -- Chapter 2: Shanxi Coal International Energy Group Jincheng Co., Ltd. v. China CITIC Bank Co., Ltd. Xi'an Branch, Shaanxi Petroleum & Chemical Corporation Co., Ltd. (Dispute over Contract): In a Confirming Warehouse Transaction Without Real Trade Background, the Real Legal Relationship Among the Buyer, Seller, and the Bank Shall be Found to be the Relationship of Loan and Guaranty Contract -- Chapter 3: Xinjiang Longmei Energy Co. Ltd. v. Zheng X (Dispute over Equity Transfer Contract): Changed Circumstances Shall not Be Claimed to Rescind the Contract Concluded When a Party Clearly Knowing the Risk -- Chapter 4: Ping An Bank Co., Ltd. Beijing Branch, and Beijing Gold Exchange Co., Ltd. et al v. Hainan Jinfenghuang Hotspring Resort Co., Ltd., Beijing Xinyupeng Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Co., Ltd. et al (Dispute over Loan Contract): The Effect of Issuing a Blank Guaranty Contract Stamped with the Official Seal, and the Issue That a Guaranty Provider May Be Exempted Within the Scope of the Pledge Waived by Its Pledgee -- Chapter 5: China Nonferrous Metal Industry's Construction Co., Ltd. v. Hengfeng Bank Co., Ltd. Ningbo Branch and defendants in the first instance, Ningbo Zhong Ren Hong Electronics Co., Ltd. and Ningbo Gang Di Trade Co., Ltd. et al. (Disputes over the Issuing of Letter of Credit and the Right of Recourse) : Instruments Debtors Shall not Protest Against the Pledgee on the Ground of Protesting Against the Pledgor -- Chapter 6: Xinjiang Hua Cheng An Ju Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. v. China Railway Construction Bridge Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd. (Dispute over Contract for the Undertaking of Construction Projects): on Application of Good Faith Principle in Finding the Validity of Contract -- Chapter 7: LC Securities Co., Ltd. and Eastern Gold Jade Co., Ltd. v. Yunnan Xinglong Industry Co., Ltd. and Zhao X et al. (Dispute over a Suretyship Contract): The Scope of Security Liability Assumed by the Security Provider Shall be Limited to the Scope of the Principal Obligation -- Chapter 8: Bank of DaLian Co., Ltd. v. Dalian Branch of China Railway Modern Logistics Technology Co., Ltd. and Jinzhou Zuoyuan Sugar Foods Co., Ltd. et al. (Dispute over a Loan Contract): Pledge in Movable Property May not be Created by Possession Reformulation -- Chapter 9: Sichuan Zhongding Construction Engineering Co., Ltd. v. Zhu X and Natural Resources Bureau of Wulan County (Dispute over Contract for the Undertaking of Construction Projects): In a De Facto Juristic Relation, the Actual Builder May Claim Project Payments Directly with the Party Offering the Contract -- Chapter 10: Fujian Tinghu Real Estate Group Co., Ltd. v. Natural Resources Bureau of Xianyou County (Dispute over a Contract for Transfer of State-owned Construction Land Use Right): In Case of Breach of Contract due to Objective Reasons, the Liquidated Damages Clause Shall be Applied Primarily to Cover the Loss -- Chapter 11: Wang X V. Bazhou Sairui Machinery & Equipment Installation Co., Cao X(A) (Dispute over Change of Registration): The Claim of the Resigned Legal Representative for the Registration of the Change of the Legal Representative of Company Shall, Absent Other Remedies, Be Accepted by the Court -- Chapter 12: Peng X V. Chengdu Rural Commercial Bank Co., Ltd. Cuqiao Subbranch, Chen X, et al. (Dispute over Suretyship agreement): Impact on the Liability of Other Guarantors Involved of Creditor's Waiver in Mixed Security of Security in Rem as Provided by Debtor -- Chapter 13: Hubei YAS Commercial Chain Co., Ltd. V. Danyang Yongsheng Motor Transport Co., Ltd. (Dispute over Tort Liability): Criteria for the Determination of Erroneous Application for Property Preservation -- Chapter 14: Jiang X, Chen X, el al. V. Lin X, Weng X(A)., et al. (Dispute over Objection to the Enforcement of Judgment): Determination on the Time When the Seizure Ruling and the Notice of Assistance in Execution Take Effect -- Chapter 15: Huang X V. Xiamen Shuangrun Investment Management Co., Fenghe (China) Co. (the third party in the first instance), Hui'an County Rural Credit Cooperative (Dispute over the Objection by an Outsider to the Enforcement): The Requirements for the Valid Objection to the Execution by the Transferee of Equity -- Chapter 16: Guilin Zhangtai Industry Group Co., Ltd., Guangxi Lichengdong Investment Co., Ltd. et al (Enforcement Reconsideration of Dispute over Recovery of Financial Distressed Debt): Identification of Interest in Cases of Enforcement against Dispute over Recovery of Financial Distressed Debt -- Chapter 17: Zhou X v. Xiamen Baixiang Shouli E-Business Co., Ltd. (Dispute over Online Shopping Contract): Determination of the Basis for the Adjustment of Agreed Punitive Liquidated Damages. - Chapter 18: Yunnan Copper Co., Ltd. v. Kunming Wanbao Jiyuan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Yunnan Zhongheng Innovation Investment Co., Ltd. etc (Dispute over Sale Contract): Identification of the Nature and Validity of Closed-loop Sale Contracts -- Chapter 19: Zhongkong Guorong New Energy Development Co., Ltd. v. Fuzhou Dade Industry Co., Ltd. (Dispute over Sale Contract): Determination and Application of Deposit-related Penalty Rules for Partial Performance of Contracts -- Chapter 20: Zhongrong Hengsheng Wood Industry Co., Ltd.(Beijing)v. Crosplus (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. and Nanjing Mengyang Furniture Sales Center (Dispute over Copyright Infringement): Elements for Copyright Protection of Works of Applied Art -- Chapter 21: JDB (China) Co., Ltd. v. Guangzhou Wanglaoji Health Industry Co., Ltd. (Dispute over False Advertising): Identification of False Advertising -- Chapter 22: Shandong Bittel Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd (Bittel) v. Jiangsu Zhongxun Digital Electronics Co., Ltd. (Dispute over Tortious Liability for Damages Arising from Malicious Prosecution in Intellectual Property Litigation): Standard for Assessing the Subjective Fault in Disputes over Damages Arising from Malicious Prosecution in Intellectual Property Litigation -- Chapter 23: Lacoste Company Limited v. Cartelo Pty Ltd. and Trademark Review and Adjudication Board of State Administration for Industry and Commerce of the People's Republic of China (Administrative Dispute over Trademark Disputes): Impact of Offshore Co-existence Agreements on Determining the Trademark Similarity -- Chapter 24: Xiamen Meetyou Co., Ltd. v. Beijing Kangzhilesi Network Technology Co., Ltd. and China National Intellectual Property Administration (Administrative Dispute over Request for Declaration of Trademark Invalidity): Whether the Trademark at Issue is the Sign "Not to be Used as Trademark" Falls within the Jurisdiction of People's Court to Review the Administrative Act or Conduct in Affirming and Authorizing the Trademark -- Chapter 25: Xiao X v. Seno LED Co., Ltd. (Dispute over Infringement of Patent for Invention): The Role of Interpretations of the Recorded Technical Effect upon the Patent Claims and Impact on the Principle of Equivalence -- Chapter 26: Medacor (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd. v. Sunshine (Tianjin) Group Co., Ltd., and Defendants in the First Instance, Wang A, Zhang A, et al. (Dispute over Infringement of Trade Secrets): How to Determine whether the Customer List Constitutes the Trade Secrets -- Chapter 27: Ningbo Beworth Textile Machinery Co., Ltd. v. Ningbo Cixing Company Limited (Dispute over License Contract for Technological Secrets): Handling of Cases involved both Criminal and Civil Proceedings related to Trade Secrets -- Chapter 28: VMI Holland B.V. and Cooper (Kunshan) Tire Co., Ltd. v. Safe-run Co., Ltd. (Dispute over Confirmation of Patent Non-infringement): Prerequisites for Confirming Patent Non-infringement -- Chapter 29: Alfa Laval Corporate A B v. China National Intellectual Property Administration and SWEP International A B (the Third Party in the First Instance) (Administrative Dispute over Invalid Patent for Invention): Determination of Modification of Patent Claims beyond Scope in Invalidity Declaration Proceedings -- Chapter 30: Shimano v. Sensah Smart Sports Equipment Co., Ltd. (Dispute over Infringement of Patent for Invention): Determination of Protection Scope of Functional Features -- Chapter 31: Shenzhen Jiedian Technology Co., Ltd. v. Shenzhen Laidian Technology Co., Ltd. and Anker Innovations Technology Co., Ltd. (Dispute over Infringement of Patent for Utility Models): Classification and Identification Standards of Technical Features in Patent Claims -- Chapter 32: Wartsila Finland Oy and Spliethoff's Bevrachtingskantoor B.V. v. Rongcheng Xixiakou Shipbuilding Co., Ltd. and Yingqin Engine (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (Tort dispute over the sale and purchase of marine equipment): Mere interest in the performance of a contract does not in principle fall within the scope of application of the law of tort liability -- Chapter 33: Shanghai Salvage Company under the Ministry of Transport v. Provence Shipowner 2008-1 Ltd, CMA CGM SA, et. al (Dispute over salvage at sea and ship pollution damage liabilities): How to distinguish the costs of preventive measures and the costs of salvage measures, determine the subject avoiding liability in ship collision and oil spill pollution incidents, and identify restricted and unrestricted maritime compensation claims -- Chapter 34: Bank of China Limited, Henan Branch v. UBAF (Hong Kong) Ltd. (Dispute over independent guarantee): How to determine independent guarantee fraud by a prima facie complying demand due to abuse of claim for payment -- Chapter 35: Evergreen Marine (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. v. .

Conté: Treball de recerca, pòster i resum executiu ; El conflicte Israelià-Palestí és un dels conflictes més llargs del món. Aquest conflicte és una prioritat estratègica per Europa, tal i com estableix l'Estratègia Europea 2003 de la UE, de la qual Europa en té molt a guanyar amb la resolució del conflicte. Molts han discutit sobre el rol que ha de jugar la Unió Europea en el conflicte, ja sigui polític o econòmic, i algunes opinions afirmen que no fa tot el que podria. La UE, la qual els seus principis i valors tendeixen a promocionar mesures per a la resolució de conflictes, no és la única organització que ha proposat iniciatives, però tots els intents per acabar amb el conflicte sobre aquests territoris de moment han fallat. Tot i que els Territoris Ocupats no són internacionalment reconeguts com a part d'Israel, la situació ha restat irresolta durant més de 40 anys. Les Directrius 2013 de la Comissió Europea prohibeixen l'emissió de beques, finançament o premis a entitats Israelianes, amb l'excepció que incloguin una clàusula exclusiva de colònies. Les institucions israelianes situades més enllà de la Línia Verda d'abans del 1967 seran automàticament inelegibles. La UE manca influència política però és el major donant financer a l'Autoritat Palestina i el soci comercial més important d'Israel. Es sol dir que la Unió Europa és un "gegant econòmic" però un "nan polític". Ha canviat això la Unió Europea a través de les Directrius 2013? Les Directrius 2013 busquen influenciar la posició econòmica de la UE. És la primera vegada que la UE ha mostrat desacord amb la política d'Israel, no només a través de declaracions polítiques sinó que també a través de polítiques econòmiques.Tot i això, la seva eficàcia roman dubtosa ja que Israel etiqueta els seus productes de manera que amaga el seu origen geogràfic, dificultant-ho per a la UE i als seus ciutadans per a que distingeixin entre Israel i els Territoris Ocupats. El problema central d'aquestes directrius és que distingeixen entre Israel i les empreses israelianes situades als Territoris Ocupats com si fossin diferents, però sovint són parts separades de la mateixa empresa. Com llavors pot saber la UE amb qui pot promocionar relacions econòmiques i amb qui no? Les Directrius 2013 poden resultar grandiloqüents. La UE cerca honorar els seus valores però no pot fer-ho de manera eficaç degut a les seves divisions internes. Les directrius posen les bases per a canvis importants però no asseguren que aquests passin. Soles són insuficients. Hi ha una falta de mesures específiques, mecanismes i finançament per a que aquestes directrius es duguin a terme siguin supervisades. ; The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of the longest ongoing confrontations in the world. Not only is it a strategic priority for Europe, as the EU 2003 Security Strategy states, but Europe has also much to gain from conflict resolution. Many have discussed the role the EU has to play, whether economic or also political, and one informed opinion is that the EU is underplaying its hand. The EU, whose principles and values tend to promote measures for conflict resolution, is not the only organisation to propose initiatives, but all attempts to end the conflict over these territories have so far failed. And even though the Occupied Territories are not recognised internationally as part of Israel, the situation has remained unresolved for over 40 years now. The European Commission 2013 Guidelines prohibit the issuing of EU grants, funding, prizes or scholarships to Israeli entities unless a settlement exclusion clause is included. Israeli institutions and bodies situated across the pre-1967 Green Line should be automatically ineligible. The EU lacks political influence but is the largest financial donor to the Palestinian Authority and biggest trade partner for Israel. It is sometimes said that the EU is an "economic giant" but a "political dwarf". Has the EU changed this through the 2013 Guidelines? The 2013 Guidelines seek to leverage the EU's economic position. It is the first time that the EU has shown its disagreement with Israeli policy not just through political statements but through economic policy. However, their effectiveness remains in doubt because Israel labels its products in a way that masks their geographical origin, making it difficult for the EU and its citizens to distinguish between Israel and the Occupied Territories. The core problem of these Guidelines is that they distinguish between Israel and Israeli companies in the Occupied Territories as if they were different, but very often they are separate parts of the same company. How then is the EU supposed to know who it can promote economic relations with? The 2013 Guidelines could be no more than grandstanding. The EU seeks to honour its core values but it cannot do so effectively due to its own internal divisions. The Guidelines lay the basis for an important turn in events but they do not ensure it will happen. Alone they are insufficient. There is a lack of specific measures, mechanisms and funding for these guidelines to be carried out and monitored

2017年11月3日至11月14日,美國總統川普(Donald J. Trump)展開為期12天的首次亞洲訪問行程,除依序訪問日本、韓國、中國大陸、越南與菲律賓五國,與各國領袖進行會談外,同時也出席在越南峴港(Da Nang)舉行的2017年亞太經濟合作(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC)經濟領袖會議、APEC企業領袖高峰會(APEC CEO Summit)以及在菲律賓舉行的東協高峰會(ASEAN Summit)與東亞峰會(East Asia Summit, EAS)等相關會議。鑒於川普總統該次出訪係其上任後首次針對亞洲的訪問,且在APEC 經濟領袖會議與東協高峰會期間亦與各國領袖政要就各項安全與經貿議題進行討論及互動,其會談議題與後續發展不僅受到亞洲國家的重視,更係國際間關注的焦點。本文在歸納研析美國川普總統「亞洲行」前之亞太情勢;美國川普總統與日、韓、中、越、菲各國領袖會談重點與後續各國雙邊關係發展及其意涵等議題後,主要發現有三:在第一、強調「美國優先」與以自利為主軸的政策係美國川普政府對外政策的主要特徵之一;惟為反制中國大陸近期的戰略擴張,川普政府已拋出「推動自由印太區域」的倡議加以因應;第二、美國川普政府在經貿上主要強調縮減對外貿易逆差、推動「公帄貿易」與重新修訂對外雙邊及區域貿易協定,使其朝「公平」、「互惠」的方向發展與;第三、「加強國際解決北韓去核化」、「推動自由印太區域」與「提升美國繁榮」係美國川普總統「亞洲行」強調的三大主軸議題,其未來發展影響亞太區域安全與經貿甚深,後續進展值得持續加以關注。 ; US President Donald J. Trump launched his first 12-day trip to Asia from November 3^(rd) to November 14^(th) in 2017. In addition to visit and hold bilateral meetings with leaders in Japan, South Korea, China, Vietnam and the Philippines, President Trump also attended the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders Summit, APEC CEO Summit, the ASEAN Summit, the East Asia Summit (EAS) and related meetings in the Philippines during his Asia's trip in 2017. President Trump's trip to Asia in 2017 was his first visit to Asia since he took office, and he also discussed and interacted with leaders from Asia-Pacific countries on various security and economic issues. Those issues which were discussed during his trip to Asia and their follow-up development not only attracted close attention from Asian countries, but also became the international focus of discussion. This article summarizes and analyzes the political and economic situation in the Asia-Pacific before President Trump's trip to Asia, the key points of bilateral meetings between President Trump and leaders of Japan, South Korea, China, Vietnam and the Philippines, the development of follow-up bilateral relations and their implication, there are three main findings as follows: Firstly, "America First" and self-interest oriented policy are two main features of the Trump Administration's foreign policy. Nevertheless, Trump Administration still launched the "free and open Indo-Pacific initiative" for countering the recent strategic expansion of China; secondly, on the trade issues, the Trump Administration mainly emphasizes to reduce US foreign trade deficit, amend bilateral and regional trade agreements which US signed with major trading partners and made US foreign trade with trading partners to the direction of being "fair" and "reciprocal"; thirdly, "to strengthen international resolve in order to address the issues of the North Korea's denuclearization," "to promote a free and open Indo-Pacific region" and "to advance American's Prosperity" are three major issues highlighted by President Trump during his trip to Asia in 2017. The development of these three major issues will affect the regional security and trade deeply in the Asia-Pacific region in the future. Hence, their follow-up progress will be worthy of our further and constant observations.

Kazakhstan's gross domestic product (GDP) growth slowed in 2014 because of weak demand and the fall in oil prices. Government policies were directed to mitigating the impact of lower oil prices on growth. So far labor market and poverty reduction outcomes do not seem to have been affected by the downturn, thanks to continued job creation, inter-sectoral and geographic mobility, and new employer social arrangements. The same factors that slowed growth in 2014 are also clouding the outlook for the medium term. Trade and transport services will be affected by a knock-on effect from lower mining and industrial exports. However, GDP growth is projected to recover gradually along with oil prices. Continuing the current policy mix of modest fiscal expansion and tight monetary policy will not boost the economy; for the medium term a more neutral monetary policy stance and a more flexible exchange rate regime will more sustainably support growth.

The Constitution of Kenya provides that most functions of the state are decentralized in a devolution process. The devolved health system is four tiered: community health services, primary care services, county referral services, and national referral services. However, even though roles and responsibilities are elaborately outlined, in practice the transition from national to county governments has been marred by inconsistency, poor understanding of the system, management challenges, and lack of coordination between the national and county governments. This policy note provides observations from a pilot that tested integration of social accountability mechanisms in healthcare delivery in Kenya between 2011 and 2013.

The European Red List is a review of the conservation status of European species according to IUCN regional Red Listing guidelines. It identifies those species that are threatened with extinction at the regional level, so that appropriate conservation action can be taken to improve their status. This Red List publication summarises results for all hitherto described native European Orthoptera species (grasshoppers, crickets and bush-crickets). All Orthoptera species (grasshoppers, crickets and bushcrickets) native to or naturalised in Europe before AD 1500 (a total of 1,082 species), have been assessed in this Red List. The geographical scope is continent-wide, extending from Iceland in the west to the Urals in the east, and from Franz Josef Land in the north to the Canary Islands in the south. The Caucasus region is not included. Red List assessments were made at two regional levels: for geographical Europe, and for the 28 Member States of the European Union in 2016. The status of all species was assessed using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2012a), which is the world's most widely accepted system for measuring extinction risk. All assessments followed the Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels (IUCN 2012b). The assessments were compiled based on the data and knowledge from a network of leading European experts on Orthoptera. The assessments were then completed and reviewed at six workshops held in Italy, Greece, France, Bulgaria, Spain and Germany as well as through email correspondence with relevant experts. More than 145 experts participated in the assessment and review process for European Orthoptera species. Assessments are available on the European Red List website and data portal: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/ conservation/species/redlist and http://www.iucnredlist. org/initiatives/europe. Overall, 25.7% and 28% of Orthoptera species are assessed as threatened at the European and EU 28 levels, respectively. However, the exact proportion of threatened species is uncertain, as there are 107 (10%) Data Deficient (DD) species in Europe and 84 DD species (8.5%) in the EU 28. Estimating that a similar relative proportion of the DD assessments are likely to be threatened (IUCN 2011), the best estimate of the threatened share of Orthoptera species is thus 28.5% in Europe and 30.6% in the EU 28. Further research on DD species to clarify their status is therefore critical. A further 13.9% (149 species) and 13% (128 species) are considered Near Threatened in Europe and in the EU 28, respectively. By comparison, the best estimate of threatened species of those other groups that have been assessed comprehensively in Europe is 58% of freshwater molluscs, 40% of freshwater fishes, 23% of amphibians, 20% of reptiles, 17% of mammals, 16% of dragonflies, 13% of birds, 9% of butterflies and bees, 8% of aquatic plants and marine fishes and 2% of medicinal plants (IUCN 2015). Additional European Red Lists assessing a selection of species showed that 22% of terrestrial molluscs, 16% of crop wild relatives and 15% of saproxylic beetles are also threatened (IUCN 2015). No other groups have yet been assessed at the European level. Looking at the population trends of European Orthoptera species, 30.2% (325 species) have declining populations, 7.6% (82 species) are believed to be more or less stable and 3.2% (34 species) are increasing. However, the population trends for the majority of species (59%, 634 species) remain unknown. Out of the 739 species that are endemic to Europe (i.e., they are found nowhere else in the world), 231 (31.3%) are threatened, highlighting the responsibility that European countries have to protect the global populations of these species. Overall, the European areas with the highest diversity of species are found in southern Europe, especially in the Mediterranean region and the Balkans. Hotspots of endemic species are found in the Iberian, the Italian and the Balkan Peninsulas, and in some large mountain areas (the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Appenines). The greatest concentration of threatened species is found along some Mediterranean coasts and Mediterranean mountain blocks. Finally, the number of Data Deficient species reflects the general distribution of Orthoptera species, being highest in the Mediterranean and the Lower Volga region in southern European Russia. The main threat to European Orthoptera is the loss, degradation and fragmentation of their habitats as a consequence of agricultural land use intensification. This includes direct destruction by transformation of permanent grassland or shrubland habitats into cropland, degradation of habitat quality caused by overgrazing, abandonment, use of fertilisers or heavy machinery and direct mortality from frequent mowing or the use of pesticides. Other important threats to Orthoptera are the increasing frequency of wildfires, touristic development and urbanisation, climate change, afforestation and intensive forest management, drainage and river regulations, recreational activities, deforestation, limestone quarrying and sand excavations and invasive species.Orthoptera are a diverse group of insects with more than 1,000 species known to occur in Europe and play important roles in the ecosystem such as being part of the food chain and prey to many vertebrate species. They are also good indicators of land use intensity, which makes them one of the most important invertebrate groups for environmental monitoring and assessment. Conservation strategies for the European Orthoptera species with the highest extinction risk should be developed and implemented. The European Red List should be used to inform nature and biodiversity policies to improve the status of threatened species. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) should be enhanced by promoting traditional low-intensity agricultural land use systems, particularly pastoralism in Europe, and committing to a long-term reduction in the use of pesticides and fertilisers, encouraging the uptake of alternative pest management. Orthoptera species should be made a standard group for inclusion in Environmental Impact Assessments to avoid negative impacts of new development projects on threatened species.Degraded habitats of threatened Orthoptera species throughout Europe should be restored and guidelines for the optimal management of Orthoptera habitats should be developed. The protection of Orthoptera habitats throughout Europe should be improved, so that each threatened and endemic European species is present in at least one protected area with an adequate adaptive management scheme and monitoring for threatened Orthoptera species. Orthoptera inventories in protected areas should be made mandatory to identify priority species for the respective area and develop strategies for their protection. A pan-European monitoring programme for Orthoptera species should be developed, by merging all existing recording schemes. Specific research on those species that have not been recently recorded in Europe to clarify if they may be Extinct or Regionally Extinct, or have been assessed as Data Deficient should be conducted and funding mechanisms should be put in place to support this research. The effects of the lesser understood threats (e.g., wildfires, pesticides, climate change) on Orthoptera should be studied. The European Red List of Grasshoppers, Crickets and Bush-crickets should be revised at regular intervals of ten years, and whenever new data becomes available.

The Great Depression in Weber County, Utah, is an Oral History Project by Mack S. Taft for completion of his Master's Thesis at Utah State University during the summer of 1969. The interviews address the Great Depression through the eyes of individuals in several different occupations including: Bankers, Laborers, Railroad Workers, Attorneys, Farmers, Educators, Businessmen, Community and Church Leaders, Housewives, Children and Physicians. All of these individuals lived in Weber County from 1929 to 1941. The interviews were based on what they remembered about the depression, how they felt about those events and how it affected their life then and now. ; This is an oral history interview with Arthur P. Brown. Mr. Brown discusses his county commissioner experience during the post-Depression years. ; 8p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 sound disc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Arthur P. Brown Interviewed by Mack S. Taft circa 1960s Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Arthur P. Brown Interviewed by Mack S. Taft circa 1960s Copyright © 2016 by Weber State University, Stewart Library iii Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. The working files, original recording, and archival copies are housed in the University Archives. Project Description The Great Depression in Weber County, Utah, is an Oral History Project by Mack S. Taft for completion of his Master's Thesis at Utah State University during the summer of 1969. The forty-five interviews address the Great Depression through the eyes of individuals in several different occupations including: Bankers, Laborers, Railroad Workers, Attorneys, Farmers, Educators, Businessmen, Community and Church Leaders, Housewives, Children and Physicians. All of these individuals lived in Weber County from 1929 to 1941. The interviews were based on what they remembered about the depression, how they felt about those events and how it affected their life then and now. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management This work is the property of the Weber State University, Stewart Library Oral History Program. It may be used freely by individuals for research, teaching and personal use as long as this statement of availability is included in the text. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Brown, Arthur P., an oral history by Mack S. Taft, circa 1960s, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, University Archives, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. 1 Abstract: This is an oral history interview with Arthur P. Brown. Mr. Brown discusses his county commissioner experience during the post-Depression years. The interviewer is Mack Taft. MT: Would you please give me your name for the recording? AB: Arthur P. Brown. MT: You were a county commissioner for a number of years in Weber County. Would you give me those years please? AB: I served from 1941 and '42, and then was defeated in the next election. Then I served from 1946 to 1965. MT: Are there any other county commissioners that you know of that served prior to you that are still living? AB: No, I don't think that there are any. MT: Let's just talk a little about the county government and its function in trying to recover the county from the Depression and so forth. AB: Well, I know that I worked on the roads before I was in the county commission. I had worked on the roads for about seven years. And of course, in our time, after '42, the Depression was over, but we worked along with the government on that. I was driving a truck and patching the roadways, and the commission would send us out with the equipment. MT: Did the county participate with the federal government on new road projects, or what did they do on that? AB: Yes, they would help on it with the equipment and one thing and another. 2 MT: Remembering back, which roads did you work on? Did you have anything to do with the North Ogden overpass over here? AB: Yes, I worked on that. I was a county employee then, but I was never on the welfare rolls myself. They sent us out there to work as county employees. MT: What other areas do you recall where the county worked with the government to bring about recovery? AB: Well, the Depression was over when I was on the commission. When I was working on the roads, I didn't have any occasion to know what was going on. MT: What other occupations did you pursue during the period from 1929-39? AB: I was farming down here in Roy. This is the old place here, and we bought an old place over here. Then I moved out here in the north part of Roy for five years, and my contract was one-half for the lease of the property. I didn't want to lease it anymore, so I moved over into Riverdale. I got a job working over there on the county roads. That was in March of 1933. And I worked there until January of 1941, then I was the commissioner. I wouldn't mention that, Mack, because I - as far as it concerned me - I was lucky to have pretty well something to do. MT: What overall impressions stick with you from the Depression? What do you think that the people learned as a result of the Depression? MT: I guess that each individual would have a different effect from it. One individual would say, "By golly, I'm not going to do this, and I'm not going to do that," and one thing and another. MT: Are there any lasting effects of the Depression that you think kind of guide you in what you do? 3 AB: Well, I don't think of anything right now. I know that I was awful lucky and fortunate at that time to have something to do. And I moved out here in '39, to this little place in '39, so that I would always have something to come back to, and keep me busy. But as far as the Depression is concerned, I would hate to see us go through another one like that. MT: What's your overall assessment of the government programs, the CCC and the PWA, and those programs? AB: Well, all these programs that were put into effect were put in for a good purpose. The purpose that they were put in for is good. But when they do anything like that, I don't care whether it's in civilian life or religious life or anything like that, somebody has got to take advantage. Now, for the people who really needed the work, it was a godsend to them. And the people who would get in there, and take it for what they could get out of it, then it wasn't so hot. So it had an effect both ways. Well, as I say, it did affect me some, but I didn't suffer or go without too much. I'd just like to say one thing: I've found the public in general very cooperative, if they know what you're talking about and all the circumstances. People have come in and jumped all over us for taxes, and that, and when you sit down with them and reason with them, why then they can see it. And we try to be fair.

Die Dissertation widmet sich der Eisenbahninfrastruktur des Raumes Saarland-Lothringen-Luxemburg mit ihrer hohen Netzdichte sowie der Frage, wie diese Bahnstrecken besser genutzt werden können. Möglichkeiten, wie diese Strecken durch innovative, insbesondere aber durch grenzüberschreitende Angebote im Schienen-¬verkehr besser genutzt werden können, werden aufgezeigt. Ziel ist es zu zeigen, welche Potenziale der Schienenverkehr auf Basis der vorhandenen Bahninfrastruktur als Alternative zum dominierenden Straßenverkehr bieten könnte. Der Grenzraum SaarLorLux wird dazu porträtiert, einschließlich einer historischen Genese des Bahnsystems. Dieser historische Rückblick ist kartographisch aufbereitet. Die wechselhafte politische und wirtschaftliche Geschichte des Grenzraumes, insbesondere seine Montanindustrie haben den Untersuchungsraum und die Entwicklung seiner Eisenbahnen entscheidend geprägt. Neben den neuen und schnellen Korridor-Verbindungen nach Paris und Frankfurt wird auch eine gegenläufige Entwicklung aufgezeigt, die zu einem Einbruch der Fernverkehrsqualität für SaarLorLux geführt hat. Auch beim Güterverkehr ist ein Niedergang zu beobachten, gerade im Bereich der Güter in der Montanindustrie. Die Analyse des Bestandsnetzes der gesamten Verkehrsinfrastruktur einschließlich Luftfahrt, Schifffahrt und Straßenverkehr im SaarLorLux-Raum zeigt auf, welche Standards und Verbindungsqualitäten hier vorhanden sind. Ein Schwerpunkt der Betrachtung ist der Frage gewidmet, wie durch angebotsorientierte, aber auch durch organisatorische Maßnahmen die grenzüberschreitende Zusammenarbeit im Schienenregionalverkehr optimiert werden kann. Am Beispiel eines Ringverkehrs Luxemburg-Metz-Saarbrücken-Trier-Luxemburg (Q_Intracity) zeigt der Autor, welche Chancen sich ergäben, wenn die grenzüberschreitende Kooperation ausgeweitet würde. Weitere Vorschläge betreffen die Reaktivierung von derzeit kaum genutzten oder stillgelegten Bahnstrecken sowie die Verlängerung des bestehenden Nahverkehrs über die Grenze hinweg. Für den Saar-Rossel-Raum im Eurodistrikt Saarbrücken-Forbach erläutert die Abhandlung beispielhaft, wie ein neues Stadtbahnangebot die grenzüberschreitende und umwelt-¬freundliche Mobilität stärken kann. Dabei spielt die Wiedernutzung stillgelegter Bahnstrecken der ehemaligen lothringischen Kohlebahn HBL und des Bahnnetzes links der Saar eine große Rolle. Die vorgelegte Arbeit skizziert auch Verbesserungen für den Fernverkehr: Die Abhandlung umreißt die technischen Möglichkeiten, um vorhandene Bahnstrecken zeitgemäß auszurüsten. Die Elektromobilität spielt hierbei eine besondere Rolle Das Schließen von Lücken bei der Elektrifizierung vermag die Kapazitäten der Bahnstrecken deutlich auszudehnen und gerade auch dem Güterverkehr neue und günstigere Wege zu erschließen. Die ermittelte Elektrifizierung von rund dreihundert Kilometern an bestehenden Strecken im Unter-¬suchungsraum ermöglichte beispielsweise, den regelmäßigen Dieselbetrieb auf einem Netz von fast 500 Kilometern durch elektrische Traktion zu ersetzen. Ausgehend von der Analyse der Organisationsstruktur im Schienenverkehr und mit Blick auf die heterogene Struktur der Aufgabenträger im Schienenpersonennahverkehr schlägt der Autor vor, eine grenzüberschreitend agierende Instanz mit Verantwortung für den regionalen Nahverkehr zu schaffen. Diese sollte sich an dem Rechtsrahmen eines Europäischen Verbundes für Territoriale Zusammenarbeit (EVTZ) ausrichten und dazu beitragen, dass Angebote im bestellten Schienen-¬personennahverkehr nicht mehr an den Grenzen der Zuständigkeitsbereiche von Aufgabenträgern enden. Ein weiterer Vorschlag umfasst die Schaffung einer Infrastruktur-Sicherungs- und Entwicklungs-¬gesellschaft für den Schienen-verkehr. Ihre Aufgabe sollte die akteursüber-¬greifende Initiative sein mit dem Ziel, vorhandene aber aus der Nutzung genommene Bahnstrecken vor dem Verfall zu retten und für eine spätere Nutzung aufzuwerten. Die Abhandlung beinhaltet eine erste Kostenschätzung und eine erste Priorisierung der vorgeschlagenen technischen, infrastrukturellen und administrativen Maßnahmen. Das Leitmotiv ist dabei Erhalt vor Neubau. Neubaustrecken sind nur in geringem Umfang von 32 Kilometern vorgesehen, wohingegen auf rund 165 Kilometern bestehender Trassen ein Personen-¬verkehrsangebot wieder aufgenommen werden sollte und mindestens 50 neue Bahnhöfe und Haltestellen zu errichten sind. Der Autor ermittelt einen Bedarf von rund 500 Kilometern, um Strecken mit moderner Leit- und Sicherungstechnik, Funkbetrieb und Gleiswechselbetrieb zu modernisieren. Die Dissertation versteht sich als ersten Beitrag, um für den SaarLorLux-Raum einen Masterplan Schiene zu verwirklichen. Die Abhandlung beinhaltet 147 überwiegend kartographische Abbildungen und 23 Tabellen. Im Anhang greift ein Kartendossier im Format DIN A 3 15 Karten aus der Abhandlung großformatig auf. ; The principal focus of this thesis is the railway infrastructure of the Saarland-Lorraine-Luxemburg region (SaarLorLux), with its remarkably high network density, and also the consideration of how better to use this infrastructure. The author demonstrates the need to safeguard these assets while also describing how to maximise the use of this infrastructure by means of innovative and cross-border structured train offers. The thesis begins with a theoretical approach highlighting the need for a multifunctional urban agglomeration for good railway infrastructure and attractive train offers. The author then verifies the degree of realisation of this theoretical conception within the chosen study region of the SaarLorLux area, comparing it with other metropolitan regions in Europe structured by equal properties. A historical review of the study area describes the genesis of its railway system. The changing political history of the border area and its coal, iron and steel industries play a decisive role in this historical abstract. The introduction of electric powered railway vehicles, from the 1950s, offered new opportunities for railway services but could not halt the decline and marginalization of the railway, in contrast to rising individual motor traffic. Since 2007, high speed services linked to the new TGV Est railway line, brought a new dimension of long distance train services to the study region and changed its positioning in Europe. The thesis also demonstrates how the quality of train offer in long distance services has deteriorated in spite of new and fast corridors to Paris and Frankfurt. Freight haulage also deteriorated following the decline of the coal, iron and steel industry and especially the transport of coal and iron ore called Minette. A further analysis of the transport network, including air traffic, inland water transportation and road traffic, demonstrates the standard and quality of transport services in the SaarLorLux area. It is the basis for the study of the potential for better use of the existing railway infrastructure. The study considers the question of how cross-border cooperation and new train offers would optimise the quality of regional cross-border railway services. The author highlights the example of the circular Luxemburg-Metz-Saarbrucken-Trier-Luxemburg line (Q_Intracity), whose benefits are realised by improved cross-border collaboration. Other proposals contain the reactivation of railway lines which have been abandoned or are now less used, the extension of regional train services beyond existing borders and into neighbouring countries. Consequently, this thesis proposes another circular rail service for the Saar-Rossel area inside the Eurodistrict of Saarbrucken-Forbach in order to sustain cross-border and eco-friendly mobility. For this project, it is important to reuse abandoned lines from the former coal mining rail network and a number of lines along the Saar River. This thesis also considers long distance traffic. The reorganisation of train services could help improve connections between the study region and other metropolitan areas in Europe. The thesis therefore outlines the technical capabilities of upgrading the existing railway lines to modern standards. Electrification plays an important role. Closing the remaining gaps in electrification would considerably strengthen the capacity of the railway network and make new routes accessible, especially for freight transport. The electrification of about three hundred kilometres of existing railway would allow, for example, the replacement of diesel powered traction on approximately five hundred kilometres of the network. With regard to the organisational structure of rail transport, and especially the heterogenous authorities in charge of regional train transport, the author proposes establishing a cross-border institution with responsibility for regional public transport. This agency would be based on the judicial framework of a European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC) with the objective to ensure that public railway services do not stop at regional boundaries. Another proposal concerns the creation of a railway infrastructure safeguarding and development company. Its aim should be the involvement of all stakeholders in halting the deterioration of less used or abandoned railway lines, with the aim of developing and preparing these lines for future use. The study includes an initial estimate of costs and a prioritization of the proposed technical, infrastructural and administrative measures. The objective is "preservation before reconstruction". The author proposes the construction of just 32 kilometres of new track, whereas the reopening of train services could be realised on about 165 kilometres of track ,with the construction of 50 new stations. The upgrading of railway lines is necessary along approximately 500 kilometres of track, including the installation of modern train control and signalling technology, new radio standards and tracks that can be used in both directions without restrictions. This study aims to contribute some first basic principles dedicated to the SaarLorLux area for a railway master plan for the Greater Region (Grande Région/Großregion). How this master plan could be organised is shown at the end of the thesis by making ten cases concerning the future development of the railway in the study area as core space of the wider region. The thesis includes 147 mostly cartographic figures and 23 tables. 15 maps are also reproduced in a higher resolution in the appendix.

This issue of the journal "History of Science and Technology" has been prepared in difficult conditions. In difficult conditions for authors… In difficult conditions for reviewers . In difficult conditions for the editorial board… In difficult conditions for the whole world in general!!! This issue contains ten articles. The first of these articles came in late 2019, when the world did not know yet these terrible words: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19); severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)… COVID-19 was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has since spread worldwide, resulting in an ongoing pandemic. As on May 29, 2020, when these lines were written, more than 5800000 cases were recorded in 188 countries, killing more than 359000 people. We hope that humanity will invent a vaccine as soon as possible, and these horrific death statistics will first stop growing and then stop altogether. For this, many events and activities are important, as history shows. Including the history of the development of science and technology, that is the subject area of our publication. In many sources on the history of electric power production the evolution of electric power production was studied both in developed and developing countries and its impact on economy. The growing demand for electric power became the most problem that stood before the power sector of Ghana. This issue begins with an article examining activities that in many ways helped to create a sustainable electricity supply for households and industries in Ghana, especially in the cities of Accra and Kumasi, between 1900 and 1960. Scientific-technical borrowings are one of those types of scientific support for the work of industrial sectors, whose role in the conditions of exiting the crisis to acquiring the particular importance. Since the mid-1920s, they have become the main way of scientific support for the organization of the development of Ukrainian electric machine-building industry in the context of large-scale electrification of the country. That was due to the need for a quick withdrawal of this industry from the previous crisis in the absence in the Ukrainian SSR of its own scientific support system for the electric machine engineering. An example of this measure, which was considered in the study, was an attempt to achieve the fastest possible increase in productivity of the Kharkiv Electromechanical Plant at minimal financial cost. The next article analyzes the activities of the mining industry in the south of the Russian Empire, of which Ukraine was a part of that time. An analysis of the so-called "coal crisis" and the role of large miners in collusion has been made. Market monopolization has been considered. Emphasis is made on the customs policy of the tsarist government, speculation on temporary fuel difficulties. The study shows that in the last quarter of the nineteenth century there was a consolidation and monopolization of the mining industry in the south of the Russian Empire. In the 21st century, every reputable journal also has an online version, which makes the dissemination of scientific information almost instantaneous. We are so accustomed to the conveniences of the information age that it is difficult for us to imagine the difficulties that scientists faced a little over 150 years ago. The genesis of science launched the process of forming branch of scientific communities and demanded stable ways of communication for productive and effective development of the branch. Scientific journals have become an ideal means of disseminating information, and a scientific article has been transformed from an ordinary letter into a modern form and has taken on an ideal form. The importance of international communication between scientists, on the example of consideration of the activities of Valerian Mykolaiovych Lihin, is discussed in the following study. He became the first Russian-speaking member of one of the oldest Mathematical Societies in Europe - the French. V. Lihin broke the tradition of "isolated" science when discoveries in the Russian Empire (and later in the USSR) were made separately from the rest of the world. In the next article an attempt to investigate in a chronological order the historical circumstances on the formation and development of the mainline electric locomotives engineering at the Luhansk diesel locomotives engineering plant (1957–2014) has been made. Historical and biographical research is continued by the article, which considers the factors shaping the scientific worldview of Mykola Pavlovych Petrov - an outstanding scientist and engineer against the background of his initiative and organizational efforts to develop the domestic scientific and technical space of the late nineteenth - early twentieth The article devoted to highlighting the contribution of academician Mariia Vasylivna Pavlova (Gortynska) in the development of palaeozoology science at the end of the XIX – the first third of the XX centuries continues the cycle of historical and biographical researches. We hope that our readers will be interested in scientific work, examining the research of Russian women in the field of human genetics in 1920-1930. The main task of the article was to determine the contribution of women scientists to the development of different fields of human genetics. Particular attention was given to reconstructing women's geneticists' research work, reviewing the content of their publications, and analyzing the theoretical and methodological approaches they employed in solving various scientific problems. In the history of Ukrainian archeology, there are many names of outstanding researchers who have devoted their lives to the study of our antiquity. Among them is Yulian Kulakovskyi, a well-known domestic historian and archeologist. In 1883 Yu. A. Kulakovskyi joined the Nestor Chronicler Historical Society. Since that time, his life and career have been closely linked to this scientific union. The analysis of the results of researches in the field of late antique archeology of the Crimea, published on the pages of "Readings of the Historical Society of Nestor the Chronicler", is discussed in the next article. The development of the spread of COVID-19 shows that in the fight against it in the first place are such measures and actions as unrestricted access to information on methods of combating the spread of the virus; exchange of data at the international level on treatment methods of the disease; communication between scientists from different countries; timely quarantine measures, etc. In this sense, it is important to study the historical experience of mankind in the fight against pandemics. This issue of the journal History of Science and Technology concludes with an article on a critical analysis of nineteenth-century military interventions as the main cause of the spread of infectious diseases internationally. Emerging problems and solutions obtained as a result of a critical analysis of the materials of the International Sanitary Conferences reveal the history of the spread of infectious diseases and the methods of early statistics used for epidemiological purposes. Concluding this Preface, we emphasize once again the importance of a comprehensive study of international historical experience in the development of science and technology. Not limited to any one field or field of science, we are ready to provide the pages of our journal for the opportunity to exchange views with the international scientific community. Let peace and health be with everyone in these hard times! ; This issue of the journal "History of Science and Technology" has been prepared in difficult conditions. In difficult conditions for authors… In difficult conditions for reviewers . In difficult conditions for the editorial board… In difficult conditions for the whole world in general!!! This issue contains ten articles. The first of these articles came in late 2019, when the world did not know yet these terrible words: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19); severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)… COVID-19 was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has since spread worldwide, resulting in an ongoing pandemic. As on May 29, 2020, when these lines were written, more than 5800000 cases were recorded in 188 countries, killing more than 359000 people. We hope that humanity will invent a vaccine as soon as possible, and these horrific death statistics will first stop growing and then stop altogether. For this, many events and activities are important, as history shows. Including the history of the development of science and technology, that is the subject area of our publication. In many sources on the history of electric power production the evolution of electric power production was studied both in developed and developing countries and its impact on economy. The growing demand for electric power became the most problem that stood before the power sector of Ghana. This issue begins with an article examining activities that in many ways helped to create a sustainable electricity supply for households and industries in Ghana, especially in the cities of Accra and Kumasi, between 1900 and 1960. Scientific-technical borrowings are one of those types of scientific support for the work of industrial sectors, whose role in the conditions of exiting the crisis to acquiring the particular importance. Since the mid-1920s, they have become the main way of scientific support for the organization of the development of Ukrainian electric machine-building industry in the context of large-scale electrification of the country. That was due to the need for a quick withdrawal of this industry from the previous crisis in the absence in the Ukrainian SSR of its own scientific support system for the electric machine engineering. An example of this measure, which was considered in the study, was an attempt to achieve the fastest possible increase in productivity of the Kharkiv Electromechanical Plant at minimal financial cost. The next article analyzes the activities of the mining industry in the south of the Russian Empire, of which Ukraine was a part of that time. An analysis of the so-called "coal crisis" and the role of large miners in collusion has been made. Market monopolization has been considered. Emphasis is made on the customs policy of the tsarist government, speculation on temporary fuel difficulties. The study shows that in the last quarter of the nineteenth century there was a consolidation and monopolization of the mining industry in the south of the Russian Empire. In the 21st century, every reputable journal also has an online version, which makes the dissemination of scientific information almost instantaneous. We are so accustomed to the conveniences of the information age that it is difficult for us to imagine the difficulties that scientists faced a little over 150 years ago. The genesis of science launched the process of forming branch of scientific communities and demanded stable ways of communication for productive and effective development of the branch. Scientific journals have become an ideal means of disseminating information, and a scientific article has been transformed from an ordinary letter into a modern form and has taken on an ideal form. The importance of international communication between scientists, on the example of consideration of the activities of Valerian Mykolaiovych Lihin, is discussed in the following study. He became the first Russian-speaking member of one of the oldest Mathematical Societies in Europe - the French. V. Lihin broke the tradition of "isolated" science when discoveries in the Russian Empire (and later in the USSR) were made separately from the rest of the world. In the next article an attempt to investigate in a chronological order the historical circumstances on the formation and development of the mainline electric locomotives engineering at the Luhansk diesel locomotives engineering plant (1957–2014) has been made. Historical and biographical research is continued by the article, which considers the factors shaping the scientific worldview of Mykola Pavlovych Petrov - an outstanding scientist and engineer against the background of his initiative and organizational efforts to develop the domestic scientific and technical space of the late nineteenth - early twentieth The article devoted to highlighting the contribution of academician Mariia Vasylivna Pavlova (Gortynska) in the development of palaeozoology science at the end of the XIX – the first third of the XX centuries continues the cycle of historical and biographical researches. We hope that our readers will be interested in scientific work, examining the research of Russian women in the field of human genetics in 1920-1930. The main task of the article was to determine the contribution of women scientists to the development of different fields of human genetics. Particular attention was given to reconstructing women's geneticists' research work, reviewing the content of their publications, and analyzing the theoretical and methodological approaches they employed in solving various scientific problems. In the history of Ukrainian archeology, there are many names of outstanding researchers who have devoted their lives to the study of our antiquity. Among them is Yulian Kulakovskyi, a well-known domestic historian and archeologist. In 1883 Yu. A. Kulakovskyi joined the Nestor Chronicler Historical Society. Since that time, his life and career have been closely linked to this scientific union. The analysis of the results of researches in the field of late antique archeology of the Crimea, published on the pages of "Readings of the Historical Society of Nestor the Chronicler", is discussed in the next article. The development of the spread of COVID-19 shows that in the fight against it in the first place are such measures and actions as unrestricted access to information on methods of combating the spread of the virus; exchange of data at the international level on treatment methods of the disease; communication between scientists from different countries; timely quarantine measures, etc. In this sense, it is important to study the historical experience of mankind in the fight against pandemics. This issue of the journal History of Science and Technology concludes with an article on a critical analysis of nineteenth-century military interventions as the main cause of the spread of infectious diseases internationally. Emerging problems and solutions obtained as a result of a critical analysis of the materials of the International Sanitary Conferences reveal the history of the spread of infectious diseases and the methods of early statistics used for epidemiological purposes. Concluding this Preface, we emphasize once again the importance of a comprehensive study of international historical experience in the development of science and technology. Not limited to any one field or field of science, we are ready to provide the pages of our journal for the opportunity to exchange views with the international scientific community. Let peace and health be with everyone in these hard times! ; This issue of the journal "History of Science and Technology" has been prepared in difficult conditions. In difficult conditions for authors… In difficult conditions for reviewers . In difficult conditions for the editorial board… In difficult conditions for the whole world in general!!! This issue contains ten articles. The first of these articles came in late 2019, when the world did not know yet these terrible words: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19); severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)… COVID-19 was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has since spread worldwide, resulting in an ongoing pandemic. As on May 29, 2020, when these lines were written, more than 5800000 cases were recorded in 188 countries, killing more than 359000 people. We hope that humanity will invent a vaccine as soon as possible, and these horrific death statistics will first stop growing and then stop altogether. For this, many events and activities are important, as history shows. Including the history of the development of science and technology, that is the subject area of our publication. In many sources on the history of electric power production the evolution of electric power production was studied both in developed and developing countries and its impact on economy. The growing demand for electric power became the most problem that stood before the power sector of Ghana. This issue begins with an article examining activities that in many ways helped to create a sustainable electricity supply for households and industries in Ghana, especially in the cities of Accra and Kumasi, between 1900 and 1960. Scientific-technical borrowings are one of those types of scientific support for the work of industrial sectors, whose role in the conditions of exiting the crisis to acquiring the particular importance. Since the mid-1920s, they have become the main way of scientific support for the organization of the development of Ukrainian electric machine-building industry in the context of large-scale electrification of the country. That was due to the need for a quick withdrawal of this industry from the previous crisis in the absence in the Ukrainian SSR of its own scientific support system for the electric machine engineering. An example of this measure, which was considered in the study, was an attempt to achieve the fastest possible increase in productivity of the Kharkiv Electromechanical Plant at minimal financial cost. The next article analyzes the activities of the mining industry in the south of the Russian Empire, of which Ukraine was a part of that time. An analysis of the so-called "coal crisis" and the role of large miners in collusion has been made. Market monopolization has been considered. Emphasis is made on the customs policy of the tsarist government, speculation on temporary fuel difficulties. The study shows that in the last quarter of the nineteenth century there was a consolidation and monopolization of the mining industry in the south of the Russian Empire. In the 21st century, every reputable journal also has an online version, which makes the dissemination of scientific information almost instantaneous. We are so accustomed to the conveniences of the information age that it is difficult for us to imagine the difficulties that scientists faced a little over 150 years ago. The genesis of science launched the process of forming branch of scientific communities and demanded stable ways of communication for productive and effective development of the branch. Scientific journals have become an ideal means of disseminating information, and a scientific article has been transformed from an ordinary letter into a modern form and has taken on an ideal form. The importance of international communication between scientists, on the example of consideration of the activities of Valerian Mykolaiovych Lihin, is discussed in the following study. He became the first Russian-speaking member of one of the oldest Mathematical Societies in Europe - the French. V. Lihin broke the tradition of "isolated" science when discoveries in the Russian Empire (and later in the USSR) were made separately from the rest of the world. In the next article an attempt to investigate in a chronological order the historical circumstances on the formation and development of the mainline electric locomotives engineering at the Luhansk diesel locomotives engineering plant (1957–2014) has been made. Historical and biographical research is continued by the article, which considers the factors shaping the scientific worldview of Mykola Pavlovych Petrov - an outstanding scientist and engineer against the background of his initiative and organizational efforts to develop the domestic scientific and technical space of the late nineteenth - early twentieth The article devoted to highlighting the contribution of academician Mariia Vasylivna Pavlova (Gortynska) in the development of palaeozoology science at the end of the XIX – the first third of the XX centuries continues the cycle of historical and biographical researches. We hope that our readers will be interested in scientific work, examining the research of Russian women in the field of human genetics in 1920-1930. The main task of the article was to determine the contribution of women scientists to the development of different fields of human genetics. Particular attention was given to reconstructing women's geneticists' research work, reviewing the content of their publications, and analyzing the theoretical and methodological approaches they employed in solving various scientific problems. In the history of Ukrainian archeology, there are many names of outstanding researchers who have devoted their lives to the study of our antiquity. Among them is Yulian Kulakovskyi, a well-known domestic historian and archeologist. In 1883 Yu. A. Kulakovskyi joined the Nestor Chronicler Historical Society. Since that time, his life and career have been closely linked to this scientific union. The analysis of the results of researches in the field of late antique archeology of the Crimea, published on the pages of "Readings of the Historical Society of Nestor the Chronicler", is discussed in the next article. The development of the spread of COVID-19 shows that in the fight against it in the first place are such measures and actions as unrestricted access to information on methods of combating the spread of the virus; exchange of data at the international level on treatment methods of the disease; communication between scientists from different countries; timely quarantine measures, etc. In this sense, it is important to study the historical experience of mankind in the fight against pandemics. This issue of the journal History of Science and Technology concludes with an article on a critical analysis of nineteenth-century military interventions as the main cause of the spread of infectious diseases internationally. Emerging problems and solutions obtained as a result of a critical analysis of the materials of the International Sanitary Conferences reveal the history of the spread of infectious diseases and the methods of early statistics used for epidemiological purposes. Concluding this Preface, we emphasize once again the importance of a comprehensive study of international historical experience in the development of science and technology. Not limited to any one field or field of science, we are ready to provide the pages of our journal for the opportunity to exchange views with the international scientific community. Let peace and health be with everyone in these hard times!

All authors: Wielgus, Maciek; Akiyama, Kazunori; Blackburn, Lindy; Chan, Chi-kwan; Dexter, Jason; Doeleman, Sheperd S.; Fish, Vincent L.; Issaoun, Sara; Johnson, Michael D.; Krichbaum, Thomas P.; Lu, Ru-Sen; Pesce, Dominic W.; Wong, George N.; Bower, Geoffrey C.; Broderick, Avery E.; Chael, Andrew; Chatterjee, Koushik; Gammie, Charles F.; Georgiev, Boris; Hada, Kazuhiro Loinard, Laurent; Markoff, Sera; Marrone, Daniel P.; Plambeck, Richard; Weintroub, Jonathan; Dexter, Matthew; MacMahon, David H. E.; Wright, Melvyn; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter; Asada, Keiichi; Azulay, Rebecca; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin; Ball, David; Baloković, Mislav; Barausse, Enrico; Barrett, John; Bintley, Dan; Boland, Wilfred; Bouman, Katherine L.; Bremer, Michael; Brinkerink, Christiaan D.; Brissenden, Roger; Britzen, Silke; Broguiere, Dominique; Bronzwaer, Thomas; Byun, Do-Young; Carlstrom, John E.; Chatterjee, Shami; Chen, Ming-Tang; Chen, Yongjun; Cho, Ilje; Christian, Pierre; Conway, John E.; Cordes, James M.; Crew, Geoffrey B.; Cui, Yuzhu; Davelaar, Jordy; Laurentis, Mariafelicia De; Deane, Roger; Dempsey, Jessica; Desvignes, Gregory; Dzib, Sergio A.; Eatough, Ralph P.; Falcke, Heino; Fomalont, Ed; Fraga-Encinas, Raquel; Friberg, Per; Fromm, Christian M.; Galison, Peter; García, Roberto; Gentaz, Olivier; Goddi, Ciriaco; Gold, Roman; Gómez, José L.; Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I.; Gu, Minfeng; Gurwell, Mark; Hecht, Michael H.; Hesper, Ronald; Ho, Luis C.; Ho, Paul; Honma, Mareki; Huang, Chih-Wei L.; Huang, Lei; Hughes, David H.; Inoue, Makoto; James, David J.; Jannuzi, Buell T.; Janssen, Michael; Jeter, Britton; Jiang, Wu; Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra; Jorstad, Svetlana; Jung, Taehyun; Karami, Mansour; Karuppusamy, Ramesh; Kawashima, Tomohisa; Keating, Garrett K.; Kettenis, Mark; Kim, Jae-Young; Kim, Junhan; Kim, Jongsoo; Kino, Motoki; Koay, Jun Yi; Koch, Patrick M.; Koyama, Shoko; Kramer, Michael; Kramer, Carsten; Kuo, Cheng-Yu; Lauer, Tod R.; Lee, Sang-Sung; Li, Yan-Rong; Li, Zhiyuan; Lindqvist, Michael; Lico, Rocco; Liu, Kuo; Liuzzo, Elisabetta; Lo, Wen-Ping; Lobanov, Andrei P.; Lonsdale, Colin; MacDonald, Nicholas R.; Mao, Jirong; Marchili, Nicola; Marscher, Alan P.; Martí-Vidal, Iván; Matsushita, Satoki; Matthews, Lynn D.; Medeiros, Lia; Menten, Karl M.; Mizuno, Yosuke; Mizuno, Izumi; Moran, James M.; Moriyama, Kotaro; Moscibrodzka, Monika; Müller, Cornelia; Musoke, Gibwa; Nagai, Hiroshi; Nagar, Neil M.; Nakamura, Masanori; Narayan, Ramesh; Narayanan, Gopal; Natarajan, Iniyan; Nathanail, Antonios; Neri, Roberto; Ni, Chunchong; Noutsos, Aristeidis; Okino, Hiroki; Olivares, Héctor; Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Oyama, Tomoaki; Özel, Feryal; Palumbo, Daniel C. M.; Park, Jongho; Patel, Nimesh; Pen, Ue-Li; Piétu, Vincent; PopStefanija, Aleksandar; Porth, Oliver; Prather, Ben; Preciado-López, Jorge A.; Psaltis, Dimitrios; Pu, Hung-Yi; Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh; Rao, Ramprasad; Rawlings, Mark G.; Raymond, Alexander W.; Rezzolla, Luciano; Ripperda, Bart; Roelofs, Freek; Rogers, Alan; Ros, Eduardo; Rose, Mel; Roshanineshat, Arash; Rottmann, Helge; Roy, Alan L.; Ruszczyk, Chet; Ryan, Benjamin R.; Rygl, Kazi L. J.; Sánchez, Salvador; Sánchez-Arguelles, David; Sasada, Mahito; Savolainen, Tuomas; Schloerb, F. Peter; Schuster, Karl-Friedrich; Shao, Lijing; Shen, Zhiqiang; Small, Des; Sohn, Bong Won; SooHoo, Jason; Tazaki, Fumie; Tiede, Paul; Tilanus, Remo P. J.; Titus, Michael; Toma, Kenji; Torne, Pablo; Trent, Tyler; Traianou, Efthalia; Trippe, Sascha; Tsuda, Shuichiro; Bemmel, Ilse van; van Langevelde, Huib Jan; van Rossum, Daniel R.; Wagner, Jan; Wardle, John; Ward-Thompson, Derek; Wex, Norbert; Wharton, Robert; Wu, Qingwen; Yoon, Doosoo; Young, André; Young, Ken; Younsi, Ziri; Yuan, Feng; Yuan, Ye-Fei; Zensus, J. Anton; Zhao, Guangyao; Zhao, Shan-Shan; Zhu, Ziyan.-- Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. ; The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has recently delivered the first resolved images of M87*, the supermassive black hole in the center of the M87 galaxy. These images were produced using 230 GHz observations performed in 2017 April. Additional observations are required to investigate the persistence of the primary image feature- A ring with azimuthal brightness asymmetry- A nd to quantify the image variability on event horizon scales. To address this need, we analyze M87* data collected with prototype EHT arrays in 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2013. While these observations do not contain enough information to produce images, they are sufficient to constrain simple geometric models. We develop a modeling approach based on the framework utilized for the 2017 EHT data analysis and validate our procedures using synthetic data. Applying the same approach to the observational data sets, we find the M87* morphology in 2009-2017 to be consistent with a persistent asymmetric ring of ∼40 μas diameter. The position angle of the peak intensity varies in time. In particular, we find a significant difference between the position angle measured in 2013 and 2017. These variations are in broad agreement with predictions of a subset of general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We show that quantifying the variability across multiple observational epochs has the potential to constrain the physical properties of the source, such as the accretion state or the black hole spin. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society. ; The authors of the present paper thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt projects 1171506 and 3190878, BASAL AFB-170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council Synergy Grant "BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes" (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177 and GenT Program (project CIDEGENT/2018/021); the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008, ZDBS-LY-SLH011); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649 and Hubble Fellowship grant HST-HF2-51431.001-A awarded by the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. , for NASA, under contract NAS5-26555); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST-1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1716327, OISE-1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11933007); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: grants NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize SPI 78-409; the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648) the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (grants PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell'Istruzione Universita e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; the Academia Sinica; Chandra TM6-17006X; the GenT Program (Generalitat Valenciana) Project CIDEGENT/2018/021. This work used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), supported by NSF grant ACI-1548562, and CyVerse, supported by NSF grants DBI-0735191, DBI-1265383, and DBI-1743442. XSEDE Stampede2 resource at TACC was allocated through TG-AST170024 and TG-AST080026N. XSEDE JetStream resource at PTI and TACC was allocated through AST170028. The simulations were performed in part on the SuperMUC cluster at the LRZ in Garching, on the LOEWE cluster in CSC in Frankfurt, and on the HazelHen cluster at the HLRS in Stuttgart. This research was enabled in part by support provided by Compute Ontario (http://computeontario. ca), Calcul Quebec (http://www.calculquebec.ca), and Compute Canada (http://www.computecanada.ca). We thank the staff at the participating observatories, correlation centers, and institutions for their enthusiastic support. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#2016.1.01154.V. ALMA is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO; Europe, representing its member states), NSF, and National Institutes of Natural Sciences of Japan, together with the National Research Council (Canada), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST; Taiwan), Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA; Taiwan), and Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI; Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI)/NRAO, and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). The NRAO is a facility of the NSF operated under cooperative agreement by AUI. APEX is a collaboration between the Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie (Germany), ESO, and the Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden). The SMA is a joint project between the SAO and ASIAA and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. The JCMT is operated by the East Asian Observatory on behalf of the NAOJ, ASIAA, and KASI, as well as the Ministry of Finance of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the National Key R&D Program (No. 2017YFA0402700) of China. Additional funding support for the JCMT is provided by the Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) and participating universities in the UK and Canada. The LMT is a project operated by the Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, ptica, y Electronica (Mexico), and the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (USA). The IRAM 30 m telescope on Pico Veleta, Spain is operated by IRAM and supported by CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), MPG (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Germany), and IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain). The SMT is operated by the Arizona Radio Observatory, a part of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona, with financial support of operations from the State of Arizona and financial support for instrumentation development from the NSF. The SPT is supported by the National Science Foundation through grant PLR- 1248097. Partial support is also provided by the NSF Physics Frontier Center grant PHY-1125897 to the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, the Kavli Foundation, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF 947. The SPT hydrogen maser was provided on loan from the GLT, courtesy of ASIAA. The EHTC has received generous donations of FPGA chips from Xilinx Inc., under the Xilinx University Program. The EHTC has benefited from technology shared under an open-source license by the Collaboration for Astronomy Signal Processing and Electronics Research (CASPER). The EHT project is grateful to T4Science and Microsemi for their assistance with hydrogen masers. This research has made use of NASA's Astrophysics Data System. We gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the extended staff of the ALMA, both from the inception of the ALMA Phasing Project through the observational campaigns of 2017 and 2018. We would like to thank A. Deller and W. Brisken for EHT-specific support with the use of DiFX. We acknowledge the significance that Maunakea, where the SMA and JCMT EHT stations are located, has for the indigenous Hawaiian people.

The Marriott,Slaterville City Oral History Collection was created by the residents of the town to document their history. Each participant was provided with a list of questions asking for; stories about their childhood, schools they attended, stories about their parents and grand,parents, activities they enjoyed, fashions they remember, difficulties or traumas they may have dealt with, and memories of community and church leaders. This endeavor has left behind rich histories, stories and important information regarding the history of the Marriott,Slaterville area. ; 28p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 sound disc: digital; 4 3/4 in.; 1 videodisc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program 1an2Cd Fa e r2bl2 rH uM aoardyys 22o00n00 77 Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Carl Hodson 12 February 2007 and 22 May 2007 Copyright © 2009 by Weber State University, Stewart Library Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees ( as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in Special Collections. The Stewart Library also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description The Marriott- Slaterville City Oral History Collection was created by the residents of the town to document their history. Each participant was provided with a list of questions asking for; stories about their childhood, schools they attended, stories about their parents and grand- parents, activities they enjoyed, fashions they remember, difficulties or traumas they may have dealt with, and memories of community and church leaders. This endeavor has left behind rich histories, stories and important information regarding the history of the Marriott- Slaterville area. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well- informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management Special Collections All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Carl Hodson, 12 February 2007 and 22 May 2007, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, Special Collections, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. iii 1 Abstract: This is an oral history of Carl Hodson. These memories are from two different recordings conducted on February 12, 2007 and May 22, 2007 and concern his recollections of the history of the Marriott- Slaterville area. CH: I am Carl Hodson. I was born August 4th, 1921 in Marriott at my mother's Aunt's place. They lived in Marriott. They day that I was born my father was hauling hay and they were coming with a load of hay because he knew my mother was in labor and Carl Powell was helping him and he tipped a load of hay over on the way to the barn. They had to stop and take care of the load of hay. They always said they named me after him because my name is Carl. I have lived on West Wall Street all my life. Our old home is the home that is on the Nature Center today. My grandfather built the first part of it and then he deeded the place to my father and my father moved in with his father and mother and later on he remodeled the home and it is the way it was sitting in 1941 when the government took it from us, the remodeled home. We have pictures of the home when the government took it in 1941. I was married in 1941and my father moved what we called " the old wash house" from off of the old place and moved it across the street and made two rooms out of it. My wife Louise and I moved into it in 1941 and we lived there in the two rooms until we had three children. No running water, we heated our water on a coal stove and the bathroom was out in the backyard. Once a week was what we bathed at that time, we had a wash tub that we put our heated water in. 2 When I was young, 12th Street was practically a one lane road and it was dirt and hardly a car ever went up and down it. Once in awhile I used to drive a herd of milk cows up and down 12th Street to the pasture every night and morning. Once in awhile you would have to drive the cows off to the side so a car could go by. It was a dirt road and then it winded a little bit in asphalt. It has changed from that until today there is so much traffic on it you can hardly get out onto 12th Street. I don't remember the year it was paved, but at one time they didn't even have snow plows in Ogden. Weber County hired my father to put four head of horses on a big " V" and go up 12th Street and the city asked him to go right on up to Washington and he never did get paid by the city for plowing the snow for them. But he did it with four head of horses on a " V." As things went on, they kept widening 12th Street, industry changed. When I got a little older I started to farm, we started pretty young. In fact, I started thinning beets with my sister Dorothy. Dad would space them and we would crawl along behind him and thin the doubles out and take the weeds out. It was before I started school that we started thinning beets. As time progressed, we had a beet dump over next to the railroad track at 400 West. We hauled our beets over there with the horses and wagon. When I was in school my Uncle Dolph Perry, would always help Dad with the sugar beets and take them to the dump. My mother did the weighing of the sugar beets for years and years— probably as long as they had the dump over there. They had the dump there before I was born. 3 Later on, they did away with the dump and we had to take the sugar beets over to the factory. Julian Powell hauled them for us for awhile and then dad bought a truck and he hauled them with a truck for awhile. When the truck wore out we went back to horses. The last year I farmed I hauled 350 ton of sugar beets from 12th Street up where Peterson's is, that is the property that we owned and I hauled a lot of the sugar beets from there. I would make five loads a day with a team of horses. If I had them loaded up at night we made five and if I didn't have them loaded up at night then I got four. But I'd haul five and a half ton of sugar beets plus, with a team and wagon, over to the old sugar factory. By that time, the sugar factory had closed up. They piled them over there and shipped them up to the factory in Lewiston. I went from thinning beets and working in the field until they did away with sugar beets. We no longer have sugar beets around here. That was one of our main crops. Sugar beets, potatoes, tomatoes, grains, we grew everything. We had two tomato canning factories; Del Monte and Blackington. I hauled tomatoes to both of them with a team. I was about the only one that was still using team of horses. I hauled to Del Monte and I hauled potatoes to Stratford's potato seller with a team. I used horses until the day I quit farming for a living. I had farmed all my life but I quit farming for a living in the fall of 1951 and went to work for the Amalgamated Sugar Company stacking sugar over at the big warehouse on Wilson Lane. During the depression we had a drought. That was before Pineview Dam was built. My father was one of the instigators of getting the Pineview Dam up there. They had a drought and it got so dry that when we planted sugar beets, 4 there wasn't enough water to harvest part of them. The government put in a well and pumped water into the ditch but it wasn't enough to supply all the water we needed. Part of our crops we didn't even harvest that year. That was during the depression and that didn't help the depression situation either. I have lost my train of thought. With the canning factories here and the sugar beet factory it made a lot of difference to people around here because a lot of the women would work in the canning factories. That supplied a job for a lot of the women during the depression and even after the depression. After things got better, the canning factories were still here and a lot of the young girls and even some of the wives that were not tied down with their family would go to work in these canning factories peeling tomatoes and things like that. We raised peas— the old pea viner sits right in the middle of Marriott in the Marriott home and we would haul peas to the pea viner there. During the depression, the railroad was a main force here, it was the hub of Ogden. Anyone that had a railroad job during the depression was sitting pretty, and they were in good shape. One spring we sold potatoes we pitted them in the winter and then got them out of the pit in the spring and sold them for twenty cents per hundred, and they had to buy a sack to put them in on top of that. It was hard times, but I wouldn't change my childhood for anything. I would not trade my childhood for any of the childhoods of today. We were taught to work. Everyone had some milk cows, two, three, up to— we had between fifteen and twenty all the time and the milk check was our 5 main income until the crops came in in the fall. We traded veal calves to the grocery store for groceries. Even during the depression we were never hungry. We didn't have all the money that we wanted. I have a school ring, it cost eight dollar, and I graduated in 1939. Even at that time dad didn't have eight dollars to give me to buy a school ring. My brother Grant had eight dollars and give it to me and I bought my school ring and I still have it today. I remember the price of gas. Bingham's had a store on the corner of 1200 West and 1200 South. Gas was eighteen cents a gallon. I used to go home from school at noon for lunch part of the time if I didn't take lunch to school. I would go down to the old chicken coop and get three eggs and take it down to Bingham's store and trade the three eggs for an ice cream cone. Things were close, things were cheap, but everything was in comparison. Groceries were cheap so it didn't cost a lot of money for groceries and things like that. We had our own produce and our own potatoes and stuff like that, our own meat and milk so we were in good shape as far as something to eat. We never went hungry but we didn't have all the money we wanted to buy things. I had two pair of overalls, one to do the chores in and one to wear to school. I had two good pair I would wear one pair a week, one shirt and one pair of overalls a week and then they were washed the next Monday and I wore the other pair for a week. When I went to high school even at that time I had a pair of pants, one pair of pants for the school year and a couple of shirts. The teacher took us up to Malan's Peak, on a geology trip and I wore the whole cuff bottom of the pants off. The last two or three weeks of school I had to wear my 6 church pants to school because we didn't have enough money to buy another pair of pants. When I was over in the old home, we had a coal stove in the kitchen, and we had a dining room and a front room with a pot belly stove in there and it would heat them. That is the only heat we had in the house. We had the wash house that is my front room today. It was moved off of DDO and across the street when we lived in it. That was where mother did the washing. She had a coal stove up there and she would go up and heat the water in an old copper boiler on the coal stove and every Monday was wash day. She would heat the water up and that is the reason it got the name the wash house. We got running water in the house and we still had the coal stove, but we had a hot water heater where the water was heated with the coal stove, and it went through kind of a little reservoir in the side of the stove, circulated, and heated the water into the water tank. Then mother would get up at four o'clock in the morning and do the washing. In the winter time she would put the clothes out on the line and they would freeze dry and then she would bring them in and roll them up and put them in the basket. The next day she would iron them all. At that time we got an electric pump so we could pump water out to the barn so we had water for the horses and cows. Before that we had a well, with a bucket in it. You pulled the bucket up with a pulley and dumped it into the trough for the cows and the horses to drink. At one time we had a well out at the corner of the house, just off the corner of the house by the cement and we had a pitcher pump in it. Then we 7 would use the well to hang our butter and milk and stuff down into the well to keep it cool. A house was built so that the walls were thick and even when dad built on to the original adobe house he made a three brick wall where he built on. We never had pipes for inside the house even though we didn't have any heating in the house at night. Once in awhile they used to heat up an old flat iron and put it in the bottom of the bed and get your feet warm when you first went to bed. Ordinarily we never had to have anything. Me and my brother always fought to see who was going to get out behind the old kitchen stove. Dad would come out at a quarter to five in the morning and call us and he would light the fire in the kitchen stove. He would always have it prepared at night ready to light in the morning and he would light the fire in the stove and then we would run out and get behind the stove because it sat out a couple of feet from the wall. Me and my brother would go out and get behind where the heat was going up the stove pipes while we put our clothes on. That was our heat until we got out to do the chores. We always had the chores to do with the cows and the horses. We had six head of horses and around fifteen head of cows usually. We would go out in the morning, dad would get us up in the summer time, and we were up at quarter to five and we would go out. I don't know why but after I got older I loved horses and dad always let me get the six head of horses ready, curry them, feed them, water them, and put the harness on them. They would go and do the milking while I got the horses ready. Then we would go in and have breakfast and we 8 were out in the field by eight o'clock in the morning. In the winter we had to stable the cows so there were the stables to clean and the cows to take care of in the winter. We always had to feed and bed the cows and clean the stables in the winter. In the summer, sometimes we would put a little corral in the corner of the pasture and we would have our cows trained so we could just walk up and sit down to them and milk them right in the corner of the pasture and never had to put them in the stands to milk them. We fed our fields off in the fall that way. We would put the cows out in the hay field that had some after growth, the third crop hay and they would feed that off and we would go to the field and milk them. We had a place over in Wilson, forty acres over there and we usually left the cows over there until the first of the year because we had feed over there and the barn. We'd drive over there and milk them, me and my two brothers and dad. We'd put the two cans of milk in the back of the old car and the warmth from the milk would kind of keep us warm on the way home after that. I remember when we got the first side curtains for the car and we thought we were in heaven when we got those side curtains to keep that wind from jumping into the old car. The side curtain was just a flexible piece of canvas with a place in it we could see out. They just clipped onto the side of the car to the door and they opened with the door and stayed right on the door. I started school in the Marriott school in first grade and Miss Robins was my first grade teacher. At that time, if a teacher got married they couldn't teach school anymore. They only taught until they got married and then they couldn't 9 teach anymore. After they were married they were supposed to raise a family and take care of their family. So they wouldn't let married women teach in school. Dad and some of them talked to Miss Robins, she was engaged to Floyd Burnett and he was the principal of the Marriott school, and they were going to get married but they talked them into waiting a year and teaching one more year and she was the best first grade teacher that there ever was. I called her " Flossie," forget her name right now but they got married and they moved. Floyd Burnett was principal of the Marriott school and he started basketball in Marriott. He took us over to the old church, we had baskets in the top of the old Marriott church and they had the floor up there. The M- MEN even played games up there. He would take us over and practice us after school starting in the sixth grade. That is how one year, four out of the five starters on Weber High's team would have been from Marriott if Freddy Powell hadn't had a heart murmur. They wouldn't let him play first string, they used him as a substitute. But four out of the five of Weber High's team were from Marriott. Later on, we had three— the two Morris brothers, Clyde and Floyd Morris, and Delbert Bingham— they had been eligible to play on the M- MEN team but they decided to go up to Weber College. They were first string at Weber College for two years. It was just a junior college and then they went to Utah State and the three of them were first string at Utah State for three years. Marriott has had a good basketball team. I have a trophy that I am going to bring over here. It is a cup from North Weber Stake, at one time there was only four stakes, Weber, North Weber, Ogden and Mt. Ogden were the only four 10 stakes in the area. We played the M- MEN ball in those four stakes. They brought the other stakes in for a tournament at the old Weber College gyM-Menasium, that is where they held the playoff, and after that the two winners from that tournament went to the church finals in Salt Lake. The Marriott ward went to the church finals at that time once and later on we went twice. The last year was, I think, the spring of ' 44 and ' 45 Marriott went to the church finals down in Salt Lake. Julian Powell was our coach most of the years. We didn't have many players but we played Plain City the last year. We played Plain City three different times in three years and there was one point difference in all three games. They beat us twice and we beat them once. We both went to the church finals in Salt Lake. Marriott had a nice ward, a fairly good sized ward. We had all of what we called Butler's Bench and Broom's Bench. My mother was raised there and my grandfather farmed there, there were a lot of homes there. In 1940 the government decided they wanted a supply depot here in this area and the Ogden Chamber of Commerce was given the job of finding the place to locate it. There was a place out in Farr West that had about two homes on it, and it was just salt grass pastures. It would cost hardly anything, just the price of the ground to buy it. It wasn't even top soil. There was also a place out in Cainsville, and they both had railroad to them, they had spurs taken to them from the railroad. The place out in Cainsville was about the same, salt grass and sage brush and very few homes. The Ogden Chamber of Commerce said it has got to be close to Ogden. So they took— I counted them up one day and it was fifty- two homes just out of 11 Marriott that they took for— it was called Utah General Depot when they took it. We had to be out in 1941. I was married the twelfth of June in ' 41 and two weeks later my mother passed away— had a stroke or a heart attack because she was worried so much we had to get out with no place to go and no money to buy a place with. The government just foreclosed and told you to move out. She worried so much that she was standing at the table spreading my little sister a piece of bread and just feel over backwards. She lived ' til about four o'clock the next morning and passed away in the hospital. It cut the Marriott ward in half, it really upset things. The problem was, after they took it they never actually used over a third of the property that they took and then they gave it back to Ogden City and that is where the Nature Center is and where Defense Depot of Ogden ( DDO) is today. They just turned it back over to Ogden City when they closed up. During the war they had a prisoner of war camp for the German and Italian prisoners over on the northwest corner. They would bring the prisoners and have them work in the field. It really had an effect on Marriott. It was such a small ward that if you had a home that you could move off they would sell the home back very cheap. We moved our outbuildings off, moved them across the street. Our old home is the one that is the home on the Nature Center today. That is where I was born and raised, in the home that is still on the Nature Center. One of about two homes that is left in the whole area. It was there before the government took over. 12 After mother died, my sister and her husband, Mildred and Ellis Slater, moved the house that my uncle had lived in. It was a frame and they moved it off of the area and moved it across the street and just East of the railroad tracks. It was a fair- sized house. My father and my two younger sisters moved in with one of my older sisters and her husband. Dad lived there for eight years until he remarried. My other sisters finally got married too, a little later on. My uncle Leonard moved in with them too. We used to get by with what we had. Mother's death was quite a shock to us because it came so quickly. I had an old ' 29 Desoto car and she had been up to see my sisters, in it to see how they were getting along with the house. My sister and her husband were moving. She came back and got out of the car and I got in it to take one of the fellows home that was working for us on the farm and she went in and fell, had a heart attack or stroke, whatever it was. That was the last I talked to my mother. When Weber High School was first built they didn't have a football field. Dad let them use our pasture that was up there on 12th street to come down and practice football in. That is where they practiced football the first two or three years I think after Weber High School was built. When I was put in as Bishop, I think we had two hundred and eleven or two hundred and eighty- one members. It might have been two hundred and eighty- one members in the ward is all we had. Everyone had two or three jobs. At the time, before I was put in Bishop, I was explorer leader and superintendent of the Sunday school at the same time. I was in the Mutual Improvement Association ( MIA) and Clifford Blair was President and Martin Buck was the 13 counselor with me when we put on the ward reunions. The MIA used to put the ward reunions on at that time, so I had a chance to take care of that. I was the activity counselor so I am going to tell you a little bit about the ward reunions we used to have at this time. We used to have a two day ward reunion. On Friday they would let the Marriott school out at noon and we would go up there and they would have a program, dinner and a dance with an orchestra in the afternoon for the kids. Then on Saturday, we had a program in the morning, dinner, a dance in the afternoon, and then we would come back to another program at night and then a dance after that. During the intermission of the dance they would go down and finish up any food that was left down in the kitchen at night. We had to get the programs, at that time people were very giving of their time, it wasn't anything to ask a person to come and sing or play an instrument or to put on something. I remember getting the Osmond brothers. When they first started out they were stood them on what used to be our sacrament table. They were so small that the four of them stood on there to sing. They were just starting out singing and I got them to come and sing at our ward reunion. Marriott and Slaterville just traded back and forth. Everyone from Marriott would go down to Slaterville and everyone from Slaterville would come to Marriott. We had them in the old churches. In the basement of the old Marriott church we cooked everything on a coal stove, later we finally got two coal stoves down there. We cooked everything— had to pack water in and pack water out, dump the water in a tub and back it out. The toilet was out in back. We got 14 along with that for a good many years. We put the water in when I was a counselor in the bishopric. I went in the bishopric in ' 52 and that is when we got water in the church. Before, we had a pitcher pump that they used to put water in the boiler for the old heaters to heat the church. The old heaters would clang and clang when water would start coming into them. I was in the bishopric for nine years with Bishop Marion Powell and then I was called on the High Council and was in charge of the stake farm for six years until I got off the high council. When my oldest boy was old enough to go to Priesthood meeting I said, " I am going to take him, I am not going to send him," so I got off the high council at that time. I got back into the ward and then I was Explorer Leader and Sunday School Superintendent. Then I was made Bishop in June of ' 69. We were always one of the top wards as far as attendance for our Aaronic Priesthood. Even when I was in the bishopric over in the old building our ward was always the top ward in attendance, both boys and girls the MIA. We had real good attendance. That is the only way we was able to survive when they cut the ward in half. Everyone was so willing to work and we had good attendance, a high percentage of attendance. That made things work out pretty good. Dad was President of the Farm Bureau here in the ward for years and I remember when I was real small he used to have Farm Bureau days up at the Ogden Stadium. They would have horse pulling up there. Dad would always take us up to the horse pulling up to the old Warren Farr Park. Then later on they formed the Farm Bureau Baseball League. Dad got a team organized and they played up where Leland Stanger lives today. I don't know who the ground 15 really belonged to. Jimmy Reader put his cows in there for a long time, but I don't know who actually owned the ground. Whoever it was, let them build a baseball diamond on it. Then we had a Farm Bureau League in there for a few years. I don't remember just how many. Afterwards, the younger ones that played Farm Bureau ball had diamonds where they played. The Farm Bureau was quite important at that time. We had a good baseball team, I was old enough at the time, but we had a good baseball team. I never played. I went to the Marriott school for the first seven grades and then they moved the eighth grade from Marriott and Farr West into Harrisville. I went to Harrisville in the eighth grade. I played basketball on the Harrisville team in the eighth grade and then ninth through the twelfth I was at Weber High. For some reason they took Marriott and some of the ones around here. My sister said she started up there in the seventh grade, I don't know for sure but I think she said she went to school up there from the seventh grade on. I had four years at Weber High where most of them only got three. We didn't have a ball team in the ninth grade but I played for Weber in the tenth grade and the tenth grade league. I played for Weber in the tenth and then played for high school in eleventh and then the senior year I got cut off the team and I played M- MEN ball. We had a M- MEN team that year. I've lived here for eighty- five years now and it has been a wonderful place to live. I wouldn't trade my childhood for anything. We went out at night— when I was a kid, a bunch of us— we'd get together and go play " Kick The Can" or " Run Sheepy Run." After a hard day's work we would still have fun. We would go 16 swimming in the summer down in the old Mill Creek. just off of 1200 West. I was in Clifford Blair's place at that time and there was brush all the way around it, we didn't have to worry about a swimsuit. That is where I learned to swim. When we got older we went over to the river where there was a deeper hole. We had a couple of holes in the old river where we used to go swimming. I graduated from Weber High in 1939 and at that time, it wasn't actually during the depression, but things were not good. The economy was not good until after the war started, actually in ' 41 when the economy started to pick up. But, I have loved where I have lived and it has always been good to me. One thing that my dad pounded into our head was honesty. I have been tested so many times, I have been tested, I don't know why but I have always been given a little extra money or something and through dad's example I have seen that if my kids come out of the store with extra change I have seen that they took it back. When I was in the service down in Mineral Wells, Texas, my two oldest children and my wife were down there and my daughter wanted a whistle. Her mother told her that she couldn't have one and her and the lady she was with were walking down the street and here was this whistle blowing. She turned around and took her back and made her go back and give the whistle back to the man in the store and apologize. She was only three years old. That is the lesson we have tried to teach our children is to be honest. We have been tested. I found a ten dollar bill laying on the floor in the store one day and no idea who it belonged to. I didn't know what to do with it, if I gave it to somebody they would put it in their pocket, I didn't want to put it in my pocket so me and my wife just 17 stood there for a little while and there was a couple that came up and acted like they were looking around for something and they looked around and then they headed for the door. I just went over and walked up to the side of them and said, " Did you lose something?" The lady says, " I sure did. I lost a ten dollar bill. We were going to use it for a layaway for my boy for a Christmas present." She just thanked me. But I have been tested so many times that way. Just the other day I went to a store and bought some stuff and a fellow made a mistake so he didn't charge me tax and I spent almost a hundred dollars. So I called him back and told him and he says, " Well, don't make a special trip just to drop it off," then he stopped for a minute and said, " It was my mistake, just forget it." I told him, " If the mistake was the other way I'd be calling you too. I want to be honest," and he said, " just forget it." But so many times I have been given something extra and had to go and give it back because that is the way I was taught by my dad and the way he lived his life. When I was younger, 12th street went down and went on down past where the highway is today and then down through Slaterville and then over through Farr West andcrawled over the river and then into Plain City. I have seen the change from when we used to have to go over the old river bridge. There was no overpass. You went across the railroad and over the river bridge and over into Wilson Lane or else you went on down through Slaterville. Then they put the overpass in and changed and put 1900 West in and that was really a big deal for some time. Then they put in the freeway, it was another expansion and then the Willard Bay Canal went in. There has been a lot of changes that took place in 18 the years that I have been in the community. It has been a great community to live in. I had a chance to sell my place here awhile back. The government wanted it when r a contractor wanted it to build another Internal Revenue Service ( IRS) building. We told them we would sell and then my wife and I drove around looking for a place where we thought we would maybe like to build. We both drove back in the garage and said, " Let's just stay here." So we told them we changed our mind and we weren't going to sell and I'm still there today. 19 Interviewee: Carl Hodson May 22, 2007 (" UV" stands for " Unidentified Voice") CH: I am Carl William Hodson. I was born in 1921 here in Marriott. I have lived in Marriott all of my life. I lived in this house here since we were married. This room that we are in right here now was our home for the first seven years of our marriage. I think it was seven years. It was moved from over where the Nature Center is today. It was a storage shed, we call it the wash house because mother washed clothes in it all the time over there until we had water in the house. Mother used to have a coal stove with an old copper boiler and she would heat the water in this room and wash the clothes in the summer and winter in there and hang them out on the line to dry. When the government took over, Dad moved this over here and had it remodeled into two rooms. There was a petition put down. I suppose we had a bedroom and a kitchen and a coal stove and we had a big old radio that stood in the corner. We had three children in this one room and then for awhile my brother- in- law would pull up a cot in the kitchen and he slept here with us for a short time. This room here has been very special to us as a family. This is one of the Marriott ward basketball teams before I ever started playing with them. Starting from the right side on the back row is Clyde Hipwell, Deloss Bingham, Cornelius DeFriez, Marvin Buck, Wesley DeFriez, Clyde Morris, Euki DeFriez, Wayne Stanger, Julian Powell and Alma Slater. Clifford Blair was the coach and Delbert Bingham, Boss Bingham they called him, he assisted him at this time. He wasn't coach with him very long but he was at this time. The Marriott ward had some of the best basketball team there were in the state. They 20 took a lot of the championships and we got trophies and that. We had been to the church finals in Salt Lake three years for the Marriott Ward. This is Bill Morris's grandfather. Clyde was an outstanding athlete. He never did play high school basketball. He played M- MEN basketball and then he and his brother Floyd and Delbert Bingham decided to go to college. They went to the old Weber College when it was just a two year college and they played first string there, all three of them, for two years. Then they, all three, went to Utah State for two years and they finished their education and they were first string players on Utah State's team for two years up there. My first memories of growing up in Marriott were quite special to me. I was born in the home where the Nature Center is today. There were seven of us in the family and I had a wonderful childhood. Growing up on the farm, I started driving a team of horses before I was eight years old. I loved the farm and being able to be out on the farm. My sister and I started thinning beets before we was old enough to use the hoe. We just went along and took the double beets out after dad went down the row and spaced them. That way we could help him load faster and do some of the work with him. We had a wonderful childhood. It was during hard times, but we were never hungry and we enjoyed our family life when we were little. We played games in the evening and all together as a family. Especially the children would get together and play Crokinole and games like that. We enjoyed each other. Crokinole was you played on a board and it had four pockets, one in each corner of the board. It had rings that you flipped with your finger and you had 21 what they called a " tah," which was a white ring, and you put them all in a pile and you split them with this " tah" and then you would see how many you could get in the corner pockets. You played as partners. The two partners that got the most at the end would win the game. There was a black ring that you put it in the center of the pile. The one that got the black ring in got an extra twenty- five points. That is how you played the Crokinole game. We played " Kick The Can" when we would get together. We'd get some boys and go down on Bingham's corner. There was an arc light down there. In the summertime we would go down there and place a can out in the middle of the road and you'd go hide and somebody was supposed to go watch the can. You had to be able to slip in behind the one that was watching the can and kick the can. Everybody that had been caught was turned free again and they went and hid. Everyone had to be caught before the one that was watching the can got to go and hide. Then " Run- Sheepy- Run"— I am not as familiar with that right now as I used to be, but it was another game where we went and hid and someone would have to come and find you. In the summertime sometimes we'd go over a quarter mile away and hide. We'd have to go and search out the fields and find where they were hiding. My Grandmother come from England. They went up the Mississippi to Missouri, up the Missouri to Ashton, Kansas and at Ashton, Kansas they got off. They had been so short on food on the boat when they were coming that her father had left all the food for the kids. Just a few days after they got to Ashton, Kansas he passed away, and he is buried in there. Grandma was sixteen years old and she walked as a pioneer all the way to Salt Lake City. She came with 22 David Valentine, the company clear from England on the boat and he brought them right on out to Salt Lake. They came as a wagon train, not as a handcart company, but she walked all the way. There was not room in the wagons so she walked, a lot of it was bare foot. Grand- dad came from England too. He came a little later. He was about sixteen years old when he was in Nauvoo with the Prophet. He and his father, John Hodson, bid the Prophet goodbye as they went down the martyrdom trail and went to Carthage Jail where he was killed. My great- Grandfather was a wagon maker and they stayed— after they left Nauvoo they just went across the border, I don't know which state, and he made wagons for the pioneers to use to come out here to Utah. They both settled in the Kaysville/ Layton area and that is where my Grandmother and Grandfather met. Grandfather came up here, cleared ground and homesteaded. This is the ground that he homesteaded when they were first married out here. They lost seven children before they were five years old. Grandma lost her little girl and it upset her so bad she didn't want to stay here anymore so they went across the street and bought two acres of ground off of Allen who had married Grand- dad's sister. He had homesteaded across the street and sold them two acres over there. They built a log cabin on that and the log cabin is still here in the ward that they lived in. They raised several of their family in this log cabin. Dad farmed all his life. The boys all wanted to be farmers, but things were changing. There wasn't enough ground at that time for three or four to make a living on one farm. I farmed for several years after we were married, then I had 23 to go out and get a job. My brother Grant wanted to stay on the farm so I went and got a job and he went to work off the farm. I have had some ground to run even though I had a job on the side. I farmed all my life. Farming is what I was going to do so I never thought I needed to go to college. That is one occupation you need college experience for now, learn all these new techniques and all the pesticides and insecticides and everything. You need a college education to be a farmer nowadays. I think the golden age of the community here was when I was real small. Life was so simple, we traded farm equipment and we did everything together. The farmers would get together and take care of one another. If something happened to one of the farmers the others would go in and harvest his crops and do whatever they had to do. I think that was the golden age. It was a real special time in my life when my mother died. It was the time of the pea season. The whole ward turned out and harvested the whole pea crop and took them to the pea vinery and took care of the crop for dad when my mother died. She was only fifty- five years old. We had just been moved out of our home over where it was DDO. She was worried and had a stroke/ heart attack or something. She died and the ward came in and took care of us at that time. I think the greatest disaster that I ever remember in the ward was the first few months when we were married we lived in the upstairs of my Uncle Rudolph Perry's home. It was a two story building down on the corner of 1200 West and 1200 South. One Sunday morning it caught on fire and the fire department responded. They got down there but they didn't know how to get the water out of 24 the ditch. We had it all backed up so they could pump it out of the ditch, which they had to do at that time. The fireman wasn't experienced enough so the pump sucked air and they couldn't get it primed again and it burnt the house to the ground. All of our wedding presents that we had— all of the nice things that we didn't have room for in the two rooms here we had left down there in storage and it burned all of our best wedding presents that we had. That was the biggest disaster that we ever had in our life. I think some of the most influential people that I have known in the community is Bishop Richie and his counselor Lawrence Slater and some of the old timers that were leaders in the church. Bishop Richie was bishop for twenty-two years. Lawrence Slater was in there most of the time with him. They were a great influence on a lot of people. The Powell's have been a great influence. Bishop Marion Powell was bishop for eleven years. I was a counselor to him for nine out of the eleven years. He had a great knowledge of things and he really got the ward going financially after we were divided. They took away so many members when they took the DDO. He was a great influence. Julian Powell lived here and was quite an influence in the ward. There have been a lot of people that have been outstanding members of the ward. The DeFriez's— they were Dutch and they had a large family. They were a great influence to the ward. This is a Marriott Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Day Saints seal that has been in the Marriott ward for ever since it was organized I 25 guess, and even before it was organized. I am not sure when it was made but it is the first seal of the Marriott Ward Corporation. I feel that the stamp, the corporation stamp, was the leadership of the church and the leaders of the community. They had these stamped to seal their official business as a corporation at the time that the ward was formed and when it was incorporated. The Bamburger railroad was an electric line that ran from Ogden to Salt Lake. I guess it must have took care of Salt Lake. My parents used to go out to Salt Air on the Bamburger. When I went into the service in 1945, the Bamburger was still running and I caught the Bamburger and went to Salt Lake. I was inducted into the army at Fort Douglas down there. At one time the railroad went clear to Manti. Whether that was the Bamburger I do not know, but my mother and dad were married in the Manti temple in 1911 and I was wondering why they went clear down to Manti? They went on the railroad, so the Bamburger must have been clear to Manti and my Grandmother's family, many of them were working in the Manti temple. That is where they wanted to be married, so they went on the railroad down there. When we were young there was a new family that moved into the ward and it was a young girl and a family. I kind of had my eye on her but she had her eye on somebody else. She moved in when she was twelve but I didn't get to know her for awhile. After she got older we were in a roadshow where the wards took roadshows around to all the different wards in the stake. We were in the roadshow together and on our first date we went to Farr West. It was our last 26 place to show the roadshow and I asked her if she would come home with me and mother and dad were kind of in charge of the roadshow at mutual, so there was the van and some of the others in the family and all the room left was for her to sit on my lap in the back seat. That was our first date, the first time I took her home. Then we got together and we were married in the Salt Lake temple on the 12th of June 1941. We moved in to these two rooms here and then we had Donna and Brant. I went into the service and then my wife Louise and Donna and Brant, they decided they were going to come down to Camp Wolters, Texas and be with me while I was in basic. Them and another girl whose husband went at the same time, they went down and stayed at the Crazy Water Hotel in Mineral Wells, Texas. Then they came home and I came home and went over to Korea as occupational forces in Korea at the end of World War II. I was gone a year to the day. Nancy came along, she was born in 1947. So there were the three children and Louise and I here in the home together. We have raised seven children. We lost a daughter when she was twenty- five or twenty- six years old. We have still got seven out of the eight with us and we sure have appreciated our family. Our courtship went for about four years, but we didn't have an expensive courtship, we had a lot of fun. There were four couples of us that got together and we were the only one of them that wasn't married actually. We went to all the dances in the ward and the stake and different activities. We went camping together especially after we were married. We had a wonderful time together. Some of us was playing basketball so we went to the basketball games. That 27 was the reason we were with the others mostly, were because we was playing basketball together. One fellow didn't play basketball. I remember one incident— we went to a formal dance. The oldest fellow that wasn't playing basketball— he had a Jeep Willey. They were just a little car and we went to a formal dance and eight of us got out of that little Willey. People stood there with their mouth open wondering how we all got into that Willey with the women having formals on. Julian Venice Powell was real close to us too. We did a lot of farming together and we used to get together and take potatoes out of the pit. We would go down and sit in the old barn at night with the lights on and cut the potato seed. Juke and Venice would come down and help us cut the potato seed. Then we went and planted them. When we were in the sugar beets we would harvest our sugar beets and then go down to Julian Powell's and harvest his sugar beets. We worked together on a lot of farm projects. They were very close, here in the second house east of us for many years. They came in to our home one night and our daughter had— it was our son that night— had croop and they had come down and were going to take him to the hospital for us and take us with him. When they got here the croop kind of loosened up so we didn't have to. They were always real close to us, and we went on trips with them. Our first trip up through Idaho and Oregon— the six out of the eight of us that are together in this group went as far as Vale, Oregon on a trip. We were real close and shared a lot of experiences together. Julian has had a lot of influence on our lives. 28 One other thing that I didn't find out until I was going through the records was that Hyrum Willard Marriott was the one that confirmed me a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Day Saints I am not positive, but Moroni Marriott was the second bishop of the Marriott ward. My Uncle Dolph Perry bought his home from Moroni Marriott and there was a grainery on the property, and I am not positive but I would say, that Moroni Marriott probably built the grainery. After my Uncle died, my cousin Sarah Perry gave me the grainery and I moved it up here and it is still sitting behind my house here today. The house that Uncle Dolph lived in, it burnt down in the fire. It was on the northwest corner just off of 1200 West and 1200 South in Marriott.

1. Introduction, Martin Gill -- PART 1. The Subject Area of Security -- 2. Security: History, Genealogy, Ideology, Dodsworth, F -- 3. Shifting The Boundaries Of Security: Meanings And Applications, Dr Helen Forbes-Mewett -- 4. Explaining The Impact And Implications Of Covid-19 On Crime Rates: A Criminological Perspective , Rob Mawby -- 5. Forensic Intelligence And Traceology In Digitalised Environments: The Detection And Analysis Of Crime Patterns To Inform Practice, Olivier Ribaux Simon Baechler, Quentin Rossy -- 6. Changing Threats And Challenges In International Relations: Debating (In)Securities And Ways To Manage Them, Tochukwu Omenma And Silvia D'amato -- 7 -- PART 2. Offence Types. - Private Security/Private Military: One Phenomenon Or Two?, Adam White -- 8. The Evolution Of The Terrorism And Extremism Landscape In The Age Of Covid-19, Kumar Ramakrishna -- 9. Violence Against Shop Workers: Trends And Triggers In The United Kingdom, Emmeline Taylor -- 10. Burglary Research And Conceptualizing The Community Security Function, A Learning Organization, Jim Calder April -- 11. Meeting The Challenges Of Fraud In A Digital World, Cassandra Cross -- 12. Examining Private Sector Strategies For Preventing Insurance Fraud, Dr. Yuriy Timofeyev And Mike Skidmore -- 13. Economic And Industrial Espionage: Characteristics, Techniques And Response, Mark Button And Susanne Knickmeier -- 14. Combatting Money Laundering: Some Considerations For Security Professionals, Professor Mike Levi -- 15. - PART 3. Crime And Security In Different Domains. - Corruption, Bribery And Corporate Crime: Victims And Perpetrators, Hock, B., Shepherd, D And Button, M -- 16. Securing The Bioeconomy: Exploring The Role Of Cyberbiosecurity, Patrick Walsh -- 17. Border Security: An Essential But Effective Tool In Combating Cross-Border Crime, Prof Anthony Minnaar -- 18. Security In The Chemical Industry: Theory And Practice, Chao Chen And Genserik Reniers -- 19. The Evolution Of College And University Campus Security In The United States: Congressional Legislation, Administrative Directives, And Policing, Bonnie Fisher, Michelle Protas, Logan Lanson And John Sloan -- 20. Addressing The Security Issues Related To Illegal Commercial Fishing, Gohar A. Petrossian And Ron Clarke -- 21. Crime On The Darknet: The Case Of Brand Abuse, Victoria Wang. Jim Gee, Mark Button -- 22. - PART 4. Researching Security. - Representing Security: A Popular Criminology Of Private Policing In Film, Steven Kohm -- 23. Systematic Reviews And Meta-Analysis Of Security, Matthew Manning, Gabriel T.W. Wong, Hien-Thuc Pham -- 24. Realistic Evaluation And The 5is: A Systematic Approach For Evaluating Security Interventions, Andrew Newton -- 25. Script Analysis For Security Professionals: Past, Present And Future, Dr. Harald Haelterman -- 26. Using Mobile Applications And Physiological Sensing To Measure Perception Of Security In Built Environments, Reka Solymosi, Ines Guedes, Laura Vozmediano -- 27.Researching The Relationship Between Tourism And Crime: The Tourism Industry And The Disenfranchised Citizens, Rob I Mawby And Zarina I Vakhitova -- PART 5. Security Products And Services. - 28. Security Officers: The Public Face Of The Security Industry, Mahesh K. Nalla And Alison Wakefield -- 30. Private And Corporate Investigations – Internal Security Governance Within Organisation, Clarissa Meerts -- 31. Training And Education Within The Security Sector: Challenges And Opportunities For Development, Declan Garrett, Glen Kitteringham And Ken Livingstone -- 32. CCTV As A Socio-Technology, Markus Lahtinen And Benjamin Weaver -- 33. Intrusion Detection Systems In The Protection Of Assets, David J Brooks -- PART 6. Towards a Better Security. - 34. Crime And The Consumer Internet Of Things, Shane D Johnson, John M Blythe, Eon Kim And Nissy Sombatruang -- 35. Professional Security In The Fourth Industrial Revolution, Alison Wakefield And Mike Gips -- 36. Security Or Liberty? Human Rights And Protest, Kate Moss -- 37. Facilitating Best Practice In Security: The Role Of Regulation, Tim Prenzler And R Sarre -- 38. Formal And Informal (In)Security In South Africa, G. D. Breetzke -- 39. Facing Up To The Future: The Role Of Horizon-Scanning In Helping Security Keep Up With The Changes To Come, Paul Ekblom -- 40. The Securitization Of Terrestrial Protected Areas, William D. Moreto -- PART 7. The Impacts of Security. - 41. The Carbon Footprint Of Crime And Security,Helen Shoesmith (Nee Skudder), Ian Brunton-Smith, Andromachi Tseloni, Rebecca Thompson, And Angela Druckman -- 42. Security And International Crime Drops, Nick Tilley And Graham Farrell -- 43. The Role Of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (Cpted) In Improving Household Security Rachel Armitage, Lisa Tompson.-44. Examining The Use Of Video Technologies In Retailing, Adrian Beck -- 45. Making An Economic Case For Security, Matthew Manning, Christopher M. Fleming, Hien-Thuc Pham -- 46. Business Resilience To Crime: The Harms Of Crime, Business Fragility And The Role Of Security, Matt Hopkins -- 47. Security In Perspective, Martin Gill.

The main tendencies of the development of the Kingdom of Romania during the First World War were analysed in this article. The stages of the diplomatic negotiations of the Romanian government with the countries of the Central Bloc and the Entente during 1914–1918 years are considered. Bucharest managed to take advantage of its own diplomatic balancing during the war, which wassqueezed between the two military-political blocs. Thanks to its foreign policy strategy, the Romanian government had retained its sovereign right to the development and the acceptance of the most important decisions, and those which were touched of the upholding of the national interests of the state. Moreover, Romania managed to significantly expand its borders, which was possible due to the crisis and the destruction that was passed through Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire during 1917-1918 years. In the context of the foreign policy strategy of the kingdom during the World War, the «Bessarabian question» is partially covered and which role it played in the realization of the project of the creation of «Great Romania» by Bucharest. In addition, the certain reasons of the signing, the content and the consequences of the Bucharest peace treaty of 1918 year for the alignment of the forces in the Central European region at the final stage of the war were characterized. Ultimately, the authors state that the diplomatic balancing of the Romanian political leadership during the World War gave it the opportunity to gradually but steadily realize the project of the expansion of the state borders at the expense of the contiguous territories. ; Artykuł analizuje główne tendencje w procesie negocjacyjnym między rządem Królestwa Rumunii a przedstawicielami dyplomatycznymi krajów Bloku Centralnego i Ententy w czasie I wojny światowej. Znajdując się między dwoma blokami militarno-politycznymi, Bukareszt zdołał jednakw ykorzystać swoje dyplomatyczne balansowanie w czasie wojny. Dzięki strategii polityki zagranicznej rumuński rząd zachował suwerenne prawo do rozwoju i podejmowania ważnych decyzji, m.in.dotyczące obrony interesów narodowych państwa. Ponadto Rumunii udało się znacznie rozszerzyć swoje granice, co stało się możliwe dzięki kryzysowi i zniszczeniom, które objęły Austro-Węgry i Imperium Rosyjskie w latach 1917–1918. W kontekście strategii polityki zagranicznej królestwa w czasie I wojny światowej częściowo podkreślono "kwestię besarabską" oraz jej rolę w realizacji przez Bukareszt projektu stworzenia "Wielkiej Rumunii". Ponadto określono przyczyny podpisania, scharakteryzowano treść i konsekwencje bukareszckiego traktatu pokojowego w 1918 r. dla układu sił w regionie środkowoeuropejskim w końcowej fazie wojny. Ostatecznie wyrównanie dyplomatyczne rumuńskiego przywództwa politycznego w czasie I wojny światowej dało mu możliwość powiększenia terytorium Rumunii przez aneksję sąsiednich terytoriów (Siedmiogród, Besarabia, Bukowina i część Banatu). Wahając się nieustannie w swoich "sympatiach" między Ententą a Blokiem Centralnym, Rumunia w końcumogła wziąć bezpośredni udział w tworzeniu nowej mapy Europy na konferencji pokojowej w Paryżu w 1919 roku. Korzystając z sytuacji, Rumunia z pomocą Ententy zaczęła uważać się za swego rodzaju "strażnika" Europy przed przenikaniem ideologii bolszewickiej dalej na zachód. ; В статье проанализированы основные тенденции переговорного процесса между правительством Королевства Румынии и дипломатическими представителями стран Центрального блока и Антанты во время первой мировой войны. Оказавшись между двумя военно-политическими блоками Бухарест, тем не менее, сумел в период войны воспользоваться преимуществами своего дипломатического балансирования. Благодаря своей внешнеполитической стратегии, правительство Румынии сохранило своё суверенное право на наработку и принятие важнейших решений, в т.ч. и касающихся отстаивания национальных интересов государства. Более того, Румынии удалось существенно расширить свои границы, что стало возможным благодаря кризису и деструкции, которые переживали Австро-Венгрия и Российская империя в течение 1917-1918 гг. В контексте внешнеполитической стратегии королевства в период мировой войны был частично освещен «бессарабский вопрос», а также его роль в реализации Бухарестом проекта создания «Великой Румынии». Кроме того, определены причины подписания, охарактеризовано содержание и последствия Бухарестского мирного договора 1918 г. для расстановки сил в центрально-европейском регионе на завершающем этапе войны. В конечном итоге дипломатическое балансирование румынского политического руководства в период мировой войны дало ему возможность увеличить территорию Румынии путем присоединения сопредельных территорий (Трансильвании, Бессарабии, Буковины и часть Баната). Постоянно колеблясь в своих «симпатиях» между Антантой и Центральным блоком, Румыния в итоге смогла принять непосредственное участие в создании новой карты Европы на Парижской мирной конференции 1919 г. Воспользовавшись ситуацией, Румыния, с помощью Антанты, стала считать себя своеобразным «хранителем» Европы от проникновения большевистской идеологии дальше на запад.

El Estado de acuerdo a su organización y estructura se encarga de administrar y gobernar a través de un conjunto de órganos y entes el funcionamiento del poder público de una nación que actúan de acuerdo a ciertos principios, leyes y normas, por medio de órganos estatales que ejercen el poder público nacional para la administración de justicia, los cuales a saber en la República de Colombia son: el poder legislativo, el poder ejecutivo y el poder judicial, por lo que directamente le compete la responsabilidad importante y primordial de reparar los daños por los hechos lícitos y antijurídicos que ocasionen sus órganos, visto y desarrollado actualmente desde el fundamento Constitucional del Artículo 90 de la Constitución Política de Colombia 1991. Se considera que hay una privación injusta de la libertad cuando se le restringe la libertad a una persona en un proceso penal llevado a cabo por las autoridades competentes conforme a los procedimientos establecidos en la ley, y, no obstante, a que la investigación penal se desarrolló oportunamente, al terminar el proceso, éste concluye con una sentencia absolutoria. La violación del principio de confianza legítima se ha llegado a presentar en casos de privación injusta de libertad frente al procedimiento contencioso administrativo vía reparación directa, en donde el administrado tenía la expectativa de que sus pretensiones fueran despachadas favorablemente con el argumento del precedente judicial vigente al momento de interponer su demanda, pero el mismo cambia y no se tiene en cuenta aquel en la sentencia y dentro del trámite judicial lo que va en detrimento de los derecho solicitados por el demandante. En relación con lo planteado el Estado tiene obligación de brindar mecanismos que permitan al administrado tener un período de ajustes ante la nueva situación, por lo tanto, si esto no se hubiera hecho, el afectado tendría la oportunidad de apelar ante la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa esta decisión. Tal comparación permite vislumbrar el carácter específico del principio de confianza legítima, pues se advierte que cada caso de aplicación tiene sus propias circunstancias y sus respectivos marcos de acción. ; The State, according to its organization and structure, is in charge of administering and governing through a group of organs and entities the operation of the public power of a nation that act along with certain principles, laws and norms, through state organs that exercise the national public power for the administration of justice, which in the Republic of Colombia are: the legislative power, the executive power and the judiciary; so it is directly responsible for the important and primary responsibility of repairing the damages for the lawful and unlawful acts caused by its organs, currently seen and developed from the Constitutional foundation of Article 90 of the 1991 Political Constitution of Colombia. It is considered that there is an unjust deprivation of liberty when the liberty of a person is restricted in a criminal proceeding carried out by the competent authorities following the procedures established by law, and, nevertheless, the criminal investigation is developed timely, at the end of the process, it concludes with an acquittal. The violation of the principle of legitimate expectations has come to be presented in cases of unjust deprivation of liberty in front of the contentious-administrative procedure via direct reparation, where the client expected that his claims would be favorably dispatched with the argument of the judicial precedent in force at the moment of filing your claim, but it changes and that in the sentence and within the judicial process is not taken into account, which is detrimental to the rights requested by the plaintiff. Concerning the above, the State must provide mechanisms that allow the administrator to have a period of adjustments in the face of the new situation, therefore, if this had not been done, the affected party would have the opportunity to appeal to the contentious administrative jurisdiction this decision. Such comparison allows us to glimpse the specific nature of the principle of legitimate expectations since it is noted that each application case has its circumstances and its respective frameworks of action. ; CRAI-USTA Bucaramanga ; http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion

THE MISMATCH THESIS: What do economists mean when they talk about "capital accumulation"? Surprisingly, the answer to this question is anything but clear, and it seems the most unclear in times of turmoil. Consider the "financial crisis" of the late 2000s. The very term already attests to the presumed nature and causes of the crisis, which most observers indeed believe originated in the financial sector and was amplified by pervasive financialization. However, when theorists speak about a financial crisis, they don't speak about it in isolation. They refer to finance not in and of itself, but in relation to the so-called real capital stock. The recent crisis, they argue, happened not because of finance as such, but due to a mismatch between financial and real capital. The world of finance, they complain, has deviated from and distorted the real world of accumulation. According to the conventional script, this mismatch commonly appears as a "bubble", a recurring disease that causes finance to inflate relative to reality. The bubble itself, much like cancer, develops stealthily. It is extremely hard to detect, and as long as it's growing, nobody – save a few prophets of doom – seems able to see it. It is only after the market has crashed and the dust has settled that, suddenly, everybody knows it had been a bubble all along. Now, bubbles, like other deviations, distortions and mismatches, are born in sin. They begin with "the public" being too greedy and "policy makers" too lax; they continue with "irrational exuberance" that conjures up fictitious wealth out of thin air; and they end with a financial crisis, followed by recession, mounting losses and rising unemployment – a befitting punishment for those who believed they could trick Milton Friedman into giving them a free lunch. This "mismatch thesis" – the notion of a reality distorted by finance – is broadly accepted. In 2009, The Economist of London accused its readers of confusing "financial assets with real ones", singling out their confusion as the root cause of the brewing crisis. Real assets, or wealth, the magazine explained, consist of "goods and products we wish to consume" or of "things that give us the ability to produce more of what we want to consume". Financial assets, by contrast, are not wealth; they are simply "claims on real wealth". To confuse the inflation of the latter for the expansion of the former is the surest recipe for disaster. The division between real wealth and financial claims on real wealth is a fundamental premise of political economy. This premise is accepted not only by liberal theorists, analysts and policymakers, but also by Marxists of various persuasions. And as we shall show below, it is a premise built on very shaky foundations. When liberals and Marxists say that there is a mismatch between financial and real capital, they are essentially making, explicitly or implicitly, three related claims: (1) that these are indeed separate entities; (2) that these entities should correspond to each other; and (3) that, in the actual world, they often do not. In what follows, we explain why these claims don't hold water. To put it bluntly, neither liberals nor Marxists know how to compare real and financial capital, and the main reason is simple: they don't know how to determine the magnitude of real capital to start with. The common, makeshift solution is to estimate this magnitude indirectly, by using the money price of capital goods – yet this doesn't solve the problem either, since capital goods can have many prices and there is no way of knowing which of them, if any, is the "true" one. Last but not least, even if we turn a blind eye and allow for these logical impossibilities and empirical travesties to stand, the result is still highly embarrassing. As it turns out, financial accumulation not only deviates from and distorts real accumulation (or so we are told), it also follows an opposite trajectory. For more than two centuries, economists left and right have argued that capitalists – and therefore capitalism – thrive on "real investment" and the growth of "real capital". But as we shall see, in reality, the best time for capitalists is when their "real accumulation" tanks! . . .