Suchergebnisse

PurposeThis study aims to explore how gender influences the impact of interpersonal trust among subordinates on spontaneous work behaviors such as sharing responsibility and knowledge and engaging in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The goal is to understand factors that contribute to the effectiveness of women as supervisors and subordinates in the manufacturing sector.Design/methodology/approachData were gathered from 308 subordinates and 71 supervisors working in the manufacturing sector in mainland China using a survey methodology. Descriptive statistics, correlation, confirmatory factor analysis and hierarchical moderated regression were the statistical techniques used.FindingsResults indicate that both affect- and cognition-based trust among subordinates positively impact responsibility- and knowledge-sharing behaviors, OCB-individual (OCB-I) and OCB-organization (OCB-O). For female subordinates, the gender of the supervisor alters the relationship between both forms of trust and responsibility-sharing behavior and OCB-O, but not knowledge-sharing behavior and OCB-I. Cognition-based trust plays a dominant role for male subordinates, while affect-based trust is more relevant to female subordinates. Finally, while the gender of the supervisor moderates the impact of both affect- and cognition-based trust, it is significant for female subordinates only.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is not without limitations. First, the authors had access to a limited sample of female supervisors and female subordinates, which is not uncommon in the manufacturing sector that is mostly composed of male employees. Second, the cross-sectional nature of the study does not allow the capture of the impact of change in trust over time. However, it is believed that the multi-source design, the novelty of the study's findings and their implications to interpersonal trust theory and supervisory practice compensate for the limitations. For starters, this study endorses the crucial role of interpersonal trust among employees in predicting important organizational behaviors. It corroborates the conceptual distinction between affect- and cognition-based trust and empirically validates the concepts of affect- and cognition-based trust, RSB, KSB and OCB in China. It uses multi-source data and measures behavioral outcomes of workers as observed by their immediate supervisors. These contributions speak to the empirical viability of our theoretical framework that may be useful to those contemplating cross-cultural research.Practical implicationsThe study started with the question, does gender matter. The answer is that it does and that it has implications for human resource management. The gender of both supervisors and subordinates affect the way interpersonal trust among workers elicit desirable organizational behaviors such as sharing responsibilities, sharing knowledge and other forms of citizenship behavior. Female supervisors need to build trust among their female employees before they can expect effective organizational behavior. The story is different for male supervisors and male employees. This has implications in the way male and female supervisors are trained. It also has implications for work group formation and composition. What the study does not know is whether these findings are limited to the manufacturing sector or unique to China. It is recommended that a cross-cultural comparative research be undertaken to address those questions.Social implicationsIn light of the study's findings, it is proposed that supervisory training and development programs should take into consideration that female supervisors encounter more challenges in eliciting favorable behaviors on the part of female subordinates in a work environment that is male-dominated.Originality/valueThe unique value contribution of the study pertains to the role of gender – the gender of the supervisor and the gender of the subordinate in shaping organizational behavior. Specifically, the authors show that the supervisor's gender influences the relationship between affect-based trust and RSB, KSB and OCB-O and the relationship between cognition-based trust and OCB-O. Their point is that these relationships are significant only for female supervisors. In addition, they show that gender similarity between the supervisor and the supervised matters, only when both are female. These findings limit the role of interpersonal trust in eliciting favorable organizational behavior across the board and question the portability of interpersonal trust theory across industries and cultures.

Debido al crecimiento poblacional y al desarrollo económico que demanda la ciudad, se genera un conflicto entre dos bienes jurídicos de interés social como lo son el derecho al medio ambiente sano y el desarrollo urbanístico como garantía de una vivienda digna, que a la postre van a desencadenar una serie de efectos a nivel político, económico y ambiental. Por tanto, se deben generar medidas que garanticen el disfrute de dichos derechos incluyendo en su definición a la población, la administración y las autoridades ambientalistas, quienes han llevado la batuta en la materialización del desarrollo urbanístico en zona de la Reserva Forestal Productora Thomas Van Der Hammen. La teoría de la ponderación en la colisión de derechos fundamentales, ha sido desarrollada en Colombia por la Corte Constitucional a lo largo de su extensa jurisprudencia, no sólo frente a temas de derechos fundamentales, sino en conflictos que van más allá de una conexión de estos, con otro tipo de derechos que se posesionan de acuerdo a las exigencias de la sociedad actual. La ponderación de igual forma, ha sido objeto de estudio de grandes teóricos, que hoy permiten afianzar herramientas eficaces para la práctica de la teoría jurídica vs la realidad de un Estado Social de Derecho. Los estudios realizados en relación con la Reserva Forestal y las medidas preservadoras de la misma, han estado encaminadas a la cultura de desarrollo sostenible con esencia ambientalista donde es punto fundamental de exclusión la tendencia urbanística e industrial. Sin embargo, a razón del crecimiento poblacional, dicho argumento pierde vigencia y empieza a ganar terreno la necesidad de nuevas decisiones administrativas que garanticen la vida digna del ciudadano. Actualmente, las teorías de desarrollo enfocadas a la implementación de políticas económicas arrasadoras de riquezas naturales y culturales están siendo desplazadas por teorías de desarrollo amigable encaminado a la colaboración ciudadana con el fin de garantizar el desarrollo sostenible determinado en los objetivos declarados por las Naciones Unidas y el cual es acogido por el Estado Colombiano. ; Due to population growth and the economic development demanded by the city, a conflict is generated between two legal interests of social interest, such as the right to a healthy environment and urban development as a guarantee of decent housing, which ultimately will trigger a series of effects at a political, economic and environmental level. Therefore, measures must be generated to guarantee the enjoyment of said rights, including in their definition the population, the administration and the environmental authorities, who have taken the lead in the materialization of the urban development in the area of the Forest Reserve Producer Thomas Van Der Hammen The theory of the weighting in the collision of fundamental rights, has been developed in Colombia by the Constitutional Court throughout its extensive jurisprudence, not only in front of fundamental rights issues, but in conflicts that go beyond a connection of these , with other types of rights that are possessed according to the demands of today's society. The weighting of the same form, has been object of study of great theoreticians, that today allow to secure effective tools for the practice of the legal theory vs the reality of a Social State of Right. The studies carried out in relation to the Forest Reserve and the measures that preserve it, have been aimed at the culture of sustainable development with an environmentalist essence where the urban and industrial trend is the fundamental point of exclusion. However, due to population growth, this argument loses its validity and the need for new administrative decisions that guarantee the dignified life of the citizen begins to gain ground. Currently, development theories focused on the implementation of sweeping economic policies of natural and cultural wealth are being displaced by theories of friendly development aimed at citizen collaboration in order to guarantee sustainable development determined in the objectives declared by the United Nations and which is welcomed by the Colombian State.

Теоретико-методологический анализ политических процессов в данной статье позволяет исследовать их природу, специфику и праксеологию развития. Наибольший познавательный потенциал содержится в парадигмах институционализма, струк- турного функционализма, бихевиоризма и в теории «рационального выбора». По- литологический дискурс на базе многих критериев выделяет разновидности поли- тических процессов: макро- и микроуровня; горизонтально и вертикально органи- зованные; процессы стабильного и переходного типа; мировой политический процесс и др. ; The theoretical methodological analysis of political processes in this article allows probing their nature, specific and practices of development. A political process can be interpreted as a system action of all of subjects and objects of policy for realization of public power; activity related to forming, development, transformations and functioning of the political system.The greatest cognitive potential is contained by the paradigms of institutionalism, structurally functional, behaviorism and theory of «rational choice». Institutional approach in political discourse presents the political institutes as dominant «system of co-ordinates» in development of political process. Structurally functional methodology accents attention on an underlying structure and functions of the political system, on the role of social environment in a process. A political process in the theory of «rational choice» is often described as a «public choice», or as certain variations of «scenarios of games». This methodology has wide application: for the estimation of operating international relations and their prospects; to the prognosis of parliamentary activity of factions from forming of coalition, political blocks or groups; at the analysis of electoral conduct of citizens.Prakseology of political processes most expressly demonstrate them scientific typology's, which was carried out scientists on the base of different criteria. For a scale, allocate the political processes of macro-level, which characterize political development at level held or regions of planet (historical, global; western and «unwestern»; evolutional, revolutionary). Processes micro-level are concrete political events, daily relations of different subjects politicians, which are related to practical realization of individual, group or corporate interests (political co-operation is in a government, parliament, parties, regions of country, structures of local-authority). When a democratic political culture consists in basis of political co-operation of subjects, in society the horizontally organized process is formed on the base of principles of consocial democracy; when a policy is based on an etatism and authoritarian culture, there is the apeak organized political process.Political processes in the post of totalitarian states of Eurasia, Central and East Europe, which Ukraine belongs to, is extremely contradictory – is investigation of the transitional state of society; presence of political subcultures; dysfunctions of institutes of «hybrid» democracy; instabilities of the party and electoral systems; oligarchic of economy; property differentiation of population; corruptions and braking of reforms.A world political process of contemporaneity is a computer-integrated, global process, which represents the various activities of nation-states and those legitimate organs, international organizations and motions (world or continental scale); it – political activity of all of subjects of international relations is consolidated. The specific of world political process is that here the unique, legitimate «center of compulsion» absents with the proper political legal jurisdiction. Consequently, the problem of «balance of powers and interests» acquires ponderability, as a factor of stability (or instabilities) of worldwide policy is important. This process characterizes: variety of political development and different social and political forces; special methods of realization of world power; difficult aggregate of civilization, transnational and peripheral, regional, national and local political processes.Thus, progressive evolution of the civilized people and countries directed anymore on the construction of the democratic, legal state on the base of political pluralism, rights and freedoms of man, developed national economy and culture, high level of welfare and social defense of citizens. ; Теоретико-методологічний аналіз політичних процесів у даній статті дозволяє дослідити їх природу, специфіку і праксеологію розвитку. Найбільший пізнавальний потенціал містять парадигми інституціоналізму, структурного функціоналізму, біхевіоризму і теорія «раціонального вибору». Політологічний дискурс за багатьма критеріями виділяє різновиди політичних процесів: макро- і мікрорівня; горизон- тально і вертикально організовані; процеси стабільного і перехідного типу; світо- вий політичний процес та ін.

The thesis is simple. Due to the ambiguous interpretations of sustainability (each enterprise interpreting the word in their own way) - there can be no significant explanation of the term outside a theory of capital accumulation. With its absorption by the market, the term sustainable has been elevated to sublime uselessness. It has become a totally politicized ideology anointed with anodyne qualities. Paradoxically, these very qualities are invaluable to the reproduction of capital. It bleats we are all together in this battle against climate change, pollution, and the destruction of natural resources. Populations throughout the developed world have rallied to the cause, providing subliminal cover for corporate rape and pillage to continue as usual. So the term sustainability allows the deepening of capitalist social relations chameleon properties, obscuring the fact that scarcity is not a problem of nature but of politics. Neo-Darwinism rules. No corporation will voluntarily sacrifice market share to sustainable practices. No nation will willingly sacrifice gross development product for the greater good. And no politician will sacrifice votes to their moral conscience. As Nicolas Sarkozy recently said 'we know what to do, we just don't know how to get re-elected if we do it'. Consequently economic growth measured as GDP will likely 'tank the biosphere' and only the rich will afford to live sustainably (Monbiot). The causes of this global problem are clear. Nature has its own laws. But the neo-corporate state has adopted a mechanistic concept of nature which only recognizes its instrumental value within the market system. This allows corporations free reign to fly the flag of patriotism and benevolence. The terms green and sustainable now legitimize the very institutions that have bankrupted, polluted and exhausted nature – banks, finance and insurance companies, national and trans-national corporations. Unfortunately nature does not yield to the market without problems and an unsustainable planet is the result. Clearly, none of this will be solved by insulation bats in Sydney roofs, solar panels, bio-fuelled buses, wind farms in Denmark, or a Toyota Prius in the garage. These are cosmetic fixes for the wealthy, short term forms of penance to assuage individual guilt. The structural problems of the capitalist system remain undiminished. In its Volume IV, Number 1, Ruang-Space Journal publishes seven articles. The first one is composed by I Putu Edy Rapiana, entitled Perubahan Fungsi Spasial sebagai Akibat Perkembangan Pariwisata di Banjar Kedungu, Desa Belalang Kecamatan Kediri, Kabupaten Tabanan (Spatial Changes Resulted from the Tourist Development in Kedungu Neighborhood, Belalang Village, Kediri District, of Tabanan Regency). The second article is contributed by Kadek Ary Wibawa Patra. This publication is entitled Alih Fungsi Lahan Pertanian yang Berbatasan dengan Area Puspem Kabupaten Badung: Tahun 2005-2015 (The Conversion of Agricultural Land Situated on the Periphery of Badung Regency's Civic Centre: in the Year of 2005-2015). The third article is authored by A A Gde Djaja Bharuna S, entitled Perkembangan Spasial di Desa Pengotan - Bangli (Spatial Development of Pengotan Village - Bangli). The fourth article is written by I Putu Hartawan, whose title is Pemanfaatan Ruang Terbuka Publik sebagai Setting Kegiatan Ngaben Masal di Banjar Teges Kawan Yangloni, Peliatan (The Use of Open Public Space, as a Setting for Mass Cremation Related Activities in Teges Kawan Yangloni Neighborhood, of Peliatan Village). The fifth article is authored by I Ketut Mudra entitled Kontribusi Program Desa Wisata dalam Mentransisi Arsitektur Umah Tua di Desa Julah, Kecamatan Tejakula, Kabupaten Buleleng, Bali (The Contribution of Village-Based Tourism Program in the Conversion of Original Homes in Julah Village, Tejakula District, Buleleng Regency, Bali). The sixth article is contributed by Michael Bounds and Peter Phibbs with a title of Putting Practice into Theory: Reconciling Academic Discourse with Experience. The seventh article is by Ni Made Swanendri, with a title Pola Spasial Permukiman Desa Pakraman Timbrah, Karangasem (Spatial Pattern of Timbrah Settlement in Karangasem).

How could one oversee the monumental modern landscape that has been created by over 250 years of continuous technological innovations? Notwithstanding a few students of international relations who have insisted in taking notice, technology has remained an exotic subject matter in International Relations theory (IR). While the interest in technologies is recently growing most IR scholarship remains silent: the fact that we live in a fully integrated and interconnected technological world is absent from textbooks and introductions to IR. Neither exists theoretical approaches and paradigmatic debates that are concerned with technologies; nor a specific intra-disciplinary subfield. Against this background, this book explores how technological innovations could be theorized and integrated into IR theories. Revisiting the inroads of theoretical approaches to technologies, it highlights the lightness of IR scholarship. I argue that the general framework of IR is untenable because it looks at the world as if there were no materials or rather, as if the pervasive presence of artifacts and infrastructures would have no theoretical relevance for conceptualizing and examining world politics. Drawing on ontological and epistemological understandings from anthropology, innovation economics, and science and technology studies, I take issue with the philosophical foundations of the discipline. The notions, concepts and practices, which ultimately sustain and legitimize this lightness, are interrogated. It is shown that the neglect of technological innovation does not merely result from coincidental intellectual moves. It is rather the result of the "Cartesian complex" – the foundational commitment that renders IR a purely social science that deliberately excludes non-humans and hybrid material modes of agency. A radical refashioning is therefore required to the extent to which IR theory aims to accommodate the highly complex and elusive subject matter of technological innovations. This conceptual catharsis does not primarily touch upon epistemological concerns. What is at stake is the limitation of ontological parameters that sustain IR theories. To make sense of the messy technological landscapes, the material agency, and the technologically mediated practices, the prevailing logocentric wisdom needs to be transcended. Against premature metaphysical closure, this book thus contributes to the task of ontological expansion. Firstly, it develops an alternative meta-theoretical foundation coined "explorative realism". A new meta-theoretical matrix is proposed that renders wider ontological parameters intelligible. Especially, the "double-mixed" zone encourages ontological expansion via notions of heterogeneous agency and process philosophy. This implies that IR scholars avoid treating time, space, knowledge, artificial objects, and built environments as constants but as always croproduced. A coproductive commitment opens up new empirical issues and concerns as well as radically different theoretical puzzles. It also implies overcoming Cartesian dualism, abandoning intentionality-based notions of agency, and forgetting the "level of analysis" assumption. Secondly, this book advances a theoretical toolbox consisting of the interrelated concepts of "assemblages" and "creative destruction". The former term signifies actor-networks entailing both humans and non-humans. The latter captures the ways in which technological innovations alter or destabilize assemblages across all levels through a process of translation. This theoretical vocabulary also reconceptualizes the meaning of "power", "authority" with reference to technological innovations. Three open-ended classifications and three models of creative destruction enable the mapping of magnitudes of translations, the changing size and topologies of assemblages and the shifting power and authority. These efforts to theorize technological innovations, then, support empirical research on global transformations and processes of emergence with a set of conceptual tools that allows locating and systematizing cases, puzzles, and scales in relation to assemblages. The study of technological innovations is productive and challenging. It leads to the discovery of novel empirical landscapes and inspires a creative questioning of IR's foundations. As such, while responding to the stunning absence of theoretical approaches in IR that make sense of technological innovations, this study contributes to the articulation of both a post-international and post-Cartesian version of IR.

We first investigate the computational complexity for estimating quantile based risk measures, such as the widespread Value at Risk for banks and Solvency II capital requirements for insurance companies, via nested Monte Carlo simulations. The estimator is a conditional expectation type estimator where two stage simulations are required to evaluate the risk measure: an outer simulation is used to generate risk factor scenarios that govern price movements and an inner simulation is used to evaluate the future portfolio value based on each of those scenarios. We propose a new set of non-uniform algorithms to evaluate risk. The algorithms place more importance upon outer scenarios which are more likely to have a direct impact on the estimator and consider the marginal changes in the risk estimator at each additional inner scenario. We demonstrate using analytical and experimental settings that our proposed heuristics outperform the uniform algorithm and result in a lower variance and bias with the same initial settings and resources. The results are also robust enough for the multidimensionality of risk factors and the non-linearity of pay-offs. The second essay considers the financial stability from a macro perspective. Measuring negative externalities of banks is a major challenge for financial regulators. We propose a new risk management approach to enhance the financial stability and to increase the fairness of financial transactions. The basic idea is that a bank should assume as much risk as it creates. Any imbalance in the tails of the distribution of profit and losses is a sign of the bank's failure to internalize its externalities or the social costs associated with its activities. We link those asymmetries to contribution of banks to the systemic risk. In this paper, we develop a theoretical model to show the importance of tail symmetry on the sustainability of the financial system. We also propose a mathematical definition and a measure of tail imbalance based on Extreme Value Theory (EVT). This measure could help regulators and policymakers to have an insight into the contribution of each bank to the overall risk hidden in the financial system and waiting to burst in the context of a crisis to serve as an early warning indicator. We also propose econometric techniques to overcome the data availability issue and create an early warning system to monitor the state of the financial system. The aim of the third essay is to find a theoretical justification toward the mutual benefits for members of a banking union in the context of a strategic interaction model. We use a unique contagion dynamic that marries the rich literature of game theory, contagion in pandemic crisis and the study of collaboration between regulators. The model is focused toward regulating asset classes, not individual banks. This special design addresses moral hazard issues that could result from government intervention in the case of crisis. The framework that we propose is flexible enough to be used in different settings. In a country such as the USA, the financial system is regulated by several regulatory bodies with different mandates and asset classes to supervise. While the Dodd-Frank Act developed the legal framework for collaboration between Federal agencies, this paper proposes to provide the academic justification. ; La thèse analyse la question de la stabilité du système financier international dans son ensemble et plus précisément comment améliorer sa résilience. Chaque chapitre se focalise sur un type d'acteur dans ce système complexe, à savoir les banques, les organismes de supervision et les régulateurs internationaux. Le premier chapitre introduit de nouvelles techniques d'optimisation pour accélérer le calcul de mesure de risque dans les banques et les institutions financières. Il propose également une étude théorique pour valider les algorithmes d'optimisation proposés. Le second vise à quantifier l'externalité négative générée par les activités d'une banque ou d'une d'institution financière. Finalement, le dernier chapitre concerne la coopération entre régulateurs nationaux en présence de coûts de coordination en proposant une analyse qui s'appuie sur la théorie des jeux. ; (ECGE - Sciences économiques et de gestion) -- UCL, 2017

El objetivo de esta investigación es establecer un diálogo teórico entre el enfoque de las capacidades para el desarrollo humano y la noción aspiracional de vida digna elaborada por los líderes de la Asociación Campesina del Valle del Río Cimitarra - Red Agroecológica Nacional (ACVC-RAN), una organización social que promueve un proyecto de Zona de Reserva Campesina (ZRC) en la región del Magdalena Medio en Colombia. Formulada como un problema de teoría política, esta investigación involucró trabajo de campo con líderes de la asociación campesina bajo la premisa de la simetría epistémica, que supone la validez de las aspiraciones de estas personas como fuente legítima para el diálogo teórico y la generación de teoría política. Se utilizó la fenomenología como punto de partida para el diseño metodológico y la interpretación de los resultados. La reconstrucción de la noción aspiracional de vida digna reivindicada por la ACVC ha revelado convergencias importantes con ocho de las diez capacidades centrales de la lista de Martha Nussbaum, al mismo tiempo que la notoria ausencia de dos de las capacidades centrales. Como posible interpretación de la ausencia de esas dos capacidades en la noción aspiracional de vida digna, se propone el argumento de que esto es una consecuencia del problema de las "preferencias adaptativas": la adaptación de las preferencias determina el hecho de que las personas en ciertos contextos sociales podrían considerar algunas de las capacidades centrales de la lista como capacidades suntuosas. Los resultados de esta investigación permiten concluir que el enfoque de las capacidades puede ser utilizado como marco teórico para conceptualizar las reivindicaciones políticas de organizaciones sociales en diversos contextos, siempre y cuando medie un proceso previo de deliberación pública que involucre a los miembros de cada organización social particular. Este tipo de diálogo teórico contribuye al mismo tiempo a robustecer la propuesta teórica del enfoque de capacidades para el desarrollo humano, y a apoyar a las organizaciones sociales en su propósito normativo de transformar a las sociedades que aspiran a la justicia. ; The objective of this rescarch is to establish a theoretical dialogue between the capability and human development approach and the aspirational notion of dignified life defended by the leaders of the Peasant Association of the Cimitarra Rivcr Valley, a social organizaron that promotes a projcct called peasant reserve zone in the central basin of the Magdalena River in North Eastem Colombia. Formulated as a political theory problem. this research has involved fieldwork with leaders of the association, under the epistemológica! assumption of the validity of their worldviews as a source of political theory. The methodology under which the fieldwork is conducted and the data is interpreted is phenomenology. The reconstruction of the aspirational notion of dignified life defended by the Cimitarra Valley Peasant Association has shown important convergences with the most part of Martha Nussbaum?s list of Central Capabilities. as well as the notorious absence of two of the Central Capabilities. As a possible explanation of the absence of two of the central capabilities in the reconstructed aspirational notion of dignified life, the argument is advanced that it may be interpreted as a consequence of the problem of "adaptive preferences": the adaptation of preferences determines the fact that some people may consider some of the central capabilities as luxurious capabilities. The results of this research permit to conclude that the capability approach :an be used as a theoretical framework for conceptualizing the political claims of social organizations, but mediated by a previous dialogue with the participants of each particular social organization. That kind of knowledge dialogues will contribute to solidify the capability approach, and will help social organizations in their normative purposc of transforming societies that aspire to justice.

The article focuses on the concept of values and value orientations, different approaches of numerous scientists towards defi nitions of these terms. The article includes a research of the infl uence of values and value orientations on the development of a person. The scheme of fi xing and appropriation of value, as well as the process of its integration in the structure of personality was considered. It is proved that the system of values and norms is a very complicated multi-layer system.When we think of our values, we think of what is important for us in our life. Each of us has a number of values (e.g., achievements, safety, benevolence) with varying degrees of importance. A particular value may be very important to one person but not important to another. The value theory of S. Schwartz adopts a conception of values that specifi es six key features:1) Values are beliefs. When values are activated, they become fi lled with feelings. People for whom independence is an important value become worried if their independence is threatened, feel desparate when they are helpless to protect it and are happy when they can enjoy it. 2) Values refer to desirable goals that motivate actions. People for whom social order, justice and helpfulness are important values are motivated to pursue these goals. 3) Values are not limited by specifi c actions and situations. For example, such values as obedience and honesty may be relevant in the workplace or at school, in business or in politics, in relationship with friends or strangers. This feature distinguishes values from norms and attitudes which usually refer to specifi c actions, objects or situations. 4) Values serve as standards or criteria. Values determine selection or evaluation ofactions, policies, people and events. People decide what is good or bad, justifi ed or illegitimate, worth doing or avoiding, on the basis of possible consequences for their cherished values. But the impact of values in everyday decisions is rarely conscious. Values become conscious when actions or judgments have confl icting implications for different values one cherishes. 5) Values have strict hierarchy of importance in relation to one another. People's values form a strict system of priorities that characterize them as individuals. Do they attribute more importance to achievement or justice, to novelty or tradition? This hierarchical feature also distinguishes values from norms and attitudes. 6) The relative importance of multiple values determines our actions. Any attitude or behavior typically has implications for more than one value. Values infl uence actions when they are relevant in the context and important to the actor.The above-mentioned are features of all values. What distinguishes one from another is the type of goal or motivation it expresses. The values theory defi nes ten broad values according to the motivation that underlies each of them. These values are likely to be universal because they are grounded on one or more of three universal needs of human existence which they help to handle. These requirements are needs of individuals as biological organisms, requisites of coordinated social interaction, and survival and welfare needs of groups. Individuals cannot successfully cope with these requirements of human existence on their own. On the contrary, people must articulate appropriate goals to cope with them, communicate with others about them, and gain cooperation in the pursuit of these goals. Values are socially desirable concepts used to mentally represent these goals and vocabulary used to express them in social interaction. Keywords: values, value orientations, value system, goals, terminal values, instrumental values, moral values. ; Розглянуто поняття цінностей і ціннісних орієнтацій, підходи до розуміння детермінант різними науковцями. Досліджено вплив цінностей і ціннісних орієнтацій на розвиток особистості. Розглянуто схему закріплення та присвоєння цінності, а також процес її інтеграції у структуру особистості. Підтверджено, що ціннісно-смислова система людини надзвичайно складна багаторівнева система. Доведено, що кожна особистість є носієм багатьох цінностей з різним рівнем важливості. Ієрархія цінностей може бути надзвичайно різноманітною. Проте всі вони мають певні універсальні особливості й ознаки.Ключові слова: цінності, ціннісні орієнтації, система цінностей, ціннісно-смислова система, цілі, термінальні цінності, інструментальні цінності, моральні цінності.

The study tested that during combat operations military automotive technology plays an important role in preserving the life and health of military personnel. Therefore for quality tasks according to their purpose, and consequently superior to the enemy, they must have high maneuverability, stability and maneuverability. The research has found that the known methods of traffic control direction are not always able to provide the appropriate parameters, with a loss of lateral stability and lack of agility when cornering. One possible way is to improve data performance properties of implementing new ideas and developments in traffic management. Research on design features of steering mechanisms and their impact on the performance properties of samples of military automotive technology are closely associated with the use of the main provisions of theoretical mechanics, theory driving, methods of the theory of differential equations. The theoretical and practical aspects outline the possibility of improving steering mechanisms for military automotive technology with sophisticated technologies that gain widespread use in the automotive world's leading countries. Indeed, research on improving steering mechanism as one of the components of the control system that affects the safety and the performance of assigned tasks in general is important and relevant. The analysis of known methods change the direction of movement of military automotive technology, defined purpose and investigated the structure of steering and the steering mechanism in particular, studies use various amplifiers and electronic systems to improve steering mechanisms and their impact on the performance properties of models of equipment. There is a further need to develop a basic mathematical model, taking into account modern approaches for improving steering mechanisms. ; Установлено, что при ведении боевых действий военная автомобильная техника играет важную роль по сохранению жизни и здоровья военнослужащих. Поэтому для качественного выполнения задач по своему назначению, а следовательно и превосходства над противником, они должны обладать повышенной проходимостью, устойчивостью и маневренностью. Выяснено, что известные методы управления направлением движения не всегда способны обеспечить соответствующие параметры: имеют место потеря поперечной устойчивости и недостаточная маневренность при прохождении поворотов. Одним из путей улучшения данных эксплуатационных свойств является внедрение новых идей и разработок в систему управления движением. Исследованы теоретические и практические аспекты, которые определяют возможность совершенствования рулевых механизмов военной автомобильной техники с помощью современных технологий, которые получают широкое применение в автомобилестроении ведущих стран мира. Ведь исследования по совершенствованию рулевых механизмов как одной из составляющих системы управления, которая влияет на безопасность движения и выполнение задач по назначению в целом важны и актуальны. Проведен анализ известных методов изменения направления движения военной автомобильной техники, определено назначение и исследовано строение рулевого управления и рулевого механизма в частности, исследованы применения различных усилителей и электронных систем для улучшения работы рулевых механизмов и их влияние на эксплуатационные свойства образцов техники. ; Встановлено, що під час ведення бойових дій військова автомобільна техніка відіграє важливу роль у збереженні життя та здоров'я військовослужбовців. Тому для якісного виконання завдань відповідно до свого призначення, а отже, і переваги над противником, вони повинні володіти підвищеною прохідністю, стійкістю та маневреністю. З'ясовано, що відомі методи керування напрямом руху не завжди здатні забезпечити відповідні параметри: можливі втрата поперечної стійкості та недостатня маневреність під час поворотів. Одним із шляхів покращення цих експлуатаційних властивостей є впровадження нових ідей та розробок в систему керування рухом. Досліджено теоретичні та практичні аспекти, які окреслюють можливість удосконалення кермових механізмів військової автомобільної техніки за допомогою сучасних технологій, які набувають широкого застосування в автомобілебудуванні провідних країн світу. Адже дослідження з удосконалення кермових механізмів як однієї із складових частин системи керування, що впливає на безпеку руху та на виконання завдань за призначенням, є важливими та актуальними. Проаналізовано відомі методи зміни напрямку руху військової автомобільної техніки, визначено призначення та досліджено будову кермового керування та кермового механізму зокрема, досліджено застосування різноманітних підсилювачів і електронних систем для покращення роботи кермових механізмів та їх вплив на експлуатаційні властивості зразків техніки.

The use of heritage and cultural identity and its influence on the development of a territory has been approached, both in theory and in practice in Latin American countries, enriched by significant experiences of some international examples that claim cultural identity and value to the local heritage. Therefore, it is useful to analyze the case of the Barrio Getsemani, Cartagena de Indias, inscribed by unesco, in the List of World Heritage Sites.The methodology used in the case study, combines qualitative and quantitative techniques. The research analyzes the potential of Getsemani to contribute to local development from the recognition and visibility of cultural goods and manifestations.In that order, a general characterization of the neighborhood was carried out based on the analysis of the present documentation, the official statistical registers available and the results of interviews and surveys that allowed to complement information on topics of interest. Likewise, they provide evidence of the tourism potential and the active nature of Getsemani's cultural heritage. In this sense, based on the complementary support of the theory of endogenous development with the model of prevailing tourism development, it is proposed to enhance the unique characteristics of the cultural heritage of Getsemani, through the idea of an interpretative set that seeks to enhance tourism management by Part of the local community and demonstrate the differential value of Gethsemane as a cultural tourist destination. In this way, development is achieved not only by being a passive recipient, but also achieved through the formation of an entrepreneurial process and local innovation based on cultural specificity, material and immaterial and territorial heritage.It is important to highlight the strategic value, risks and opportunities associated with safeguarding cultural heritage and tourism development. Communities must lead management within the framework of solidarity and cooperation, to ensure their survival ina globalized world, with the participation of the various governmental and private sector actors. ; El uso de patrimonio e identidad cultural y su influencia en el desarrollo de un territorio han sido abordados tanto en la teoría como en la práctica en países de América Latina, enriqueciéndose con experiencias significativas de algunos ejemplos internacionales que reivindican la identidad cultural y valorizan el patrimonio local. Por lo anterior, resulta útil analizar el caso del barrio Getsemaní, ubicado en Cartagena de Indias, inscrito por la UNESCO en la Lista del Patrimonio de la Humanidad.La metodología empleada corresponde al estudio de caso y combina técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas. La investigación analiza el potencial de Getsemaní para contribuir al desarrollo local a partir del reconocimiento y la visibilización de los bienes y manifestaciones culturales.En ese orden, se realiza una caracterización general del barrio a partir del análisis de la documentación presente, de los registros estadísticos oficiales disponibles y de los resultados de entrevistas y encuestas que permitieron complementar información sobre temas de interés. Así mismo, se aportan evidencias del potencial turístico y el carácter activo del patrimonio cultural de Getsemaní. En este sentido, a partir del sustento complementario de la teoría del desarrollo endógeno con el modelo de desarrollo turístico imperante, se propone potenciar las características singulares del patrimonio cultural de Getsemaní por medio de la idea de un conjunto interpretativo que busca potenciar la gestión turística por parte de la comunidad local y demostrar el valor diferencial de Getsemaní como destino turístico cultural. De esta manera, el desarrollo se logra no solo siendo un receptor pasivo, sino que también se alcanza a partir de la formación de un proceso emprendedor y de innovación local basado en una especificidad cultural, del patrimonio material e inmaterial y territorial.Es importante resaltar el valor estratégico, los riesgos y las oportunidades asociados con la salvaguardia del patrimonio cultural y el desarrollo del turismo. Las comunidades deben liderar la gestión en el marco de la solidaridad y la cooperación para garantizar su supervivencia en un mundo globalizado, con participación activa de los distintos actores gubernamentales y privados del sector.

We first investigate the computational complexity for estimating quantile based risk measures, such as the widespread Value at Risk for banks and Solvency II capital requirements for insurance companies, via nested Monte Carlo simulations. The estimator is a conditional expectation type estimator where two stage simulations are required to evaluate the risk measure: an outer simulation is used to generate risk factor scenarios that govern price movements and an inner simulation is used to evaluate the future portfolio value based on each of those scenarios. We propose a new set of non-uniform algorithms to evaluate risk. The algorithms place more importance upon outer scenarios which are more likely to have a direct impact on the estimator and consider the marginal changes in the risk estimator at each additional inner scenario. We demonstrate using analytical and experimental settings that our proposed heuristics outperform the uniform algorithm and result in a lower variance and bias with the same initial settings and resources. The results are also robust enough for the multidimensionality of risk factors and the non-linearity of pay-offs. The second essay considers the financial stability from a macro perspective. Measuring negative externalities of banks is a major challenge for financial regulators. We propose a new risk management approach to enhance the financial stability and to increase the fairness of financial transactions. The basic idea is that a bank should assume as much risk as it creates. Any imbalance in the tails of the distribution of profit and losses is a sign of the bank's failure to internalize its externalities or the social costs associated with its activities. We link those asymmetries to contribution of banks to the systemic risk. In this paper, we develop a theoretical model to show the importance of tail symmetry on the sustainability of the financial system. We also propose a mathematical definition and a measure of tail imbalance based on Extreme Value Theory (EVT). This measure could help regulators and policymakers to have an insight into the contribution of each bank to the overall risk hidden in the financial system and waiting to burst in the context of a crisis to serve as an early warning indicator. We also propose econometric techniques to overcome the data availability issue and create an early warning system to monitor the state of the financial system. The aim of the third essay is to find a theoretical justification toward the mutual benefits for members of a banking union in the context of a strategic interaction model. We use a unique contagion dynamic that marries the rich literature of game theory, contagion in pandemic crisis and the study of collaboration between regulators. The model is focused toward regulating asset classes, not individual banks. This special design addresses moral hazard issues that could result from government intervention in the case of crisis. The framework that we propose is flexible enough to be used in different settings. In a country such as the USA, the financial system is regulated by several regulatory bodies with different mandates and asset classes to supervise. While the Dodd-Frank Act developed the legal framework for collaboration between Federal agencies, this paper proposes to provide the academic justification. ; La thèse analyse la question de la stabilité du système financier international dans son ensemble et plus précisément comment améliorer sa résilience. Chaque chapitre se focalise sur un type d'acteur dans ce système complexe, à savoir les banques, les organismes de supervision et les régulateurs internationaux. Le premier chapitre introduit de nouvelles techniques d'optimisation pour accélérer le calcul de mesure de risque dans les banques et les institutions financières. Il propose également une étude théorique pour valider les algorithmes d'optimisation proposés. Le second vise à quantifier l'externalité négative générée par les activités d'une banque ou d'une d'institution financière. Finalement, le dernier chapitre concerne la coopération entre régulateurs nationaux en présence de coûts de coordination en proposant une analyse qui s'appuie sur la théorie des jeux. ; (ECGE - Sciences économiques et de gestion) -- UCL, 2017

The Preamble and Chapter 1 This contribution is intended to be the first installment of a systematic interpretation of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996. Due to the foundational and repetitive reference in the text to values, regard must constantly be had to those values when this Constitution is interpreted. Even though the preamble does not contain positive norms, is an important interpretive source of the foundations of the Constitution. An important deviation from the preamble of the 1993 Constitution, is that the term Rechtsstaat ("constitutional state") is not employed. The introduction of this notion in South African law and its meaning in general is described. With reference to relevant dicta in recent constitutional cases, the Constitutional Principles in terms of which the 1996 Constitution was formulated and the text of the Constitution itself, it is argued that this is essentially a Rechtsstaat Constitution, but that the divergence in the range of constitutional values creates the danger of the constitutional state floundering in the waters of the social state. Section 1, being the foundational provision, is not unamendable, but it is very tightly entrenched. The most profound values of the Constitution are set out in this compact formulation. The question is inevitably raised whether, where values have to compete for precedence in concrete circumstances, a hierarchy of values must be construed. An analysis of section 1 in the context of other relevant provisions of the Constitution reveals that human dignity is the primary nuclear value of the Constitution, supported by equality and freedom. Democracy, supremacy of the Constitution and the rule of law are structural and procedural values of the Constitution subordinate to the nuclear values and non-racialism and non-sexism are derived values. How it is possible for a constitution to be superior law, as section 2 provides regarding the 1996 Constitution, is analysed against the background of the social contract theory. The weaknesses of this theory are exposed and it is argued that the force external to the Constitution that guarantees its primacy, is its practical legitimacy, i.e. sufficient support or acceptance of the authority of the Constitution by the citizenry. Section 2 is phrased in strong terms and means that no juridically relevant conduct, be it of a private or public law nature, can escape the test of constitutionality. In the interpretation of section 3 the nature of citizenship and nationality is analysed with reference to international authorities and definitions of these concepts are developed. The legal implications of citizenship in the context of the Constitution are set out and the historical context of citizenship having been used in pre-constitutional times as an instrument for creating separate ethnic states, is described. The current post modern tendency in places to devalue citizenship is contrasted with the importance being attached to the notion in South Africa in the context of nation building and the employment of expatriates. Regarding sections 4 and 5 the formal regulation of the national anthem and national flag is described. The national anthem may be amended by presidential proclamation, but changes to the national flag require an amendment of the Constitution. Section 6, which deals with the complex language matter, protects linguistic diversity rather than the status of any languages. The Constitutional Court has determined that, although no express provision to this effect exists, individuals are entitled to use the language of their choice in their dealings and communications with the government. The state is required to promote "the indigenous languages of our people." This is interpreted to include the nine official indigenous African languages, Afrikaans, Khoi, Nama and San. In the determination of language policies Municipal Councils are required to take the language usage and preferences of the inhabitants into account and in the national and provincial at least two official languages must be used. Essential facts regarding language usage, demographic distribution, etc. must be taken into consideration for the determination of a language policy to conform to the Constitution.

Abstrak Konsep desentralisasi dan tentang otonomi daerah mulai berjalan sejak disahkannya oleh Undang-Undang Nomor 22 tahun 1999 dan direvisi lagi melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 23 tahun 2014. Sejak disahkannya Undang-Undang No 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang Desa desentralisasi dijalankan dalam wilayah pemerintahan yang lebih kecil, yaitu desa. Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang bagaimana Partisipasi masyarakat desa Kayulemah kecamatan Sumberrejo kabupaten Bojonegoro dalam Pembangunan. Tujuannya untuk mengetahui bagaimana partisipasi masyarakat desa Kayulemah kecamatan Sumberrejo kabupaten Bojonegoro dalam pembangunan serta untuk mengetahui perubahan sosial yang terjadi paska diterapkannya Undang-undang nomor 6 tahun 2014. Untuk menjawab tujuan penelitian, menggunakan teori demokrasi dan teori perubahan sosial. Penyebab terjadinya perubahan sosial adalah pada sistem nilai gagasan, sistem pengetahuan dan sistem kepercayaan yang ada di masyarakat. Dalam hukum tentunya juga terdapat nilai-nilai yang diberikan kepada pelaksana hukum. Sistem nilai dan gagasan inilah yang akan menjadi dasar dari perubahan sosial. Metode yang digunakan ialah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan mendeskripsikan fenomena sosial yang terjadi pada subyek lembaga pemerinah desa Kayulemah dan masyarakat desa Kayulemah dalam partisipasi pembangunan. Digunakan pendekatan studi kasus untuk mendapatkan fakta yang terjadi dalam partisipasi masyarakat desa Kayulemah paska diterapkannya Undang-undang nomor 6 tahun 2014. Hasil penelitian menjelaskan bahwa dalam partisipasi masyarakat desa Kayulemah dalam pembangunan yang pertama diwujudkan dalam musyawarah perencanaan pembangunan desa (musrenbangdes). Dalam musyawarah tersebut menghasilkan usulan-usulan yang mengakomodir kepentingan masyarakat karena dihadiri oleh seluruh lembaga didalam desa Kayulemah. Kedua, adanya perubahan fungsi lembaga Badan Permusyawaratan Desa (BPD) yang dahulu melakukan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan peraturan desa (perdes) dan peraturan kepala desa, sekarang Badan Permusyawaratan Desa (BPD) melakukan pengawasan kinerja kepala desa dan menyelenggarakan musyawarah desa. Sehingga status derajat kekuatan legitimasi antara BPD dan Kepala Desa adalah seimbang. Kata kunci : Perubahan Sosial, Partisipasi Masyarakat, Pembangunan Desa Abstract The concept of decentralization and on regional autonomy has been running since the enactment of Law No. 22 of 1999 and revised again through Law No. 23 of 2014. Since the enactment of Law No. 6 of 2014 on Village Decentralization is run in smaller areas of government, Namely the village. This study examines how Participation of Kayulemah village community Sumberrejo district Bojonegoro district in Development. The goal is to know how the participation of Kayulemah village community Sumberrejo district Bojonegoro district in development and to know the social changes that occurred after the enactment of Law number 6 of 2014. To answer the purpose of research, using the theory of democracy and the theory of social change. The cause of social change is the value system of ideas, knowledge systems and belief systems that exist in society. In the law of course there are also values that are given to the executor of the law. This system of values and ideas will be the basis of social change. The method used is descriptive qualitative research by describing the social phenomenon that occurs on the subject of Kayulemah village government institutions and Kayulemah village community in the participation of development. A case study approach is used to derive facts that occur in Kayulemah village community participation after the enactment of Law No. 6 of 2014. The results of the study explained that in the participation of Kayulemah village community in the first development is realized in the village development planning (musrenbangdes). The deliberations resulted in proposals that accommodate the interests of the community because it was attended by all institutions within Kayulemah village. Secondly, there is a change in the function of the Village Consultative Agency (BPD), which previously supervised the implementation of village regulations and village head regulations, now the Village Consultative Board (BPD) performs supervision on the performance of the village head and organizes village deliberations. So the status of the power of legitimacy between the BPD and the Village Head is balanced. Key word: Social Change, Community Participation, Rural Development

Abstrak Putusan KPPU(Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha)Nomor 06/KPPU-L/2015 yang menilai tentang adanya persekongkolan vertikal dan horizontal yang perlu ditelaah kembali berdasarkan teori mengenai persekongkolan dalam hukum persaingan usaha. Pertimbangan Majelis Komisi yang memutus bahwa Terlapor IV bersalah sesuai dengan keterangan saksi, seharusnya Terlapor IV tidak dapat dipersalahkan. Selanjutnya putusan bahwa Terlapor V tidak bersalah, tidak sesuai dengan Pasal 8 huruf g Perpres Pengadaan Barang/Jasa Pemerintah. Putusan terhadap Terlapor IV dan Terlapor V perlu ditelaah kembali yaitu mengenai kekuatan alat bukti saksi dalam persidangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan memahami tentang dasar pertimbangan KPPU dalam memutus perkara Nomor 06/KPPU-L/2015 tentang tender pembangunan gedung DPRD Barito Kuala dan land developmentnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif yang bertumpu pada norma-norma hukum yang terdapat dalam peraturan perundang-undangan dan putusan-putusan pengadilan serta norma-norma yang ada dalam masyarakat. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan beberapa indikasi persekongkolan yang ada dalam tiap tahapan tender dalam kasus tersebut. Persekongkolan horizontal antara Terlapor I, Terlapor II, dan Terlapor III yang memang terjadi dan tidak benar bahwa telah terjadi persekongkolan vertikal antara Terlapor I, Terlapor II, Terlapor III dengan Terlapor IV dan Terlapor V sesuai dengan teori mengenai persekongkolan horizontal dan vertikal serta hasil dalam persidangan. PPK (Pejabat Pembuat Komitmen) yang secara struktural berada di bawah KPA (Kuasa Pengguna Anggaran) dan ada kemungkinan dapat terlibat dalam persekongkolan. Pertimbangan Majelis Komisi yang memutus Terlapor IV bersalah berdasarkan alat bukti saksi tidak tepat karena hal yang dilakukan Terlapor IV bukan merupakan persekongkolan. Akan lebih tepat jika Terlapor IV dipersalahkan karena mengakibatkan persaingan usaha tidak sehat. Pertimbangan Majelis Komisi yang memutus Terlapor V tidak bersalah sudah tepat, karena meskipun Terlapor V berdasarkan alat bukti saksi tidak terlibat dalam persekongkolan namun kelalaian Terlapor V berakibat secara tidak langsung menyebabkan persekongkolan antara peserta dan menyebabkan persaingan usaha tidak sehat sehingga menyebabkan kerugian negara. Kata Kunci: persekongkolan, dasar pertimbangan, alat bukti saksi. Abstract Decision of KPPU Number 06/KPPU-L/2015 which assesses the existence about vertical and horizontal conspiracy which need to be reviewed again based on the theory of conspiracy in business competition law. The consideration of the council deciding that Reported IV is guilty in accordance with the tertimony of witnesses, Reported IV should not be blamed. Subsequently, the verdict that the Reported V is not guilty isn't appropriate in accordance Article 8 letter g of the Presidental Decree on Government Goods/Services. The verdict against Reported IV and Reported V needs to be reviewed again on the strenght of witness evidence in the trial. This research aims to know and find out about the basic consideration of the council in deciding the case Number 06/KPPU-L/2015 on the tender for the construction of the Barito Kuala's parliament building and its development land. This study uses normative juridicial method that based on legal norms contained in the legislation and judicial decisions and norms that exist in society. The result of this research explains some of the indications conspiracy that exist in each stage of the tender in the case. The horizontal conspiracy between Reported I, Reported II, and Reported III that happened and it is not true that there has been a vertical conspiracy between Reported I, Reported II, Reported III with Reported IV and Reported V according to the theory about horizontal and vertical conspiracy as well as the results in the trial. PPK that structurally under KPA and the possibility being involved in the conspiracy. The consideration of the council deciding Reported IV is guilty based on the witness evidence isn't correct because the thing done by Reported IV isn't a conspiracy. It would be more appropriate if Reported IV is blamed for causing unfair business competition. The consideration of the council deciding Reported V is correct, because althought Reported V isn't involved in the conspiracy but the negligence of Reported V resulted in indirectly facilitating conspiracy between participants and causing unfair business competition even causing the loss of the state.

當前我國十二年國教正如火如荼地展開,其中,「符號運用與溝通表達」素養,適為該教育過程所冀期培育學生應具備九大核心素養之一;而教師擔負培育學生核心素養之重責大任,期待培育學生具有該素養,教師本身相關本職學養之優劣,與該政策推動之成敗攸關密切;尤其,與「符號運用」關係密切的「解構主義」,其主張人類在符號運用與溝通表達過程中,符號的意涵往往可做無限的延伸與解讀,引發人類社會許多複雜問題,深值進一步探究與驗證。鑑此,作者除符應研究主題,探索「解構主義」的核心意涵與實例以相互驗證,發現該理論與社會實況具有高度相符應性外;且略窺「符號運用與溝通表達」過程,常見許多負面現象;同時,進而提出教師於培育學生該素養時,教師應具備了解符號本質與其功能、明確運用符號、體悟多元文化以及具備溝通本職學能等基本素養,實為該政策推動成功與否之關鍵;最後,作者也根據研究流程與結論,對家庭、學校、社會、政府與後續研究等層面,提出一些合理性建議,以做為臺灣推動十二年國教之參考。 ; The policy of twelve-year fundamental education has been in full swing these days. The accomplishment of symbol use and communicative expression, one of the nine core accomplishments, is what the student are expected to foster throughout the education process. The success or failure in implementing the above policy, and the cultivating of such accomplishment for students as well, is a matter closely tied to job-related expertise that teachers maintain. In this regard, Deconstruction, a philosophical theory that is closely related to symbol use, is particularly worthy of further examination and verification. The theory claims that throughout the course of symbol use and communicative expression, peop le may achieve an infinite array of extension or interpretation of symbolic senses and in turn initiate numerous complex problems for human societies. In accordance, the currently paper explored the core senses of Deconstruction and contrasted them against practical examples. The author observed a high degree of correspondence between Deconstruction and the actual social cases and many deviations throughout the process of symbol use and communicative expression. Meanwhile, he further proposed the basic accomplishments that teachers ought to maintain to cultivate in students the accomplishment of symbol use and communicative expression. Those accomplishments include an understanding of the essence of the symbol, knowledge about the function of the symbol and a precise use of symbols, and insights into multiculturalism and communicative process. These qualifications are the key to the success or failure in educational policy implementation. Finally, the author proposes several suggestions based on the research outcomes and are related to the domains of family, school, society, government, and research. It is hoped that the paper could provide references for the implementation of twelve-year fundamental education in Taiwan.